ETSI TR 102 886 V1.1.1 (2011-07)

Technical Report
Electromagnetic compatibility and
Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Technical characteristics of Smart Metering (SM)
Short Range Devices (SRD) in the UHF Band;
System Reference Document, SRDs,
Spectrum Requirements for Smart Metering
European access profile Protocol (PR-SMEP)

2 ETSI TR 102 886 V1.1.1 (2011-07)

Reference
DTR/ERM-TG28-044
Keywords
protocol, SRD
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ETSI
3 ETSI TR 102 886 V1.1.1 (2011-07)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 6
Foreword . 6
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 8
2 References . 8
2.1 Normative references . 8
2.2 Informative references . 8
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 10
3.1 Definitions . 10
3.2 Symbols . 11
3.3 Abbreviations . 11
4 Comments on the System Reference Document . 12
5 Executive summary . 12
5.1 Context . 12
5.1.1 Supply side. 12
5.1.2 Demand side . 13
5.1.3 EC Mandate . 13
5.2 Market Information . 13
5.3 Electric vehicles and their Infrastructure . 13
5.4 National Frequency Re-assignments in the UHF band . 14
5.5 The Issues . 14
5.6 Summary of requirements . 14
5.7 Summary of recommendations and requested EC, ECC and ETSI action . 15
6 Current Requirements for SM SRDs . 15
6.1 Overview of published performance requirements for specific SRDs using the frequency band 870 MHz
to 876 MHz. 15
6.1.1 Overview of the TR 102 649 parts 1 and 2 . 15
6.1.2 Overview of draft ES 202 630 . 16
7 Future Requirements for SM SRDs . 17
7.1 Introduction . 17
7.2 Channelisation . 17
7.3 Power . 17
7.4 Duty Cycle. 17
8 Conclusions . 18
9 Requested ECC, EC and ETSI actions . 18
Annex A: Re-assignment of 870 MHz to 876 MHz and 915 MHz to 921 MHz by National
Regulators . 20
Annex B: Technical requirements . 21
B.1 Typical application scenario . 21
B.1.1 Introduction . 21
B.1.2 Scenario 1: Obtain meter reading . 22
B.1.2.1 Communication characteristics . 22
B.1.2.1.1 Basic . 22
B.1.2.1.2 Enhanced . 22
B.1.3 Scenario 2; Installation, Configuration and Maintenance of the Smart Meter . 22
B.1.3.1 Communications characteristics . 22
B.1.3.1.1 Basic . 22
B.1.3.1.2 Enhanced . 23
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4 ETSI TR 102 886 V1.1.1 (2011-07)
B.1.4 Scenario 3; Monitor Power Quality . 23
B.1.4.1 Communication characteristics . 23
B.1.4.1.1 Basic . 23
B.1.4.1.2 Enhanced . 23
B.1.5 Scenario 4; Manage Outage Data . 23
B.1.5.1 Communication characteristics . 23
B.1.5.1.1 Basic . 23
B.1.5.1.2 Enhanced . 23
B.1.6 Scenario 5; Demand Response Actions . 23
B.1.6.1 Communication characteristics . 23
B.1.6.1.1 Basic . 23
B.1.6.1.2 Enhanced . 24
B.1.7 Scenario 6; Facilitated Distributed Power Generation . 24
B.1.7.1 Communication characteristics . 24
B.1.7.1.1 Basic . 24
B.1.7.1.2 Enhanced . 24
B.1.8 Scenario 7: Electric Vehicle Charging . 24
B.1.8.1 Communication characteristics . 25
B.1.8.1.1 Basic . 25
B.1.8.1.2 Extended . 25
B.1.9 Scenario 8; Metropolitan Mesh Networks . 25
B.1.9.1 Communication characteristics . 25
B.1.9.1.1 Basic . 25
B.1.9.1.2 Enhanced . 25
B.2 Smart Meter Service Requirements . 26
B.3 Smart Meter Performance Requirements . 26
B.3.1 Introduction . 26
B.3.2 Deployment Model . 27
B.3.3 Access mechanism . 28
B.3.3.1 Aloha . 28
B.3.3.2 Slotted Aloha . 29
B.3.3.3 Listen Before Talk . 30
B.3.3.4 Closing Remarks on Aloha and CSMA . 31
B.3.4 Traffic Model . 31
B.3.5 Multi-hop (MESH) Considerations . 32
B.3.6 AP Duty Cycle Estimate . 32
B.3.7 Node Duty Cycle Estimate . 33
B.3.8 Transmission Reliability . 33
B.3.9 Traffic model conclusions . 35
B.4 Smart Metering Radio Frequency Parameters . 36
B.4.1 Introduction . 36
B.4.1.1 Scenario . 36
