ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)

ETSI STANDARD
Environmental Engineering (EE);
Assessment of mobile network energy efficiency

2 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)

Reference
RES/EE-EEPS48
Keywords
5G, access, base station, energy efficiency, GSM,
LTE, mobile, network, radio, UMTS
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ETSI
3 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Modal verbs terminology . 5
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 8
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations . 9
3.1 Terms . 9
3.2 Symbols . 10
3.3 Abbreviations . 10
4 Network under test definition . 12
4.1 Introduction . 12
4.2 Test parameter categorization . 13
4.3 Network classification . 14
4.3.0 Introduction of network classification . 14
4.3.1 Demography . 14
4.3.2 Topography . 15
4.3.3 Climate zones . 15
4.3.4 Additional classification classes . 16
5 Metrics for energy efficiency assessment. 16
5.0 Introduction of clause . 16
5.1 Energy Consumption metrics . 16
5.2 Performance metrics . 19
5.2.1 Data Volume . 19
5.2.2 Coverage Area . 19
5.2.3 Latency . 20
5.2.4 Massive machine type networks . 20
5.3 Mobile Network Energy efficiency metrics . 20
6 Measurement of energy efficiency . 21
6.0 Introduction of clause . 21
6.1 Time duration of the measurement . 21
6.2 Measurement procedures . 22
6.2.1 Measurement of Energy Consumption . 22
6.2.2 Measurement of capacity . 22
6.2.3 Determination of coverage area . 23
6.2.3.0 Introduction . 23
6.2.3.1 Geographic coverage area . 23
6.2.3.2 Designated coverage area . 23
6.2.3.3 Coverage quality . 23
6.2.4 Measurement of latency . 26
6.2.5 Measurement of the number of subscribers . 26
7 Extrapolation for overall networks . 26
7.0 Extrapolation approach . 26
7.1 Extrapolation method . 27
7.1.0 Introduction of extrapolation method . 27
7.1.1 Statistical information about Demography . 27
7.1.2 Statistical information about Topography . 27
7.1.3 Statistical information about Climate zones . 28
7.2 Extrapolation reporting tables . 28
7.2.0 Introduction of extrapolation reporting tables. 28
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4 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)
7.2.1 Reporting extrapolation based on Demography . 28
7.2.2 Reporting extrapolation based on Topography . 29
7.2.3 Reporting extrapolation based on Climate zones . 29
8 Assessment report . 29
8.0 Introduction of assessment report . 29
8.1 Report of Network Area under test . 29
8.2 Report of sites under test . 31
8.3 Report of Site measurement . 32
9 Implementation guidelines . 33
Annex A (informative): Implementation examples . 34
A.1 Implementation examples. 34
A.2 Examples of reporting data . 34
History . 39

