ETSI TR 103 535 V1.1.1 (2019-10)

ETSI TR 103 535 V1.1.1 (2019-10)






TECHNICAL REPORT
SmartM2M;
Guidelines for using semantic interoperability in the industry

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2 ETSI TR 103 535 V1.1.1 (2019-10)



Reference
DTR/SmartM2M-103535
Keywords
interoperability, IoT, oneM2M, privacy, SAREF,
semantic

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3 ETSI TR 103 535 V1.1.1 (2019-10)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 6
Foreword . 6
Modal verbs terminology . 6
1 Scope . 7
1.1 Context for the present document . 7
1.2 Scope of the present document . 7
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations . 10
3.1 Terms . 10
3.2 Symbols . 10
3.3 Abbreviations . 10
4 Semantic interoperability in the context of IoT . 12
4.1 A global approach to IoT Systems . 12
4.1.1 Major characteristics of IoT systems . 12
4.1.2 The need for an "IoT-centric" view . 12
4.1.2.1 Introduction . 12
4.1.2.2 Roles . 12
4.1.2.3 Reference Architecture(s) . 13
4.1.2.4 Guidelines . 13
4.2 Purpose and target group . 13
4.3 Content of the present document . 13
5 State of the art of semantic interoperability . 14
5.1 Semantic interoperability: Approaches and classification systems . 14
5.1.1 Semantic approaches. 14
5.1.2 Classification systems . 15
5.1.3 Ontologies components and types . 15
5.2 Existing solutions from academia, standards and industry . 16
5.2.1 H2020 IoT European Platform Initiative (IoT-EPI) . 16
5.2.1.1 Introduction . 16
5.2.1.2 The SymbIoTe project . 16
5.1.1.3 The Agile IoT project . 17
5.2.1.4 The Inter IoT project . 18
5.2.1.5 The Vicinity project . 20
5.2.1.6 The BIG-IoT project . 21
5.2.2 H2020 Large Scale Pilots (LSP) . 23
5.2.2.1 Introduction . 23
5.2.2.2 The Autopilot Project . 23
5.2.2.3 The ACTIVAGE LSP . 24
5.2.2.4 The Monica LSP . 25
5.2.3 Standards . 27
5.2.3.1 Introduction . 27
5.2.3.2 oneM2M . 27
5.2.3.3 Smart Device Template (SDT) . 28
5.2.3.4 NGSI-LD . 29
5.2.3.5 OPC-UA . 30
5.2.3.6 ETSI SAREF . 32
5.2.3.7 W3C SSN . 35
5.2.4 Industry Solutions . 36
5.2.4.1 Watson . 36
5.2.5 Open source . 37
5.2.5.1 Mainflux . 37
5.2.6 Other projects . 38
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4 ETSI TR 103 535 V1.1.1 (2019-10)
5.2.6.1 Pilot Test for interfacing oneM2M platform with Smart Agriculture (STF-542) . 38
6 Semantic interoperability adoption analysis . 40
6.1 The need for semantic interoperability in industry . 40
6.2 Status of semantic adoption by industry . 40
6.2.1 Introduction. 40
6.2.2 Manual file export and import . 40
6.2.3 Extract, Transform and Load (ETL) . 41
6.2.4 Point-to-Point integration (P2P) . 41
6.2.5 Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) . 41
6.2.6 Integration Platform as a Service (iPaaS) . 41
6.2.7 Semantic interoperability platform . 41
6.3 Market drivers . 41
6.3.0 Introduction. 41
6.3.1 Improving existing services . 41
6.3.2 Providing new services . 42
6.3.3 Public policy support . 42
6.4 Market inhibitors . 42
6.4.1 Introduction. 42
6.4.2 Lack of familiarity with semantic . 42
6.4.3 Lack of killer applications and successful cases . 42
6.4.4 Complexity and immaturity . 42
6.4.5 Uncertainty regarding scalability and performance . 42
6.4.6 Difficulties to perceive immediate value . 43
6.5 The ontology problem . 43
6.5.1 Introduction. 43
6.5.2 No generally-accepted upper ontology in use today . 43
6.5.3 Many fragmented knowledge niches . 43
6.5.4 The ontology integration nightmare . 43
7 Guidelines for using semantic interoperability in the industry. 44
7.1 Introduction . 44
7.2 Strategy guidelines . 44
7.2.1 Decide adoption and promote it . 44
7.2.2 Invest in communication and training . 44
7.2.3 Outline expectation upfront . 44
7.2.4 Promote success and expand diffusion . 44
7.3 Technical Guidelines . 45
7.3.1 Use an upper ontology . 45
7.3.2 Reuse existing domain ontologies . 45
7.3.3 Insert ontologies in the development process . 45
Annex A: Change History . 46
History . 47