B.4.1.2 Meter Location in the building . 36
B.4.1.3 Construction of the building . 37
B.4.1.4 The Communications Power Supply . 37
B.4.2 Transmit Power . 37
B.4.3 Data Rate and Modulation . 38
B.4.4 Interference Mitigation . 39
B.4.5 Duty Cycle. 39
B.4.5.1 Node Duty Cycle . 39
B.4.5.2 Normal and Event Driven Traffic . 39
Annex C: Communications Architecture . 40
C.1 Smart Meter Topologies . 40
C.2 Interfaces . 43
Annex D: Traffic Model . 44
Annex E: Expected Compatibility Issues . 46
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5 ETSI TR 102 886 V1.1.1 (2011-07)
E.1 Background . 46
E.2 Potential co-existence issues . 46
E.2.1 Introduction . 46
E.2.2 Geographical location . 46
E.2.3 Duration of transmission . 47
E.2.4 Power of interfering signal . 47
E.3 Feasibility of co-existence . 47
E.4 Preliminary findings . 47
E.5 Discussion . 48
Annex F: Detailed Market Information . 50
F.1 Metering installed base. . 50
F.1.1 Size of the existing installed base by country within Europe . 50
F.1.2 The roll-out of Smart Meters into the existing markets . 51
Annex G: Charge Station Standardisation and Infrastructure . 53
G.1 Charge Station Standardisation . 53
G.2 Infrastructure . 54
G.2.1 EV Charging Infrastructure . 54
G.2.2 Charging Station Plug Communication Components . 56
History . 57

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6 ETSI TR 102 886 V1.1.1 (2011-07)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://ipr.etsi.org).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio
spectrum Matters (ERM).
The present document includes necessary information to support the co-operation under the MoU between ETSI and the
Electronic Communications Committee (ECC) of the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications
Administrations (CEPT).
Introduction
The requirement to wirelessly interconnect Smart Meters is one of the responses to the EC's mandate 441 [i.1] for an
open architecture for utility meters. Short Range Device (SRD) technology, has been identified as a candidate
technology to interconnect meters to the Wide Area Network (WAN) Access Point (AP).
• The TR 102 649-2 [i.22] identified.
• Preliminary performance requirements for SRDs for use with Smart Meters.
• An uncoordinated time bound access mechanism, with 25 mW. e.r.p. power.
A suggested frequency designation of 873 MHz to 876 MHz which is one of the sub-bands of the 870 MHz to 876 MHz
and 915 MHz to 921 MHz duplex pair currently allocated for E-GSM-R and military use.
The present document examines whether the performance requirements, access mechanism and transmitted power
currently in use for SRDs are adequate for Smart Meters and opens a discussion on further work required to establish
the magnitude of any compatibility issues in sharing the 873 MHz to 876 MHz frequency band.
The present document identifies the key service requirements which will impact the volume of traffic to be transmitted
between meter and AP. A mesh network is assumed for the delivery of data between meter and AP as this
accommodates the limited power available for data transmission and minimises the number of APs. The mesh traffic is
modelled and the expected network performance established. This is then compared with the current SRD regulatory
limits.
The discussion on compatibility assumes that the military services will be displaced by E-GSM-R and that it is with this
service that the SRDs will share the frequency band. The report examines the potential for co-channel inter-system
interference using as a starting point the work undertaken at the BNetzA laboratory at Kolberg in August 2009 [i.25].
Adjacent channel interference has already been considered in TR 102 649-2 [i.22] and is not repeated here.