ETSI
5 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)
Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
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pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, are publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be
found in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to
ETSI in respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the
ETSI Web server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI Directives including the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation regarding the essentiality of IPRs,
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Foreword
This ETSI Standard (ES) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Environmental Engineering (EE).
The present document was developed jointly by ETSI TC EE and ITU-T Study Group 5. It will be published
respectively by ITU and ETSI as Recommendation ITU-T L.1331 [i.4] and ETSI ES 203 228 (the present document),
which are technically-equivalent.
Moreover the present document has been developed in collaboration with 3GPP SA5 and RAN3; GSMA has also given
valuable suggestions and contributions.
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and
"cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of
provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
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6 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)
Introduction
The present document deals with the definition of metrics and methods to measure energy performance of Mobile Radio
Access Networks and adopts an approach based on the measurement of such performance on small networks, for
feasibility and simplicity purposes. Such simplified approach is proposed for approximate energy efficiency evaluations
and cannot be considered as a reference for planning evaluation purposes throughout the network operation process.
The same approach was introduced also in ETSI TR 103 117 [i.1]; the measurements in testing laboratories of the
efficiency of the Base Stations is the topic treated in ETSI ES 202 706 [i.2].
The present document provides also a method to extrapolate the assessment of energy efficiency to wider networks
(clause 7).
The general outcome of the application of the method specified in the present document is based on the "Assessment
report" introduced in clause 8. An example of application of the method is also given in annex A.
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7 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)
1 Scope
The present document is aimed at defining the topology and level of analysis to assess the energy efficiency of mobile
networks. Within the scope of the present document there is the radio access part of the mobile networks, and namely
there are radio base stations, backhauling systems, radio controllers and other infrastructure radio site equipment. The
covered technologies are GSM, UMTS, LTE and 5G New Radio (NR). In particular the present document defines
metrics for mobile network energy efficiency and methods for assessing (and measuring) energy efficiency in
operational networks. The purpose of the present document is to allow better comprehension of networks energy
efficiency, in particular considering the networks' evolution in different periods in time.
Aiming to consider also the slicing approach of the networks from 5G onwards the metrics are extended to the latency
of the network itself related to the energy consumed, additionally to the metrics based on traffic and on coverage,
already existing for legacy networks and still valid.
The present document deals with both a homogeneous and heterogeneous "network" considering a network whose size
and scale could be defined by topologic, geographic or demographic boundaries. For networks defined by topologic
boundaries, a possible example of a network covered by the present document consists of a control node (whenever
applicable), its supported access nodes as well as the related network elements. Networks could be defined by
geographic boundaries, such as city-wide, national or continental networks and could be defined by demographic
boundaries, such as urban or rural networks.
The present document applies to the so-called "partial" networks for which a measurement method is also
recommended. The specification extends the measurements in partial networks to wider so-called "total" networks
energy efficiency estimations (i.e. the network in a geographic area, the network in a whole country, the network of a
MNO, etc.).
Terminal (end-user) equipment is outside the scope of the present document and is not considered in the energy
efficiency measurement.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
https://docbox.etsi.org/Reference/.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] ETSI TS 125 104: "Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); Base Station (BS)
radio transmission and reception (FDD) (3GPP TS 25.104)".
[2] ETSI TS 136 104: "LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Base Station
(BS) radio transmission and reception (3GPP TS 36.104)".
[3] ETSI TS 132 425 (V12.0.0): "LTE; Telecommunication management; Performance Management
(PM); Performance measurements Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
(E-UTRAN) (3GPP TS 32.425 version 12.0.0 Release 12)".
[4] ETSI TS 132 412 (V11.1.0): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Telecommunication management;
Performance Management (PM) Integration Reference Point (IRP): Information Service (IS)
(3GPP TS 32.412 version 11.1.0 Release 11)".
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8 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)
[5] ETSI TS 123 203 (V12.7.0): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Policy and charging control architecture
(3GPP TS 23.203 version 12.7.0 Release 12)".
[6] ETSI TS 136 314: "LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Layer 2 -
Measurements (3GPP TS 36.314)".
[7] ETSI TS 152 402 (V11.0.0): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+);
Telecommunication management; Performance Management (PM); Performance measurements -
GSM (3GPP TS 52.402 version 11.0.0 Release 11)".
[8] ETSI TS 132 405 (V11.1.1): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Telecommunication management;
Performance Management (PM); Performance measurements; Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
Network (UTRAN) (3GPP TS 32.405 version 11.1.1 Release 11)".
[9] ETSI ES 202 336-12: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Monitoring and control interface for
infrastructure equipment (power, cooling and building environment systems used in
telecommunication networks); Part 12: ICT equipment power, energy and environmental
parameters monitoring information model".
[10] ISO/IEC 17025 (2005): "General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration
laboratories".
[11] ETSI EN 303 471: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Energy Efficiency measurement
methodology and metrics for Network Function Virtualisation (NFV)".
[12] Report ITU-R M.2410: "Minimum requirements related to technical performance for IMT-2020
radio interface(s)".
[13] ETSI TS 128 554: "5G; Management and orchestration; 5G end to end Key Performance
Indicators (KPI) (3GPP TS 28.554)".
[14] ETSI TS 128 552 (V16.6.0): "5G; Management and orchestration; 5G performance measurements
(3GPP TS 28.552 version 16.6.0 Release 16)".
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] ETSI TR 103 117: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Principles for Mobile Network level energy
efficiency".
[i.2] ETSI ES 202 706 (all parts): "Environmental Engineering (EE); Measurement method for power
consumption and energy efficiency of wireless access network equipment".
[i.3] ETSI GS NFV 003: "Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV); Terminology for Main Concepts in
NFV".
[i.4] Recommendation ITU-T L.1331: "Assessment of mobile network energy efficiency".
[i.5] FAO Soils Portal.
NOTE: Available at http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/soil-survey/soil-maps-and-databases/harmonized-world-soil-
database-v12/en/.
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9 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)
[i.6] Jürgen Grieser, René Gommes, Stephen Cofield and Michele Bernardi: "Data sources for FAO
worldmaps of Koeppen climatologies and climatic net primary production", 2006.
NOTE: Available at http://www.fao.org/nr/climpag/globgrids/KC_commondata_en.asp.
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms apply:
backhaul equipment: equipment used to connect base stations to the core network, or to other BSs (like X2 in LTE)
Base Station (BS): generic term used for network component which serves one cell or more cells and interfaces the
user terminal (through air interface) and a radio access network infrastructure
distributed RBS: BS architecture which contains Remote Radio Heads (RRH) close to the antenna element and a
central element connecting BS to network infrastructure
end-to-end latency: time that takes to transfer a given piece of information from a source to a destination, measured at
the communication interface, from the moment it is transmitted by the source to the moment it is successfully received
at the destination
Energy Efficiency (EE): relation between the useful output and energy/power consumption
energy saving feature: feature which contributes to decreasing the energy consumption compared to the case when the
feature is not implemented
integrated BS: BS architecture in which all BS elements are located close to each other for example in one or two
cabinets
NOTE: The integrated BS architecture may include TMA close to antenna.
Mobile Network (MN): set of equipment from the radio access network or sub-network that are relevant for the
assessment of energy efficiency
mobile network coverage energy efficiency: ratio between the area covered by the network in the Mobile Network
under investigation and the energy consumption
mobile network data energy efficiency: ratio between the performance indicator based on Data Volume and the
energy consumption when assessed during the same time frame
mobile network energy consumption: overall energy consumption of equipment included in the MN under
investigation
mobile network energy efficiency: energy efficiency of a mobile network
Mobile Network Operator (MNO): operator that manages one or more mobile networks
mobile network operator penetration ratio: percentage of traffic served by an MNO in the area where it is active
mobile network performance delivered: performance indicator of the MN under investigation, defined as the data
volume delivered by the mobile network under investigation during the time frame of the energy consumption
assessment
power consumption: power consumed by a device to achieve an intended application performance
radio access network: telecommunications network in which the access to the network (connection between user
terminal and network) is implemented without the use of wires and that is part of GERAN, UTRAN or E-UTRA
networks defined by 3GPP
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10 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)
Site Energy Efficiency (SEE): metric used to determine the energy efficiency of a telecommunication site
NOTE: SEE is defined by the ratio of "IT equipment energy" and "Total site energy", which generally includes
rectifiers, cooling, storage, security and IT equipment. For datacentres, the "Total site energy" more
globally includes building load, powering equipment (e.g. switchgear, uninterruptible power supply
(UPS), battery backup), cooling equipment (e.g. chillers, Computer Room Air Conditioning unit
(CRAC)) and IT equipment energy.
telecommunication network: network operated under a license granted by a national telecommunications authority,
which provides telecommunications between Network Termination Points (NTPs)
Virtualised Network Function (VNF): See ETSI GS NFV 003 [i.3].
3.2 Symbols
Void.
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
3GPP 3G (mobile) Partnership Project
BH Backhaul
BS Base Station
CC Central Cloud
CoA Coverage Area
CoA_des designated coverage area as designed by network planning
CoA_geo total geographical area under investigation and within the operator's license agreement
CoA_Qdes quality factor describing how well users are covered within the coverage area
CoA Coverage Area Mobile Network
MN
CRAN Cloud Radio Access Network
CS Circuit Switched
CS/PS Circuit Switched/Packet Switched
DC Data Center
DCA Designed Coverage Area
DL DownLink
DP Dominant Penetration
DU Dense Urban
DV Data Volume
DV Data Volume of the Mobile Network
MN
E2E End To End
EC Energy Consumption
EC Energy Consumption of the Mobile Network
MN
EC Energy Consumption of the Site
SI
EDC Edge Cloud
EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
EE Energy Efficiency of the Mobile Network
MN
E-RAB E-UTRAN Radio Access Bearer
E-UTRA Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
E-UTRAN Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
GERAN GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network
GHG GreenHouse Gas
GSM Global System for Mobile communication
GSMA GSM Association
HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
ICT Information Communications Technology
IP Ingress Protection
ITU International Telecommunications Union
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11 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)
ITU-T International Telecommunications Union - Telecommunication
KPI Key Performance Indicator
LC Local Cloud
LTE Long Term Evolution
MDT Minimization of Drive Tests
MJ MegaJoule
MMTC Massive Machine Type Communication
MN Mobile Network
MNO Mobile Network Operator
MP Minor Penetration
NA Not Applicable
NDP Non Dominant Penetration
NR New Radio
O&M Operation & Maintenance
PDCP Packet Data Control Protocol
PDF Probability Distribution Function
PofP Point of Presence
PS Packet Switched
PSL Packet Switched Large packages dominating
PSS Packet Switched Small packages dominating
QCI QoS Class Identifier
QoS Quality of Services
RA Radio Access
RAB Radio Access Bearer
RAN Radio Access Network
RAP Radio Access Point
RAT Radio Access Technology
RC Remote Controller
RF Radio Frequency
RNC Radio Network Controller
RRC Radio Resource Control
RRH Remote Radio Head
RU Rural
SDU Service Data Unit
SE Switching Equipment
SEE Site Energy Efficiency
SI Site Infrastructure
SINR Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio
SU Sub Urban
TCO Total Cost of Ownership
TE Telco Equipment
TMA Tower Mounted Amplifier
U Urban
UE User Equipment
UE-BS User Equipment to Base Station
UL UpLink
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service
UN United Nations
UP User Plane
URLLC Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications
USA United States of America
UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
VNF Virtualised Network Function
VNFS Virtualised Network Function Servers
X2 Interface allowing to interconnect eNBs with each other
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12 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)
4 Network under test definition
4.1 Introduction
The Mobile Network (MN) for Radio Access (RA) under investigation shall include all the equipment that is necessary
to run a radio access network or sub-network. Equipment to be included in the Mobile Network under investigation:
• Base Stations (see ETSI TS 125 104 [1] and ETSI TS 136 104 [2]):
- Wide area BS.
- Medium range BS.
- Local Area BS.
- Home BS.
NOTE: Home BS (and Wi-Fi access points) are not dealt with in the present document, being possibly considered
for future versions.
• Site equipment (air conditioners, rectifiers/batteries, fixed network equipment, etc.).
• Multi-Access EDGE equipment.
• Backhaul equipment required to interconnect the BS used in the assessment with the core network.
• Radio Controller (RC).
• Gateways to connect to the Cloud.
Power consumption and energy efficiency measurements of individual mobile network elements are described in
several standards (for example ETSI ES 202 706-1 and ETSI ES 202 706-2 [i.2] for radio base stations). The present
document describes energy consumption and MN energy efficiency measurements in operational networks.
As a complete and detailed energy consumption measurement of the complete network of a country or MNO is in most
cases impossible or economically not viable, the total network is split into a small number of networks with limited size
("sub-networks").
These sub-networks are defined to represent some specific characteristics, for example:
• capacity limited networks representing urban and dense urban networks;
• sub-urban networks with high requirements for coverage and capacity;
• rural networks, which are usually coverage limited.
The size and scale of the sub-networks are defined by topologic, geographic or demographic boundaries. For networks
defined by topologic boundaries, a possible example of a network covered by the present document consists of a Radio
controller (whenever applicable), its supported access nodes as well as the related network elements. Networks could be
defined by geographic boundaries, such as city-wide, national or continental networks and could be defined by
demographic boundaries, such as urban or rural networks.
The sub-networks analysed might consist of macro-only base stations or heterogeneous networks or whatever is actually
implemented in real networks. A description of the sub-network general layout is represented in the figure 1.
The tests defined in the present document for sub-networks provide the basis to estimate energy efficiency for large
networks of one MNO or within an entire country, applying the extrapolation methods described in clause 7.
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13 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)

