ETSI TR 103 541 V1.1.1 (2018-05)

ETSI TR 103 541 V1.1.1 (2018-05)






TECHNICAL REPORT
Environmental Engineering (EE);
Best practice to assess energy performance of
future Radio Access Network (RAN) deployment

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2 ETSI TR 103 541 V1.1.1 (2018-05)



Reference
DTR/EE-EEPS20
Keywords
5G, access, base station, energy efficiency,
GSM, LTE, LTE-Advanced, mobile, network, NR,
radio, site engineering, UMTS

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3 ETSI TR 103 541 V1.1.1 (2018-05)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Modal verbs terminology . 5
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Abbreviations . 9
4 Assessment of Energy Performance of future RAN . 10
4.1 Assessment steps . 10
4.2 Previous work: Tools, papers & reports . 12
4.2.1 Tools . 12
4.2.2 Papers & Reports . 12
4.2.3 Standards . 14
5 Best Practice . 14
5.1 Definition of network to analyse . 14
5.2 Definition of baseline (audit or estimate based) . 15
5.2.1 Starting date . 15
5.2.2 Configurations . 16
5.2.3 Energy consumption . 16
5.2.4 Traffic measurement . 16
5.2.5 Calculation of capacity . 16
5.2.6 Calculation or measurement of Utilization . 17
5.2.7 Features . 17
5.2.8 Base station Energy Consumption models . 17
5.2.9 Site Energy Consumption models . 17
5.2.10 Alignment of Base station and Site models versus measured field data . 18
5.3 Evolution Scenarios . 18
5.4 Evolution Steps . 19
5.4.0 Evolution Granularity . 19
5.4.1 Traffic evolution . 19
5.4.2 IoT impact . 20
5.4.3 Equipment Utilization Evolution . 20
5.4.4 Traffic calculation . 20
5.4.5 Capacity expansion strategy . 20
5.4.6 Capacity Calculation . 21
5.4.7 Utilization calculation & capacity adaptation . 21
5.4.8 Coverage strategy . 21
5.4.9 Hardware strategy, equipment refresh . 22
5.4.10 Site infrastructure saving . 22
5.4.11 Software and features. 23
5.4.12 Spectrum strategy . 23
5.5 Result . 23
Annex A: Previous work reviews . 25
A.1 Tool Reviews . 25
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A.1.1 Review of GWATT Tool (GreenTouch project) . 25
A.1.1.1 Introduction. 25
A.1.1.2 Breakthroughs . 25
A.1.1.3 Results . 25
A.1.1.4 Demonstration . 25
A.2 Papers and Reports review . 26
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4 ETSI TR 103 541 V1.1.1 (2018-05)
A.2.1 SMARTer 2030 (GeSI) report review . 26
A.2.2 Review of "On Global Electricity usage of Communication Technology: Trends to 2030" (Anders
Andrae, Tomas Edler) . 26
Annex B:  Bibliography . 27
History . 28


ETSI

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5 ETSI TR 103 541 V1.1.1 (2018-05)
Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Trademarks
The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners.
ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys no
right to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does
not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Environmental Engineering (EE).
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and "cannot" are to be
interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Introduction
Energy efficiency is one of the critical factors with substantial impact on environmental footprint and operational cost
of the modern telecommunication systems. By 2016, ICT energy consumption is estimated to 7,8 % of Global
Electricity and 4,4 % of Global total Energy Consumption. The mobile systems energy consumption is estimated to
1,8 % of the global electricity, equals 1 % of Global Total Energy Consumption. With introduction of new mobile
system technologies to support the rapid traffic growth, while low efficiency legacy system still remains, the energy
consumption may further increase. The increased energy consumption is a threat to the environment as well as the
profitability of the industry as operator revenues may remain flat. The mobile industry is working hard to increase
efficiency and reduce energy consumption of current and future RAN with focus on strategies to modernize RAN with
new RAT's while reduce the total energy consumption of the RAN. Operators and vendors are running parallel studies
on energy consumption of the future RAN, elaborating on different energy saving strategies. However, results are very
different with low accuracy as methods are quite diverse with limited standard support for metrics and methods.
The aim of the present document is to collect best practices on future RAN energy performance assessment, list KPI's
from available standards and define additional KPI's needed for a relevant assessment of future RAN deployment.
As RAN consumes 80 % of mobile systems energy consumption, the present document is focusing on RAN site and
equipment, including Backhaul. Depending on technology, it is often referred to as BTS, NodeB, eNodeB, etc. and in
the present document denoted as BS. Core and service networks are not considered. The power consumption of Radio
Network Control nodes (RNC or BSC) are covered in ETSI ES 201 554 [i.35].
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6 ETSI TR 103 541 V1.1.1 (2018-05)
The measurements in testing laboratories of the efficiency of the Base Stations is the topic treated in ETSI
ES 202 706 [i.18]. Field measurement energy performance is defined in ETSI ES 203 228 [i.19]. Energy metrics of
those standards are preferred.