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7 ETSI TR 102 886 V1.1.1 (2011-07)
Intra-system interference from collocated SRD systems is being addressed in CEPT SE 24 under WI23 and although the
results of these deliberations are not yet available draft information is available on the CEPT web site. Further work on
low duty cycle as a mitigation technique for SRDs has been approved by ETSI and the Special Task Force (STF) 411
expects to complete its work within 9 months. A measurement campaign on Low Duty Cycle requirements was recently
completed by the JRC [i.33] and the reader is invited to consider the preliminary results of this work when reviewing
clause B.3 on Access mechanisms. These activities will guide the development of future analyses in the present
document.
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8 ETSI TR 102 886 V1.1.1 (2011-07)
1 Scope
The present document applies to a new class of SRD devices specifically for Smart Metering applications operating in
the UHF frequency band from 870 MHz to 876 MHz. It extends the discussion on Smart Metering Performance
Requirements in TR 102 649-2 [i.22] and identifies the particular RF performance parameters needed for the operation
of these devices.
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
Not applicable.
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] M/441: Standardisation Mandate to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI in the field of measuring
instruments for the development of an open architecture for utility meters involving
communication protocols enabling interoperability.
[i.2] FP7 Research Priorities for the Renewable Energy Sector (March 2005).
[i.3] "The challenges towards the Smart Electricity Grids", Dr. Manuel Sánchez Jiménez, Policy
Officer, Unit C.2 Electricity and Gas Markets.
[i.4] San Diego Smart Grid Study Final Report, October 2006, SAIC Smart Grid Team.
[i.5] FM(08)098 Rev 1: "Analysis of the Replies to the questionnaire on the additional spectrum for
RFID and SRDs at UHF band".
[i.6] CEPT ERC/Dec(96)04: "ECC Decision of 19 March 2004 on the availability of frequency bands
for the introduction of Wide Band Digital Land Mobile PMR/PAMR in the 400 MHz and
800/900 MHz bands Amended the Annex to the Decision 27 June 2008 amended 26 June 2009".
[i.7] CEPT ECC/Dec(04)06: "ERC Decision of 7 March 1996 on the frequency bands for the
introduction of the Trans European Trunked Radio System (TETRA)".
[i.8] Smart Meters Co-ordination Group Final Report (Version 0.7 - 2009-12-10): "Standardization
mandate to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI in the field of measuring instruments for the development
of an open architecture for utility meters involving communication protocols enabling
interoperability M/441".
[i.9] ETSI TR 102 898: "Machine to Machine Communications (M2M); Use cases of Automotive
Applications in M2M capable networks".
ETSI
9 ETSI TR 102 886 V1.1.1 (2011-07)
[i.10] ETSI TR 103 055: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); System
Reference document (SRdoc): Spectrum Requirements for Short Range Device, Metropolitan
Mesh Machine Networks (M3N) and Smart Metering (SM) applications".
[i.11] ETSI TR 102 691: "Machine-to-Machine communications (M2M); Smart Metering Use Cases".
[i.12] ESMIG: "Smart Metering market and standards", CEN/CENELEC - Madrid, 1st July 2009.
[i.13] ESMA: "Annual Report on the Progress in Smart Metering 2009", v2.0, January 2010.
[i.14] ESMA: "National Perspectives on Smart metering", v1.0 April 2008.
[i.15] "Open Metering System Specification", Volume 1, General Part, Issue 1.2.0/2009-07-17.
[i.16] OMS: "Open Metering System Specification", Volume 2, Primary Communication,
Issue 2.0.0/2009-07-20.
[i.17] Tanenbaum A.S.: "Computer Networks", Third Edition, Prentice-Hall, ISBN 0-13-349945-6.
[i.18] ETSI EN 300 220 (all parts) (V2.1.2): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Radio equipment to be used in the 25 MHz to 1 000 MHz
frequency range with power levels ranging up to 500 mW".
[i.19] CEPT ERC/REC 70-03: "Relating to the use of short-range devices (SRD)".
[i.20] CEPT ECC Report 37: "Compatibility of planned SRD applications with currently existing
radiocommunication applications in the frequency band 863-870 MHz", Granada, February 2004.