Figure 1: Network under test definition
The generic layout design for the cloud sites is defined in figure 1a.
Edge Cloud Radio Access
Central Cloud
Not Included Included
Ant.
Remote Access
VNF Server (SV)
Central Servers (CS)
IP Core Point (RAP)
Network
Equipment Remote Access
VNF Server (SV)
Switching Eq. (SE)
Point (RAP)
Remote Access
Other Telecom Eq.
VNF Server (SV)
Point (RAP)
(TE)
Figure 1a: Generic CRAN architecture layout
The Radio Access (RA) domain is consisting of the Remote Access Points (RAP) dedicated to the CRAN under
investigation. A typical RAP would include the radio, baseband and optical transport equipment. It performs real time
eNB tasks (e.g. Scheduler). It is installed near the transmitting antennas.
The Edge Cloud (EDC) domain is consisting of small datacentres dedicated to telecommunication functions, including
Virtualised Network Functions (VNF) Servers (VNFS) used by the CRAN under investigation. A typical EDC
datacentre would perform non-real time eNB tasks, such as Operations, Administration and Maintenance (O&M).
The Central Cloud (CC) domain is consisting of a multi-server Datacentre (DC) including Central Servers (CS),
Switching Equipment (SE) and other Telco Equipment (TE) if needed. Central Cloud datacentres are usually very far
from most of the served EDC.
4.2 Test parameter categorization
Metrics used for the energy efficiency assessment of mobile networks require the definition and collection of a range of
parameters and variables. These are separated into two categories:
1) Parameters and variables required to calculate the network energy efficiency.
2) Parameters needed to allow network energy efficiency evaluation.
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14 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)
The first category describes a set of network variables as described in clause 5 (energy consumption, delivered bits,
coverage) to be used to calculate the energy efficiency.
The second category includes parameters which are not directly required in the energy efficiency calculation. These
parameters describe the network characteristics, such as geographical conditions, population density, coverage area,
targeted data rates, climate zones, etc. and are used to interpolate from the measured sub-network to a larger network as
described in clause 7. These parameters can be used to interpret variations in energy efficiency results of different
networks.
Table 1: Test parameter categorization
Category Parameter Remarks
1 EC Measured network energy consumption
MN
1 Capacity (DV) As defined in clauses 5.2.1 and 6.2.2
1 Coverage area As defined in clauses 5.2.2 and 6.2.3
1 Latency As defined in clauses 5.2.3 and 6.2.4
2 Demography Population density as defined in clause 4.3.1
2 Topography As defined in clause 4.3.2
2 Climate zones As defined in clause 4.3.3
2 Additional As defined in clause 4.3.4
classification classes
2 CS/PS data ratio Describes the fraction of CS traffic vs. PS traffic in the network