ETSI

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5 ETSI TR 103 535 V1.1.1 (2019-10)
List of figures
Figure 1: Possible approaches to semantic interoperability.14
Figure 2: SymbIoTe data model .16
Figure 3: Partial view of Agile IoT gateway data model .17
Figure 4: INTER-IOT interoperability global approach .18
Figure 5: GOIoTP platform module .19
Figure 6: GOIoTP device module .19
Figure 7: High-level logical VICINITY architecture .20
Figure 8: VICINITY ontology network .21
Figure 9: Conceptual-BIG-IoT model-for-an-IoT-ecosystem .22
Figure 10: Model for describing offerings of IoT platforms, things or services .22
Figure 11: Model for describing IoT offering compositions .23
Figure 12: AUTOPILOT interworking components .23
Figure 13: AUTOPILOT data model .24
Figure 14: Overall ACTIVAGE architecture .25
Figure 15: The MONICA Concept .26
Figure 16: MONICA global architecture .27
Figure 17: SDT structure overview .28
Figure 18: NGSI-LD Information model .30
Figure 19: OPC-UA support for Information Models .31
Figure 20: OPC UA Companion Specifications .31
Figure 21: Main classes of the SAREF ontology .32
Figure 22: SAREF type of devices .33
Figure 23: Mapping between SAREF and the oneM2M Base Ontology .34
Figure 24: Overview of the SSN classes and properties (observation perspective) .35
Figure 25: Overview of the SSN classes and properties (actuation perspective) .36
Figure 26: IBM Watson data model .37
Figure 27: SenML data model labels.38
Figure 28: Interworking Reference Model in the Agriculture Equipment .39
Figure 29: Pilot semantic model (main classes) .39


ETSI

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6 ETSI TR 103 535 V1.1.1 (2019-10)
Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
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ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys no
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not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Smart Machine-to-Machine
communications (SmartM2M).
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and "cannot" are to be
interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.