[i.21] ETSI TR 102 649-1: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Technical characteristics of RFID in the UHF Band; System Reference Document for Radio
Frequency Identification (RFID) equipment; Part 1: RFID equipment operating in the range from
865 MHz to 868 MHz".
[i.22] ETSI TR 102 649-2: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Technical characteristics of Short Range Devices (SRD) and RFID in the UHF Band; System
Reference Document for Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and SRD equipment;
Part 2: Additional spectrum requirements for UHF RFID, non-specific SRDs and specific SRDs".
[i.23] ETSI ES 202 630: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short
Range Devices (SRD); Radio equipment to be used in parts of the frequency range 870-876 MHz
and 915-921 MHz, with Transmitter Duty Cycle (TDC) restriction and power levels up to 25 mW;
Technical characteristics and test methods".
[i.24] NISTIR 6055; NIST construction automation program, Report No 3: "Electromagnetic Signal
Attenuation in Construction materials".
[i.25] Feasibility Tests between E-GSM-R and Low Duty Cycle SRD at Kolberg, Germany, 19th to
th
20 August 2009 Federal Network Agency, Germany.
[i.26] "A Channel Access Scheme for Large Dense Packet Radio Networks"; Timothy J. Shepard; ACM
SigComm "96, August 1996, Stanford University California.
[i.27] Netherlands Technical Agreement NTA 8130:2007; "Minimum set of functions for metering
electricity, gas, thermal energy for domestic customers".
[i.28] Department of Primary Industries; Advanced Metering Infrastructure, Minimum AMI
Functionality Specification (Victoria); September 2008.
[i.29] OPEN meter 7: "Open Public Extended Network Metering", 01/07/2009.
[i.30] CEPT report 19 Report from CEPT to the European Commission in response to the Mandate to
develop least restrictive technical conditions for frequency bands addressed in the context of
WAPECS; Final Report on 21 December 2007 with editorial revisions on 17 March 2008 and
30 October 2008.
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10 ETSI TR 102 886 V1.1.1 (2011-07)
[i.31] Directive 2006/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5th April 2006 on energy
end-use efficiency and energy services and repealing Council Directive 93/76/EEC.
[i.32] Report on Radio Frequency Compatibility Measurements between UWB LDC Devices and
Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) BWA Systems; Ispra, July 26-27, 2010.
[i.33] The World Water Meter Report and Database Ed 7 2009 and The Meter Manufacturers Directory
Ed 4 2009; ABS Energy Research.
[i.34] Smart Water Meters; Advanced Metering Infrastructure for Water Utilities; Market Drivers,
Technology Issues, Deployment Case Studies, Key Industry Players and Market Forecasts;
September 2010.
[i.35] Hashemi, "The indoor radio propagation channel", Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 81, no. 7,
July 1993.
[i.36] A. Rahim, X. Mindong, S. Zeisberg, A. Idriss, A. Finger: "Radio Coverage Measurement and
Characterization for Indoor Fixed Radio at 900 MHz and 2450 MHz", 15th IST Mobile and
Wireless Communications Summit, Mykonos, Greece, June 2006.
[i.37] J.M. Molina-Garcia-Pardo, A. Martinez-Sala, M.V. Bueno-Delgado, E. Egea-Lopez,
L. Juan-Llacer, J. García-Haro: "Channel Model at 868 MHz for Wireless Sensor Networks in
Outdoor Scenarios". International Workshop on Wireless Ad Hoc Networks, IWWAN 2005,
London, May 2005.
[i.38] Daniel Peña, Rodolfo Feick, Senior Member, IEEE, Hristo D. Hristov, Senior Member, IEEE, and
Walter Grote: "Measurement and Modeling of Propagation Losses in Brick and Concrete Walls for
the 900-MHz Band". IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propogation, Vol. 51, No. 1, January.
[i.39] Roger A. Dalke, Christopher L. Holloway, Paul McKenna, Martin Johansson, and Azar S. Ali:
"Effects of Reinforced Concrete Structures on RF Communications". IEEE Transactions on
Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 42, No. 4, November 2000.
[i.40] ATMEL data sheet AT86RF212.