4.3 Network classification
4.3.0 Introduction of network classification
To allow an extrapolation from the measured sub-networks ("partial" networks) to a complete network ("total" or
"overall" networks), the test areas shall be classified into demography, topography and climate classes. These classes
are described in the following clauses.
4.3.1 Demography
For the test purpose defined in the present document the mobile network shall be split into domains depending on the
population density. The following population density values per domain categories shall be used, as reported in table 2.
Table 2: Sub-network demography classes
Typical population
Population range
Demography Class density
(inhabitants/km²)
(inhabitants/km²)
Dense Urban (DU) 20 000 > 10 000
Urban (U) 2 000 1 000 to 10 000
Sub-Urban (SU) 300 200 to 1 000
Rural (RU) 30 20 to 200
Unpopulated 0 < 20
Some references to data bases where the demography distribution classes are reported can be found at:
• European Eurostat Reference to demographical distribution available at:
- https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/population-demography/demography-population-stock-
balance/database.
• UN Reference to demographical distribution available at:
- https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/index.cshtml.
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15 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)
• USA Reference to demographical distribution available at:
- https://data.census.gov/cedsci/all?q=demographic&hidePreview=false&tid=ACSDP1Y2018.DP05.
4.3.2 Topography
The following topography classes shall be used, as reported in table 3.
Table 3: Dub-network topography classes
Topography classification
Examples
ETSI class Median Slope
Flat 0 to 5 % Denmark, Netherlands
(FAO 1-3)
Rolling > 5 to 30 % France, Italy
(FAO 4-6)
Mountainous > 30 % Norway, Switzerland
(FAO 7-8)
Information on the median slope gradient distribution in the world can be found in FAO world median slope
distribution information database at http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/soil-survey/soil-maps-and-databases/harmonized-
world-soil-database-v12/en/ [i.5].
4.3.3 Climate zones
The following climate zones are identified, as reported in table 4.
Table 4: Sub-network climate classes
Climate Class Sub-class Explanation
Temperature of the coldest month: > 18 °C
Af No dry season, at least 60 mm of rainfall in the driest month
A: Tropical
Am Monsoon type, short dry season but sufficient moisture to keep ground wet throughout
the year
Aw Distinct dry season, one month with precipitation < 60 mm
Arid regions where annual evaporation exceeds annual precipitation, marked dry season
B: Dry Bs Steppe climate
Bs Desert
Average temperature of the coldest month < 18 °C and > -3 °C, and average temperature of warmest
month > 10 °C
Cw Winter dry season, at least 10 times as much precipitation in wettest month of summer
as in driest month of winter
C: Temperate
Cs Summer dry season, at least three times as much rain in wettest month of winter as in
driest month of summer, the latter having less than 30 mm precipitation
Cf At least 30 mm precipitation in the driest month, difference between wettest month and
driest month less than for Cw and Cs
Average temperature of the warmest month > 10 °C and that of coldest month < -3 °C
Df At least 30 mm of rain in the driest month, difference between wettest month and driest
D: Cold month less than for Cw and Cs
Dw At least 10 times as much precipitation in wettest month of summer as in driest month
of winter
Average temperature of the warmest month < 10 °C
E: Polar Et Tundra, average temperature of warmest month > 0 °C
Ef No month with temperature > 10 °C

The above reported climate classification is based on FAO Koeppen classification (FAO Koeppen Climate Zones,
Jürgen Grieser, René Gommes, Stephen Cofield and Michele Bernardi, "Data sources for FAO worldmaps of Koeppen
climatologies and climatic net primary production", 2006) available at:
http://www.fao.org/nr/climpag/globgrids/KC_commondata_en.asp [i.6].
ETSI
16 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)
It is recommended to use the five main classes A to E; the indication of the subclasses is optional.
4.3.4 Additional classification classes
In order to properly select the sub-networks operators penetration ratio and data traffic types could be reported for
information. Table 5 lists the classification based on the penetration rate, table 6 lists the classification based on data
volume thresholds.
Table 5: Sub-network penetration classes
Symbol Operator penetration class Range
DP Dominant Penetration > 30 % penetration
NDP Non-Dominant Penetration < 30 % penetration
MP Minor Penetration < 10 % penetration

Table 6: Sub-network data volume classes
Symbol Traffic Class Specific thresholds
CS CS dominating > 50 % of data volume is CS
PSS PS - small packages dominating > 50 % of data volume is PS,
> 80 % of packages are small
PSL PS - large packages dominating > 50 % of data volume is PS,
< 80 % of packages are small
5 Metrics for energy efficiency assessment
5.0 Introduction of clause
The following metrics shall be used to assess the mobile network energy efficiency.
5.1 Energy Consumption metrics
The Mobile Network Energy Consumption (EC ) is the sum of the energy consumption of each equipment included
MN
in the MN under investigation (see clause 4). The network energy consumption is measured according to the assessment
process defined in clause 6 such that individual metrics values are provided per RAT and per MNO.
�� =∑�∑ �� +�� �+∑ �� +∑ �� +∑ �� +∑ �� +∑ �� (1)
�� � � �� �� � ����� � �� � �� � �� � ��
�,� � � � � �
where:
• EC is Energy Consumption.
• BS refers to the Base Stations in the MN under measurement.
• BH is the backhauling providing connection to the BSs in the MN under measurement (including transport).
• SI is the site infrastructure (Rectifier, battery losses, climate equipment, TMA, tower illumination, etc.).
• RC is the control node(s), including all infrastructure of the RC site.
• CC is the Central Cloud, LC the Local Cloud entities, as defined in figure 1.
• i is an index spanning over the number of sites.
• j an index spanning over the number of BH equipment connected to the i sites.
• k is the index spanning over the number of BSs in the i-th site.
ETSI
17 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)
• l is the index spanning over the control nodes of the MN.
• m is the number of small cells, local cells in the MN.
EC shall be measured in Wh over the period of measurement T (see clause 6).
MN
NOTE 1: If the control node(s) supports a larger MN than the one wh
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
Okoljski inženiring (EE) - Ocenjevanje energijske učinkovitosti mobilnega omrežja
Environmental Engineering (EE) - Assessment of mobile network energy efficiency
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)
ICS:
33.070.01 Mobilni servisi na splošno Mobile services in general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