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7 ETSI TR 103 541 V1.1.1 (2018-05)
1 Scope
The aim of the present document is to find and describe methods and best practice to assess energy performance
(Energy Consumption and Energy Efficiency) of a future RAN deployment. The results documented will include a
summary of previous work, a collection of important preconditions as traffic aspects (growth, new traffic classes,
potential disruption), collection of energy efficiency/saving solutions and strategies and energy issues in current
networks. Network energy performance assessment method examples based on set of scenarios including different
solutions. The assessment period is at least until 2020, optionally also including 5G impact. Energy consumption and
efficiency definitions from ETSI ES 202 706 [i.18] and ETSI ES 203 228 [i.19] are preferred.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
Normative references are not applicable in the present document.
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
®
[i.1] CISCO : "VNI Index".
NOTE: Available at http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/service-provider/visual-networking-index-
vni/index.html.
® ®
[i.2] CISCO : "VNI Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update 2016-2021 White Paper".
NOTE: Available at http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/service-provider/visual-networking-index-
vni/index.html#~vniforecast.
® ®
[i.3] CISCO : "VNI complete forecast".
NOTE: Available at http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/service-provider/visual-networking-index-
vni/index.html#~completeforecast.
® ® ®
[i.4] Nokia : "GWATT Global What if Analyzer of neTwork energy consumpTion", Green Touch
Project, 2015.
NOTE: Available at http://alu-greentouch-dev.appspot.com/intro/.
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[i.5] Ericsson : "Traffic Exploration tool".
NOTE: Available at http://www.ericsson.com/TET/trafficView/loadBasicEditor.ericsson.
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[i.6] Ericsson : "Mobility report" Ericsson, Stockholm, 2016.
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[i.7] "ICT EARTH EU" May 2013.
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[i.8] "EARTH Publications" May 2013.
NOTE: Available https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/94414_en.html.
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8 ETSI TR 103 541 V1.1.1 (2018-05)
[i.9] Ki Won Sung, Jens Zanderand R. Sibel Tombaz: "On metrics and models for energy-efficient
design of wireless access networks", IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, vol. 3, no. 6,
pp. 649-652, 2014.
[i.10] T. W. Slavisa Aleksic: "Holistic view on green network technologies: Wireless Access, wired
core, data centers and end-user devices," in 5Green Summer School, Stockholm, 2014.
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[i.11] "SMARTer2030 ICT solutions for 21st Century Challenges" GeSi™, 2015.
®
[i.12] Huawei Technologies Sweden, Anders S.G. Andrae, Tomas Edler: "On Global Electricity Usage
of Communication Technology: Trends to 2030", Challenges, vol. 6, pp. 117-157, 30 April 2015.
NOTE: Available http://www.mdpi.com/2078-1547/6/1/117.
®
[i.13] Ericsson , Dr Pål Fenger: "From always on to always available. Energy Saving possibilities and
potential" in 5Green Summer school, Stockholm, 2014.
NOTE: Available http://wireless.kth.se/5green/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2014/08/2014-08-27-P%C3%A5l-
Frenger-5green-summer-school-Part-1-From-always-on-to-always-available-final.pdf.
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[i.14] Ericsson , Dr Pål Frenger: "From always available to always optimized," in 5Green Summer
School, Stockholm, 2014.
NOTE: Available at http://wireless.kth.se/5green/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2014/08/2014-08-27-P%C3%A5l-
Frenger-5green-summer-school-Part-2-From-always-available-to-always-optimized-final.pdf
®
[i.15] Deutche Telecom , Christoph Lange, Dirk Kosiankowski, Rainer Weidmann and Andreas
Gladisch: "Energy Consumption of Telecommunication Networks and Related Improvement
Options", vol. 17, pp. 285-295, April 2011.
[i.16] IEEE paper WCNC14 track 3: "Assessment of the Energy Efficiency Enhancement of Future
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Mobile Networks," TNO , Delft University of Technology, Remco Litjens, Yohan Toh and Haibin
Zhang:, Mobile and wireless networks, Istanbul, 2014.
®
[i.17] IEEE communications Magazine Ericsson :"The global footprint of mobile communications: The
ecological and economic perspective" TUD, Albrecht Fehske Gerhard Fettweis, Jens Malmodin
and Grgely Biczok, vol. 49, no. 8, pp. 55-62, 11 August 2011.
[i.18] ETSI ES 202 706: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Measurement method for power
consumption and energy efficiency of wireless access network equipment".
[i.19] ETSI ES 203 228: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Assessment of mobile network energy
efficiency".
[i.20] Recommendation ITU-T L.1310: "Energy efficiency metrics and measurement methods for
telecommunication equipment".
[i.21] IEEE™ Wireless Communications: "How much energy is needed to run a wireless network?".