[i.41] A. Rahim, S. Zeisberg, M.L. Fernandez, A. Finger: "Impact of People Movement on Received
Signal in a Fixed Indoor Radio Communications", PIMRC "06, Helsinki, Finland,
September 2006.
[i.42] IEC 60309 (all parts): "Plugs, socket-outlets and couplers for industrial purposes".
[i.43] IEC 61851-1: "Electric vehicle conductive charging system - Part 1: General requirements".
[i.44] IEC 62196-1: "Plugs, socket-outlets, vehicle couplers and vehicle inlets - Conductive charging of
electric vehicles - Part 1: Charging of electric vehicles up to 250 A a.c. and 400 A d.c.".
[i.45] ETSI TS 102 890 (all parts): "Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Facilities layer function".
[i.46] Ofcom: "Award of the band 872-872 MHz paired with 917-921 MHz".
NOTE: Available at: http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/consultations/872_876_mhz/update/
[i.47] BRUSA Elekronik: " Definition and implementation of a global EV charging infrastructure".
NOTE: Available at: http://www.park-charge.ch/documents/EV-infrastructure%20project.pdf.
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
access point: device providing an interface between a Wide Area Network (WAN) and a local network domain
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11 ETSI TR 102 886 V1.1.1 (2011-07)
adaptive frequency agility: technique that allows a device to change its frequency of operation automatically from one
channel to another
channel: small frequency sub-band within the operating frequency band into which a Radio Signal fits
NOTE: Commonly, a frequency band is divided into contiguous channels.
duty cycle: for the purposes of the Recommendation ERC/REC 70-03 [i.19], the duty cycle is defined as the ratio,
expressed as a percentage, of the maximum transmitter cumulative "on" time on one carrier frequency, relative to a one
hour period
NOTE 1: For frequency agile devices the duty cycle limit applies to the total transmission.
NOTE 2: For specific applications with very low duty cycles and very short periods of transmissions, the definition
of duty cycle should be subject to study.
gateway: network point of attachment for a node
listen before talk: action taken by a device to detect an unoccupied sub-band or channel prior to transmitting
metering: transmission of metrology information (electricity, gas water and energy) by radio communication
node: network device associated with a Smart Meter
Short Range Devices (SRDs): radio devices which provide either unidirectional or bi-directional communication and
which have low capability of causing interference to other radio equipment
NOTE: SRDs use either integral, dedicated or external antennas and all modes of modulation can be permitted
subject to relevant standards. SRDs are normally "license exempt".
specific SRDs: SRDs that are used in specific applications
NOTE: E.g. Applications of ERC/REC 70-03 [i.19], annexes 2 to 13.
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
d distance
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
AFA Adaptive Frequency Agility
AMI Advanced Meter Infrastructure
AMM Advanced Meter Management
AMR Advanced Meter Reading
AP Access Point
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying
C/I Carrier to interference ratio specified for the victim receiver in dBm
CA Collision Avoidance
CCA Clear Channel Assessment
CEPT European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access
CSMA/CA Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance
D.C. Duty Cycle
DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
e.r.p. Effective radiated power
EC European Community
ECC Electronic Communications Committee
ECS Electromobile Club of Switzerland
E-GSM-R Extended GSM for Railways
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12 ETSI TR 102 886 V1.1.1 (2011-07)
EN European Norm
ERC European Radiocommunication Committee
ESMA European Smart Metering Alliance
ESMIG European Smart Meter Interest Group
FHSS Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
GE General Electric
GSM Global System for Mobile communications
HAN Home Area Network
IP Internet Protocol
ISM Industrial Scientific and Medical
LAN Local Area Network
LBT Listen Before Talk
LDC Low Duty Cycle
LOS Line of Sight
MAC Medium Access Control
MUC Multi-Utility Controller
NM Network Management
OQPSK Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
PL Path Loss
PMR Private Mobile Radio
R&TTE Radio & Telecommunications Terminal Equipment
REC Recommendation
SRD Short Range Device
SRDMG Short Range Device Management Group
STF Special Task Force
TDC Transmitter Duty Cycle
TPC Transmit Power Control
TR Technical Report
UHF Ultra High Frequency
WAN Wide Area Network
WGFM Working Group Frequency Management
4 Comments on the System Reference Document
None received.