ETSI STANDARD
Environmental Engineering (EE);
Assessment of mobile network energy efficiency

2 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)

Reference
RES/EE-EEPS48
Keywords
5G, access, base station, energy efficiency, GSM,
LTE, mobile, network, radio, UMTS
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All rights reserved.
ETSI
3 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Modal verbs terminology . 5
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 8
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations . 9
3.1 Terms . 9
3.2 Symbols . 10
3.3 Abbreviations . 10
4 Network under test definition . 12
4.1 Introduction . 12
4.2 Test parameter categorization . 13
4.3 Network classification . 14
4.3.0 Introduction of network classification . 14
4.3.1 Demography . 14
4.3.2 Topography . 15
4.3.3 Climate zones . 15
4.3.4 Additional classification classes . 16
5 Metrics for energy efficiency assessment. 16
5.0 Introduction of clause . 16
5.1 Energy Consumption metrics . 16
5.2 Performance metrics . 19
5.2.1 Data Volume . 19
5.2.2 Coverage Area . 19
5.2.3 Latency . 20
5.2.4 Massive machine type networks . 20
5.3 Mobile Network Energy efficiency metrics . 20
6 Measurement of energy efficiency . 21
6.0 Introduction of clause . 21
6.1 Time duration of the measurement . 21
6.2 Measurement procedures . 22
6.2.1 Measurement of Energy Consumption . 22
6.2.2 Measurement of capacity . 22
6.2.3 Determination of coverage area . 23
6.2.3.0 Introduction . 23
6.2.3.1 Geographic coverage area . 23
6.2.3.2 Designated coverage area . 23
6.2.3.3 Coverage quality . 23
6.2.4 Measurement of latency . 26
6.2.5 Measurement of the number of subscribers . 26
7 Extrapolation for overall networks . 26
7.0 Extrapolation approach . 26
7.1 Extrapolation method . 27
7.1.0 Introduction of extrapolation method . 27
7.1.1 Statistical information about Demography . 27
7.1.2 Statistical information about Topography . 27
7.1.3 Statistical information about Climate zones . 28
7.2 Extrapolation reporting tables . 28
7.2.0 Introduction of extrapolation reporting tables. 28
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4 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)
7.2.1 Reporting extrapolation based on Demography . 28
7.2.2 Reporting extrapolation based on Topography . 29
7.2.3 Reporting extrapolation based on Climate zones . 29
8 Assessment report . 29
8.0 Introduction of assessment report . 29
8.1 Report of Network Area under test . 29
8.2 Report of sites under test . 31
8.3 Report of Site measurement . 32
9 Implementation guidelines . 33
Annex A (informative): Implementation examples . 34
A.1 Implementation examples. 34
A.2 Examples of reporting data . 34
History . 39

ETSI
5 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)
Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The declarations
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, are publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be
found in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to
ETSI in respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the
ETSI Web server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI Directives including the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation regarding the essentiality of IPRs,
including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not
referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become,
essential to the present document.
Trademarks
The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners.
ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys no
right to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does
not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.
DECT™, PLUGTESTS™, UMTS™ and the ETSI logo are trademarks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its