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7 ETSI TR 103 535 V1.1.1 (2019-10)
1 Scope
1.1 Context for the present document
The design, development and deployment of - potentially large - IoT systems require to address a number of topics -
such as privacy, interoperability or privacy - that are related and should be treated in a concerted manner. In this
context, several Technical Reports have been developed that each address a specific facet of IoT systems.
In order to provide a global a coherent view of all the topics addressed, a common approach has been outlined across
the Technical Reports concerned with the objective to ensure that the requirements and specificities of the IoT systems
are properly addressed and that the overall results are coherent and complementary.
The present document has been built with this common approach also applied in all of the other documents listed
below:
• ETSI TR 103 533 [i.1]
• ETSI TR 103 534 [i.2]
• ETSI TR 103 536 [i.3]
• ETSI TR 103 537 [i.4]
• ETSI TR 103 591 [i.5]
1.2 Scope of the present document
Major efforts are on-going in the IoT community regarding the development of semantic interoperability for IoT. This
progress has been notably accomplished by the involvement from academic players. However, semantic in IoT is
complex, often misunderstood and its benefits are not well perceived by the industrial players.
The main objective of the present document is to push semantic interoperability in IoT forward in raising awareness
about its importance in industry in order to unlock the potential economic value of IoT. A major focus is on the
development of guidelines on how to use semantic interoperability in the industry.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
Normative references are not applicable in the present document.
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] ETSI TR 103 533: "SmartM2M; Security; Standards Landscape and best practices".
[i.2] ETSI TR 103 534 (all parts): "SmartM2M; Teaching Material".
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8 ETSI TR 103 535 V1.1.1 (2019-10)
[i.3] ETSI TR 103 536: "SmartM2M; Strategic/technical approach on how to achieve
interoperability/interworking of existing standardized IoT Platforms".
[i.4] ETSI TR 103 537: "SmartM2M; PlugtestsTM preparation on Semantic Interoperability".
[i.5] ETSI TR 103 591: "SmartM2M; Privacy study report; Standards Landscape and best practices".
[i.6] AIOTI Report: "High Level Architecture (HLA) Release 4.0 June 2018".
NOTE: Available at https://aioti.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/AIOTI-HLA-R4.0.7.1-Final.pdf.
[i.7] IoT-EPI: "IoT Platforms Interoperability Approaches", White Paper, IoT-EPI Platform
Interoperability Task Force, 2017 updated in 2018 by "Advancing IoT Platforms Interoperability
Book", July 2018, White Paper.
NOTE: Available at http://iot-epi.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Advancing-IoT-Platform-Interoperability-2018-
IoT-EPI.pdf.
[i.8] Inter-IoT project.
NOTE: Available at http://www.inter-iot-project.eu.
[i.9] InterIoT GOIoTP: "Generic Ontology for IoT Platforms".
NOTE: Available at http://docs.inter-iot.eu/ontology.
[i.10] VICINITY project.
NOTE: Available at https://www.vicinity2020.eu.
[i.11] VICINITY Deliverable D1.6: "VICINITY Architectural Design".
NOTE: Available at https://www.vicinity2020.eu/vicinity/content/d16-vicinity-architectural-design.
[i.12] BIG-IoT project.
NOTE: Available at http://big-iot.eu/.
[i.13] Stefan Schmid et al: "An Architecture for Interoperable IoT Ecosystems". 2nd International
Workshop on Interoperability & Open Source Solutions for the Internet of Things (InterOSS-IoT
2016) at the 6th International Conference on the Internet of Things (IoT 2016), 7 November 2016,
Stuttgart, Germany. Springer, LNCS.
[i.14] A.S. Thuluva et al: Recipes for IoT Applications: "The 7th International Conference on the
Internet of Things (IoT 2017)", 22.-25. October 2017, Linz, Austria. ACM.
[i.15] ACTIVEAGE project.
NOTE: Available at http://www.activageproject.eu.
[i.16] ACTIVAGE Deliverable D3.2: "ACTIVAGE Interoperability layer architecture".
[i.17] MONICA project.
NOTE: Available at http://www.monica-project.eu.
[i.18] MONICA Deliverable D3.1: "IoT Enabled Devices and Wearables 2", 2018.
NOTE: Available at https://www.monica-project.eu/sdm_downloads/d3-2-iot-enabled-devices-and-wearables-2/.
[i.19] S. Meiling and al: MONICA in Hamburg: "Towards Large-Scale IoT Deployments in a Smart
City".
[i.20] ETSI TS 103 264: "SmartM2M; Smart Appliances; Reference Ontology and oneM2M Mapping".
NOTE: Available at https://www.etsi.org/standards#page=1&search=TS%20103%20264.
ETSI

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9 ETSI TR 103 535 V1.1.1 (2019-10)
[i.21] ETSI TS 103 410 (all parts): "SmartM2M; Smart Appliances Extension to SAREF".
NOTE: Available at https://www.etsi.org/standards#page=1&search=TS%20103%20410.
[i.22] ETSI TS 118 112: "oneM2M; Base Ontology (oneM2M TS-0012 version 2.0.0 Release 2)".
[i.23] ETS
...