5 Executive summary
5.1 Context
5.1.1 Supply side
Europe's integrated utility network will be subject to substantial restructuring in the coming years as a direct
consequence of the ongoing liberalisation of the energy market. The present electricity supply infrastructure, which is
characterised by large, centralised power stations, will evolve into a system comprising both centralised and
decentralised electricity supplies including micro generators, electric vehicles as well as small and medium sized
renewable sources. This process will place new demands on the engineering of these systems, including equipment
specification and control. The anticipated rapid growth in the numbers of decentralised micro generators requires an
advanced integration strategy to be developed [i.2]. Part of this integration will be a supporting communication network
to permit the monitoring and control of these generators as they are switched on and off line. This same network can
also be used to assist consumers to make informed choices on their consumption.
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13 ETSI TR 102 886 V1.1.1 (2011-07)
5.1.2 Demand side
Consumers are increasingly sensitive to resource consumption and in the case of power, their carbon foot print. Smart
Metering is the first step in integrating consumers' wishes with the supply of these resources. It enables consumers to
use resources more efficiently; this may be based on time variable tariffs or other incentives related to the demand.
5.1.3 EC Mandate
Smart Metering primarily targets improvement of energy end-use efficiency as defined by Directive 2006/32/EC [i.31],
thus contributing to the reduction of primary energy consumption, to the mitigation of CO and other greenhouse gas
emissions.
According to the European Commission, Standardisation Mandate M/441 [i.1], to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI, "in the
field of measuring instruments for the development of an open architecture for utility meters involving communication
protocols enabling interoperability".
"The general objective of this mandate is to create European standards that will enable interoperability of
utility meters (water, gas, electricity, heat), which can then improve the means by which customers' awareness
of actual consumption can be raised in order to allow timely adaptation to their demands (commonly referred
to as 'Smart Metering')."
Although this strictly defines Smart Metering, it is clear from the first article of the Mandate that its intention far
exceeds that of Smart Meters. It particularly requests the development of an "…open architecture for utility meters that
supports secure bidirectional communication upstream and downstream … and allows advanced information and
management and control systems for consumers and service suppliers."
This intention of the Mandate encapsulates the notion of Smart Grid where computing and communications
technologies are integrated with the power-delivery infrastructure.
The Smart Grid is the integration of technologies that permit inter alia [i.3] and [i.4] the:
• coexistence of centralised and decentralised power generation;
• detection and resolution of emerging network issues;
• response to local and system wide inputs;
• rapid communication between peer devices and with centralised and distributed controllers;
• deployment of advanced diagnostics, feedback and control;
• coordination of attached loads and distributed resources.
In all the above cases, messages describing the situation need to be passed from the Smart Meter to the controlled or
controlling entity. In circumstances which might compromise the grid reliability a real time response will be required.
5.2 Market Information
There are in excess of 300 million gas and electricity meters alone which require replacing to meet the requirements of
M441 and a similar number of water and energy meters. The per-country numbers of gas and electricity meters are
shown in annex F.
There are approximately 157 million water meters installed in Europe [i.33] and although there is no legislation driving
the adoption of Smart Metering for water it is expected that 31 % of all new water meters installed will be Smart or
Smart enabled meters by 2016 [i.34].
5.3 Electric vehicles and their Infrastructure
Many countries are encouraging the sale and promotion of electric vehicles by various means and in a number of
European cities there are ongoing activities to support their use.
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14 ETSI TR 102 886 V1.1.1 (2011-07)
The French government plans to acquire 50,000 electric cars for use by public companies and local authorities. In
Germany, the Minister of Transport announced in November 2009 the support of development of electro-mobility by
the German government with 1.4 billion Euros over the next few years.
In September 2009, a contract was placed for the delivery of 100,000 cars before 2016, to be sold in Denmark and
Israel. A Danish energy supplier will establish the complete charging infrastructure in Denmark and the Danish
government announced reduced taxes for electric cars to support this activity. Also in September, the Spanish
government provided 10 million Eur
...