Members. 3GPP™ and LTE™ are trademarks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP
Organizational Partners. oneM2M™ logo is a trademark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the ®
oneM2M Partners. GSM and the GSM logo are trademarks registered and owned by the GSM Association.
Foreword
This ETSI Standard (ES) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Environmental Engineering (EE).
The present document was developed jointly by ETSI TC EE and ITU-T Study Group 5. It will be published
respectively by ITU and ETSI as Recommendation ITU-T L.1331 [i.4] and ETSI ES 203 228 (the present document),
which are technically-equivalent.
Moreover the present document has been developed in collaboration with 3GPP SA5 and RAN3; GSMA has also given
valuable suggestions and contributions.
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and
"cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of
provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
ETSI
6 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)
Introduction
The present document deals with the definition of metrics and methods to measure energy performance of Mobile Radio
Access Networks and adopts an approach based on the measurement of such performance on small networks, for
feasibility and simplicity purposes. Such simplified approach is proposed for approximate energy efficiency evaluations
and cannot be considered as a reference for planning evaluation purposes throughout the network operation process.
The same approach was introduced also in ETSI TR 103 117 [i.1]; the measurements in testing laboratories of the
efficiency of the Base Stations is the topic treated in ETSI ES 202 706 [i.2].
The present document provides also a method to extrapolate the assessment of energy efficiency to wider networks
(clause 7).
The general outcome of the application of the method specified in the present document is based on the "Assessment
report" introduced in clause 8. An example of application of the method is also given in annex A.
ETSI
7 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)
1 Scope
The present document is aimed at defining the topology and level of analysis to assess the energy efficiency of mobile
networks. Within the scope of the present document there is the radio access part of the mobile networks, and namely
there are radio base stations, backhauling systems, radio controllers and other infrastructure radio site equipment. The
covered technologies are GSM, UMTS, LTE and 5G New Radio (NR). In particular the present document defines
metrics for mobile network energy efficiency and methods for assessing (and measuring) energy efficiency in
operational networks. The purpose of the present document is to allow better comprehension of networks energy
efficiency, in particular considering the networks' evolution in different periods in time.
Aiming to consider also the slicing approach of the networks from 5G onwards the metrics are extended to the latency
of the network itself related to the energy consumed, additionally to the metrics based on traffic and on coverage,
already existing for legacy networks and still valid.
The present document deals with both a homogeneous and heterogeneous "network" considering a network whose size
and scale could be defined by topologic, geographic or demographic boundaries. For networks defined by topologic
boundaries, a possible example of a network covered by the present document consists of a control node (whenever
applicable), its supported access nodes as well as the related network elements. Networks could be defined by
geographic boundaries, such as city-wide, national or continental networks and could be defined by demographic
boundaries, such as urban or rural networks.
The present document applies to the so-called "partial" networks for which a measurement method is also
recommended. The specification extends the measurements in partial networks to wider so-called "total" networks
energy efficiency estimations (i.e. the network in a geographic area, the network in a whole country, the network of a
MNO, etc.).
Terminal (end-user) equipment is outside the scope of the present document and is not considered in the energy
efficiency measurement.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
https://docbox.etsi.org/Reference/.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] ETSI TS 125 104: "Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); Base Station (BS)
radio transmission and reception (FDD) (3GPP TS 25.104)".
[2] ETSI TS 136 104: "LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Base Station
(BS) radio transmission and reception (3GPP TS 36.104)".
[3] ETSI TS 132 425 (V12.0.0): "LTE; Telecommunication management; Performance Management
(PM); Performance measurements Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
(E-UTRAN) (3GPP TS 32.425 version 12.0.0 Release 12)".
[4] ETSI TS 132 412 (V11.1.0): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Telecommunication management;
Performance Management (PM) Integration Reference Point (IRP): Information Service (IS)
(3GPP TS 32.412 version 11.1.0 Release 11)".
ETSI
8 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)
[5] ETSI TS 123 203 (V12.7.0): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Policy and charging control architecture
(3GPP TS 23.203 version 12.7.0 Release 12)".
[6] ETSI TS 136 314: "LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Layer 2 -
Measurements (3GPP TS 36.314)".
[7] ETSI TS 152 402 (V11.0.0): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+);
Telecommunication management; Performance Management (PM); Performance measurements -
GSM (3GPP TS 52.402 version 11.0.0 Release 11)".
[8] ETSI TS 132 405 (V11.1.1): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Telecommunication management;
Performance Management (PM); Performance measurements; Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
Network (UTRAN) (3GPP TS 32.405 version 11.1.1 Release 11)".
[9] ETSI ES 202 336-12: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Monitoring and control interface for
infrastructure equipment (power, cooling and building environment systems used in
telecommunication networks); Part 12: ICT equipment power, energy and environmental
parameters monitoring information model".
[10] ISO/IEC 17025 (2005): "General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration
laboratories".
[11] ETSI EN 303 471: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Energy Efficiency measurement
methodology and metrics for Network Function Virtualisation (NFV)".
[12] Report ITU-R M.2410: "Minimum requirements related to technical performance for IMT-2020
radio interface(s)".
[13] ETSI TS 128 554: "5G; Management and orchestration; 5G end to end Key Performance
Indicators (KPI) (3GPP TS 28.554)".
[14] ETSI TS 128 552 (V16.6.0): "5G; Management and orchestration; 5G performance measurements
(3GPP TS 28.552 version 16.6.0 Release 16)".
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] ETSI TR 103 117: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Principles for Mobile Network level energy
efficiency".
[i.2] ETSI ES 202 706 (all parts): "Environmental Engineering (EE); Measurement method for power
consumption and energy efficiency of wireless access network equipment".
[i.3] ETSI GS NFV 003: "Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV); Terminology for Main Concepts in
NFV".
[i.4] Recommendation ITU-T L.1331: "Assessment of mobile network energy efficiency".
[i.5] FAO Soils Portal.
NOTE: Available at http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/soil-survey/soil-maps-and-databases/harmonized-world-soil-
database-v12/en/.
ETSI
9 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)
[i.6] Jürgen Grieser, René Gommes, Stephen Cofield and Michele Bernardi: "Data sources for FAO
worldmaps of Koeppen climatologies and climatic net primary production", 2006.
NOTE: Available at http://www.fao.org/nr/climpag/globgrids/KC_commondata_en.asp.
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms apply:
backhaul equipment: equipment used to connect base stations to the core network, or to other BSs (like X2 in LTE)
Base Station (BS): generic term used for network component which serves one cell or more cells and interfaces the
user terminal (through air interface) and a radio access network infrastructure
distributed RBS: BS architecture which contains Remote Radio Heads (RRH) close to the antenna element and a
central element connecting BS to network infrastructure
end-to-end latency: time that takes to transfer a given piece of information from a source to a destination, measured at
the communication interface, from the moment it is transmitted by the source to the moment it is successfully received
at the destination
Energy Efficiency (EE): relation between the useful output and energy/power consumption
energy saving feature: feature which contributes to decreasing the energy consumption compared to the case when the
feature is not implemented
integrated BS: BS architecture in which all BS elements are located close to each other for example in one or two
cabinets
NOTE: The integrated BS architecture may include TMA close to antenna.
Mobile Network (MN): set of equipment from the radio access network or sub-network that are relevant for the
assessment of energy efficiency
mobile network coverage energy efficiency: ratio between the area covered by the network in the Mobile Network
under investigation and the energy consumption
mobile network data energy efficiency: ratio between the performance indicator based on Data Volume and the
energy consumption when assessed during the same time frame
mobile network energy consumption: overall energy consumption of equipment included in the MN under
investigation
mobile network energy efficiency: energy efficiency of a mobile network
Mobile Network Operator (MNO): operator that manages one or more mobile networks
mobile network operator penetration ratio: percentage of traffic served by an MNO in the area where it is active
mobile network performance delivered: performance indicator of the MN under investigation, defined as the data
volume delivered by the mobile network under investigation during the time frame of the energy consumption
assessment
power consumption: power consumed by a device to achieve an intended application performance
radio access network: telecommunications network in which the access to the network (connection between user
terminal and network) is implemented without the use of wires and that is part of GERAN, UTRAN or E-UTRA
networks defined by 3GPP
ETSI
10 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)
Site Energy Efficiency (SEE): metric used to determine the energy efficiency of a telecommunication site
NOTE: SEE is defined by the ratio of "IT equipment energy" and "Total site energy", which generally includes
rectifiers, cooling, storage, security and IT equipment. For datacentres, the "Total site energy" more
globally includes building load, powering equipment (e.g. switchgear, uninterruptible power supply
(UPS), battery backup), cooling equipment (e.g. chillers, Computer Room Air Conditioning unit
(CRAC)) and IT equipment energy.
telecommunication network: network operated under a license granted by a national telecommunications authority,
which provides telecommunications between Network Termination Points (NTPs)
Virtualised Network Function (VNF): See ETSI GS NFV 003 [i.3].
3.2 Symbols
Void.
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
3GPP 3G (mobile) Partnership Project
BH Backhaul
BS Base Station
CC Central Cloud
CoA Coverage Area
CoA_des designated coverage area as designed by network planning
CoA_geo total geographical area under investigation and within the operator's license agreement
CoA_Qdes quality factor describing how well users are covered within the coverage area
CoA Coverage Area Mobile Network
MN
CRAN Cloud Radio Access Network
CS Circuit Switched
CS/PS Circuit Switched/Packet Switched
DC Data Center
DCA Designed Coverage Area
DL DownLink
DP Dominant Penetration
DU Dense Urban
DV Data Volume
DV Data Volume of the Mobile Network
MN
E2E End To End
EC Energy Consumption
EC Energy Consumption of the Mobile Network
MN
EC Energy Consumption of the Site
SI
EDC Edge Cloud
EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
EE Energy Efficiency of the Mobile Network
MN
E-RAB E-UTRAN Radio Access Bearer
E-UTRA Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
E-UTRAN Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
GERAN GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network
GHG GreenHouse Gas
GSM Global System for Mobile communication
GSMA GSM Association
HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
ICT Information Communications Technology
IP Ingress Protection
ITU International Telecommunications Union
ETSI
11 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)
ITU-T International Telecommunications Union - Telecommunication
KPI Key Performance Indicator
LC Local Cloud
LTE Long Term Evolution
MDT Minimization of Drive Tests
MJ MegaJoule
MMTC Massive Machine Type Communication
MN Mobile Network
MNO Mobile Network Operator
MP Minor Penetration
NA Not Applicable
NDP Non Dominant Penetration
NR New Radio
O&M Operation & Maintenance
PDCP Packet Data Control Protocol
PDF Probability Distribution Function
PofP Point of Presence
PS Packet Switched
PSL Packet Switched Large packages dominating
PSS Packet Switched Small packages dominating
QCI QoS Class Identifier
QoS Quality of Services
RA Radio Access
RAB Radio Access Bearer
RAN Radio Access Network
RAP Radio Access Point
RAT Radio Access Technology
RC Remote Controller
RF Radio Frequency
RNC Radio Network Controller
RRC Radio Resource Control
RRH Remote Radio Head
RU Rural
SDU Service Data Unit
SE Switching Equipment
SEE Site Energy Efficiency
SI Site Infrastructure
SINR Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio
SU Sub Urban
TCO Total Cost of Ownership
TE Telco Equipment
TMA Tower Mounted Amplifier
U Urban
UE User Equipment
UE-BS User Equipment to Base Station
UL UpLink
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service
UN United Nations
UP User Plane
URLLC Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications
USA United States of America
UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
VNF Virtualised Network Function
VNFS Virtualised Network Function Servers
X2 Interface allowing to interconnect eNBs with each other
ETSI
12 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)
4 Network under test definition
4.1 Introduction
The Mobile Network (MN) for Radio Access (RA) under investigation shall include all the equipment that is necessary
to run a radio access network or sub-network. Equipment to be included in the Mobile Network under investigation:
• Base Stations (see ETSI TS 125 104 [1] and ETSI TS 136 104 [2]):
- Wide area BS.
- Medium range BS.
- Local Area BS.
- Home BS.
NOTE: Home BS (and Wi-Fi access points) are not dealt with in the present document, being possibly considered
for future versions.
• Site equipment (air conditioners, rectifiers/batteries, fixed network equipment, etc.).
• Multi-Access EDGE equipment.
• Backhaul equipment required to interconnect the BS used in the assessment with the core network.
• Radio Controller (RC).
• Gateways to connect to the Cloud.
Power consumption and energy efficiency measurements of individual mobile network elements are described in
several standards (for example ETSI ES 202 706-1 and ETSI ES 202 706-2 [i.2] for radio base stations). The present
document describes energy consumption and MN energy efficiency measurements in operational networks.
As a complete and detailed energy consumption measurement of the complete network of a country or MNO is in most
cases impossible or economically not viable, the total network is split into a small number of networks with limited size
("sub-networks").
These sub-networks are defined to represent some specific characteristics, for example:
• capacity limited networks representing urban and dense urban networks;
• sub-urban networks with high requirements for coverage and capacity;
• rural networks, which are usually coverage limited.
The size and scale of the sub-networks are defined by topologic, geographic or demographic boundaries. For networks
defined by topologic boundaries, a possible example of a network covered by the present document consists of a Radio
controller (whenever applicable), its supported access nodes as well as the related network elements. Networks could be
defined by geographic boundaries, such as city-wide, national or continental networks and could be defined by
demographic boundaries, such as urban or rural networks.
The sub-networks analysed might consist of macro-only base stations or heterogeneous networks or whatever is actually
implemented in real networks. A description of the sub-network general layout is represented in the figure 1.
The tests defined in the present document for sub-networks provide the basis to estimate energy efficiency for large
networks of one MNO or within an entire country, applying the extrapolation methods described in clause 7.
ETSI
13 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)