NOTE: Available at https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6056691/.
[i.22] GreenTouch™ White Paper: "Green Meter Research Study".
NOTE: Available at https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/belllabs-microsite-
greentouch/uploads/documents/GreenTouch_Green_Meter_Research_Study_26_June_2013.pdf.
[i.23] Energy Performance Evaluation Revisited: "Methodology, Models and Results".
NOTE: Available at https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7763182/.
[i.24] A case study on estimating future radio network energy consumption and CO2 emissions".
NOTE: Available at https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6707825/.
[i.25] ETSI ES 202 706-1: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Metrics and measurement method for
Energy Efficiency of wireless access network equipment; Part 1: Power Consumption - Static
Measurement Method".
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9 ETSI TR 103 541 V1.1.1 (2018-05)
[i.26] ETSI TS 136 300 (V14.2.0): "LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and
Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2
(ETSI TS 36.300 version 14.2.0 Release 14)".
[i.27] ETSI TS 134 121: "Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); User Equipment
(UE) conformance specification; Radio transmission and reception (FDD); Part 1: Conformance
specification (3GPP TS 34.121-1)".
[i.28] ETSI TS 136 104 (V11.2.0): "LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Base
Station (BS) radio transmission and reception (3GPP TS 36.104 V11.2.0 Release 11)".
[i.29] ETSI TR 136 913 (V14.0.0): "LTE; Requirements for further advancements for Evolved Universal
Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) (LTE-Advanced) (3GPP TR 36.913 version 14.0.0
Release 14)".
[i.30] Draft New Report ITU-R M (IMT-2020.TECH PERF REQ) (5G NR).
[i.31] ETSI TS 145 005 (V8.0.0): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Radio
transmission and reception (3GPP TS 45.005 version 8.8.0 Release 8)".
[i.32] Yuehong Gao, Xin Zhang, Yuming Jiang and Jeong-woo Cho: "System Spectral Efficiency and
Stability of 3G Networks: A Comparative Study". Wireless Theories and Technologies (WT&T)
Lab. Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), 100876 Beijing, China; Centre
for Quantifiable Quality of Service in Communication Systems (Q2S) Norwegian University of
Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
NOTE: Available at https://people.kth.se/~jwcho/data/icc2009study3g.pdf.
[i.33] IMEC BS Energy consumption model - online.
NOTE: Available at https://www.imec-int.com/powermodel.
[i.34] Micallef, G. (2013): "Energy Efficient Evolution of Mobile Broadband Networks", Department of
Electronic Systems, Aalborg University.
NOTE: Available at http://vbn.aau.dk/files/77916735/Gilbert_Micallef_PhD_Thesis_Final_2_.pdf.
[i.35] ETSI ES 201 554: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Measurement method for Energy efficiency
of Mobile Core network and Radio Access Control equipment".
3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
AC Alternating Current
AirCon Air Condition
BS Base Station
CA Carrier Aggregation
cf cooling factor
CC Common Channels
COP Coefficient Of Performance.
NOTE: Efficiency KPI for climate equipment.
DBS Distributed Base Station
DC Direct Current
DL DownLink
EC Energy Consumption
EU European Union
FD-MIMO Full Dimension MIMO
FP7 UE Frame Program 7
GHG Green House Gas
GSM Global System for Mobile communication
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10 ETSI TR 103 541 V1.1.1 (2018-05)
®
GWATT Global What
NOTE: If Analyser of network energy consumption.
ICT Information and Communication Technology
IoT Internet of Things
NOTE: Including M2M, D2D, V2X, etc.
IP Internet Protocol
ITU-T International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication Standardization Sector
KPI Key Performance Indicator
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm
NOTE: In Swedish: Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan.
LAA Large Antenna Arrays
LiU Linköping University
LSA Large Scale Antennas
LuU Lund University
METIS EU FP7 cofunded research project on telecommunication at 2020 and beyond.
MIMO Massive Input Massive Output
NB Narrow Band
PA Power Amplifier
PC Personal Computers
QoS Quality of Service
RAN Radio Access Network
RAT Radio Access Technology
NOTE: E.g. GSM, 3G, 4G, 5G.
RATS Radio Access Technologies
SC Small Cell
SE Spectral Efficiency
SEE Site Energy Efficiency
sf site factor
NOTE: I.e. total site energy consumption/BS equipment energy consumption.
sps shelter power share
NOTE: I.e. the dissipation in shelter versus DC energy consumption.
TBC To Be Confirmed
TCO Total Cost of Ownership
URL Uniform Resource Locator
NOTE: I.e. web address.
VNI Visual Networking Index
®
NOTE: CISCO tool providing ICT traffic data.
WI Work Item
RNC Radio Network Control
4 Assessment of Energy Performance of future RAN
4.1 Assessment steps
The basic steps for the analysis are:
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11 ETSI TR 103 541 V1.1.1 (2018-05)
• Definition of Network.
• Definition of Baseline.
• Evolution Scenarios.
• Evolution Deployment steps.
• Result.