Figure 1: Network under test definition
The generic layout design for the cloud sites is defined in figure 1a.
Edge Cloud Radio Access
Central Cloud
Not Included Included
Ant.
Remote Access
VNF Server (SV)
Central Servers (CS)
IP Core Point (RAP)
Network
Equipment Remote Access
VNF Server (SV)
Switching Eq. (SE)
Point (RAP)
Remote Access
Other Telecom Eq.
VNF Server (SV)
Point (RAP)
(TE)
Figure 1a: Generic CRAN architecture layout
The Radio Access (RA) domain is consisting of the Remote Access Points (RAP) dedicated to the CRAN under
investigation. A typical RAP would include the radio, baseband and optical transport equipment. It performs real time
eNB tasks (e.g. Scheduler). It is installed near the transmitting antennas.
The Edge Cloud (EDC) domain is consisting of small datacentres dedicated to telecommunication functions, including
Virtualised Network Functions (VNF) Servers (VNFS) used by the CRAN under investigation. A typical EDC
datacentre would perform non-real time eNB tasks, such as Operations, Administration and Maintenance (O&M).
The Central Cloud (CC) domain is consisting of a multi-server Datacentre (DC) including Central Servers (CS),
Switching Equipment (SE) and other Telco Equipment (TE) if needed. Central Cloud datacentres are usually very far
from most of the served EDC.
4.2 Test parameter categorization
Metrics used for the energy efficiency assessment of mobile networks require the definition and collection of a range of
parameters and variables. These are separated into two categories:
1) Parameters and variables required to calculate the network energy efficiency.
2) Parameters needed to allow network energy efficiency evaluation.
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The first category describes a set of network variables as described in clause 5 (energy consumption, delivered bits,
coverage) to be used to calculate the energy efficiency.
The second category includes parameters which are not directly required in the energy efficiency calculation. These
parameters describe the network characteristics, such as geographical conditions, population density, coverage area,
targeted data rates, climate zones, etc. and are used to interpolate from the measured sub-network to a larger network as
described in clause 7. These parameters can be used to interpret variations in energy efficiency results of different
networks.
Table 1: Test parameter categorization
Category Parameter Remarks
1 EC Measured network energy consumption
MN
1 Capacity (DV) As defined in clauses 5.2.1 and 6.2.2
1 Coverage area As defined in clauses 5.2.2 and 6.2.3
1 Latency As defined in clauses 5.2.3 and 6.2.4
2 Demography Population density as defined in clause 4.3.1
2 Topography As defined in clause 4.3.2
2 Climate zones As defined in clause 4.3.3
2 Additional As defined in clause 4.3.4
classification classes
2 CS/PS data ratio Describes the fraction of CS traffic vs. PS traffic in the network

4.3 Network classification
4.3.0 Introduction of network classification
To allow an extrapolation from the measured sub-networks ("partial" networks) to a complete network ("total" or
"overall" networks), the test areas shall be classified into demography, topography and climate classes. These classes
are described in the following clauses.
4.3.1 Demography
For the test purpose defined in the present document the mobile network shall be split into domains depending on the
population density. The following population density values per domain categories shall be used, as reported in table 2.
Table 2: Sub-network demography classes
Typical population
Population range
Demography Class density
(inhabitants/km²)
(inhabitants/km²)
Dense Urban (DU) 20 000 > 10 000
Urban (U) 2 000 1 000 to 10 000
Sub-Urban (SU) 300 200 to 1 000
Rural (RU) 30 20 to 200
Unpopulated 0 < 20
Some references to data bases where the demography distribution classes are reported can be found at:
• European Eurostat Reference to demographical distribution available at:
- https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/population-demography/demography-population-stock-
balance/database.
• UN Reference to demographical distribution available at:
- https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/index.cshtml.
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• USA Reference to demographical distribution available at:
- https://data.census.gov/cedsci/all?q=demographic&hidePreview=false&tid=ACSDP1Y2018.DP05.
4.3.2 Topography
The following topography classes shall be used, as reported in table 3.
Table 3: Dub-network topography classes
Topography classification
Examples
ETSI class Median Slope
Flat 0 to 5 % Denmark, Netherlands
(FAO 1-3)
Rolling > 5 to 30 % France, Italy
(FAO 4-6)
Mountainous > 30 % Norway, Switzerland
(FAO 7-8)
Information on the median slope gradient distribution in the world can be found in FAO world median slope
distribution information database at http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/soil-survey/soil-maps-and-databases/harmonized-
world-soil-database-v12/en/ [i.5].
4.3.3 Climate zones
The following climate zones are identified, as reported in table 4.
Table 4: Sub-network climate classes
Climate Class Sub-class Explanation
Temperature of the coldest month: > 18 °C
Af No dry season, at least 60 mm of rainfall in the driest month
A: Tropical
Am Monsoon type, short dry season but sufficient moisture to keep ground wet throughout
the year
Aw Distinct dry season, one month with precipitation < 60 mm
Arid regions where annual evaporation exceeds annual precipitation, marked dry season
B: Dry Bs Steppe climate
Bs Desert
Average temperature of the coldest month < 18 °C and > -3 °C, and average temperature of warmest
month > 10 °C
Cw Winter dry season, at least 10 times as much precipitation in wettest month of summer
as in driest month of winter
C: Temperate
Cs Summer dry season, at least three times as much rain in wettest month of winter as in
driest month of summer, the latter having less than 30 mm precipitation
Cf At least 30 mm precipitation in the driest month, difference between wettest month and
driest month less than for Cw and Cs
Average temperature of the warmest month > 10 °C and that of coldest month < -3 °C
Df At least 30 mm of rain in the driest month, difference between wettest month and driest
D: Cold month less than for Cw and Cs
Dw At least 10 times as much precipitation in wettest month of summer as in driest month
of winter
Average temperature of the warmest month < 10 °C
E: Polar Et Tundra, average temperature of warmest month > 0 °C
Ef No month with temperature > 10 °C

The above reported climate classification is based on FAO Koeppen classification (FAO Koeppen Climate Zones,
Jürgen Grieser, René Gommes, Stephen Cofield and Michele Bernardi, "Data sources for FAO worldmaps of Koeppen
climatologies and climatic net primary production", 2006) available at:
http://www.fao.org/nr/climpag/globgrids/KC_commondata_en.asp [i.6].
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It is recommended to use the five main classes A to E; the indication of the subclasses is optional.
4.3.4 Additional classification classes
In order to properly select the sub-networks operators penetration ratio and data traffic types could be reported for
information. Table 5 lists the classification based on the penetration rate, table 6 lists the classification based on data
volume thresholds.
Table 5: Sub-network penetration classes
Symbol Operator penetration class Range
DP Dominant Penetration > 30 % penetration
NDP Non-Dominant Penetration < 30 % penetration
MP Minor Penetration < 10 % penetration

Table 6: Sub-network data volume classes
Symbol Traffic Class Specific thresholds
CS CS dominating > 50 % of data volume is CS
PSS PS - small packages dominating > 50 % of data volume is PS,
> 80 % of packages are small
PSL PS - large packages dominating > 50 % of data volume is PS,
< 80 % of packages are small
5 Metrics for energy efficiency assessment
5.0 Introduction of clause
The following metrics shall be used to assess the mobile network energy efficiency.
5.1 Energy Consumption metrics
The Mobile Network Energy Consumption (EC ) is the sum of the energy consumption of each equipment included
MN
in the MN under investigation (see clause 4). The network energy consumption is measured according to the assessment
process defined in clause 6 such that individual metrics values are provided per RAT and per MNO.
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