Figure 1: High level view of the assessment process of selected RAN
Depending on depth of the study, the following structure, or a subset, could be used:
• Definition of network to analyse. If the network to assess is large, a partial representation of the network may
be chosen for analysis. Parameters of ETSI ES 203 228 [i.19], clause 4.2 "test parameter categorization"
should be considered when selecting the Partial RAN sites.
• Definition of Baseline (field audit based or theoretical model based):
- Starting date.
- Focus on Incumbent (green field may be option for later version).
- Configuration of Network, Backhaul, site and base station (including RAT).
- Energy consumption and efficiency. Values and metrics.
- Traffic, average and dynamic (subscriber and devices, including IoT), distribution over areas.
- Equipment Utilization.
- Features.
• Evolution Scenarios:
- Traffic evolution assumptions (daily and weekly profiles including busy hour levels distribution over
Rat's, subscribers, services, devices, IoT).
- Requirements on QoS, Utilization margins.
- Strategies for Coverage, Roll out of RAT's, Spectrum, BS types and configurations.
- Refresh strategy, BS equipment and site infrastructure.
- Site "clean up" of unused equipment.
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12 ETSI TR 103 541 V1.1.1 (2018-05)
- Software and features strategy.
• Evolution deployment steps - per scenario:
- Capacity KPI assumptions for RAN, Site and BS types and configurations.
- Site and BS configurations - to comply to scenarios.
- Site and BS Energy consumption models.
- Energy consumption calculation.
• Result:
- Transformation from analysed network to full network.
- Alternative scenarios/solutions/strategies.
- Final traffic (On device types, including IoT, traffic profiles, etc.).
- Final configurations of equipment and sites.
- Final site infrastructure.
- Final utilization.
- Final KPI's on performance: Capacity, Energy Efficiency, Energy Consumption, QoS.
- Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis.
• Conclusion and interpretation of result.
4.2 Previous work: Tools, papers & reports
4.2.1 Tools
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a) Cisco VNI Tool [i.1]: Traffic only, no energy aspects, but a versatile tool to extract many different traffic
aspects. Sub-part for mobile networks [i.2] and for full IP network [i.3]. Useful for assessment of current and
future traffic in ICT, with distribution over devices, traffic types/services, parts of network, etc. Energy
consumption or efficiency is not in the scope of the present document.
® ® ®
b) Nokia GWATT : "An interactive application to Visualize the Green Touch Results" [i.4]. GWATT is an
®
®
online web tool developed by GreenTouch to provide an end-to-end view of the GreenTouch portfolio of
technologies and solutions and to share the results and accomplishments in an easy-to-use and interactive
®
application accessible to everyone. Thanks to the GWATT interactive graphical user interface, the user can
check in real time how individual technologies and combinations of technologies improve network energy
performance and energy cost. Different network evolution scenarios can be simultaneously constructed and
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their energy pe
...