ETSI TR 102 496 V2.1.1 (2009-05)

ETSI TR 102 496 V2.1.1 (2009-05)
Technical Report

Electromagnetic compatibility
and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
System Reference Document;
Short Range Devices (SRD);
Technical characteristics for Location tracking Applications
for Emergency Services (LAES) in disaster situations
operating within the frequency range from 3,4 GHz to 4,8 GHz

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2 ETSI TR 102 496 V2.1.1 (2009-05)



Reference
RTR/ERM-RM-264
Keywords
emergency, location, radio, SHF, short range,
SRD, SRDoc
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3 ETSI TR 102 496 V2.1.1 (2009-05)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Introduction . 5
Status of pre-approval draft . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 9
3.1 Definitions . 9
3.2 Symbols . 9
3.3 Abbreviations . 9
4 Comments on the System Reference Document . 10
5 Executive summary . 10
5.1 Background information . 10
5.2 Market information. 10
5.3 Technical system description . 11
5.4 Regulations . 11
5.4.1 Current regulations . 11
5.4.2 Proposed regulation and justification . 12
6 Expected ETSI actions . 13
7 Requested ECC actions . 13
Annex A: Detailed market information . 14
A.1 Range of applications . 14
A.2 Expected market size and value . 15
A.2.1 Markets covered . 15
A.2.2 Market forecast . 16
A.2.2.1 Fire Brigades . 16
A.2.2.1.1 Statistics for the UK . 16
A.2.2.1.2 Statistics for France . 17
A.2.2.1.3 Statistics for various European countries . 17
A.2.2.2 Police and civil protection . 18
A.3 Traffic and equipment density forecast . 18
Annex B: Technical information . 19
B.1 Detailed technical information . 19
B.2 Technical parameters and justifications for spectrum . 21
B.2.1 Transmitter parameters . 21
B.2.1.1 Operating Frequency. 23
B.2.1.2 Bandwidth . 23
B.2.1.3 Unwanted emissions . 23
B.2.2 Receiver parameters . 24
B.2.3 Channel access parameters . 24
Annex C: Expected sharing and compatibility issues . 26
C.1 Current ITU and European Common Allocations . . 26
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4 ETSI TR 102 496 V2.1.1 (2009-05)
C.2 Sharing and compatibility studies (if any). 26
History . 27

ETSI

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5 ETSI TR 102 496 V2.1.1 (2009-05)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio
spectrum Matters (ERM).
Introduction
Ultra Wide Band (UWB) technology enables a new generation of Location Tracking and Sensor devices and opens new
markets with very different applications. UWB radio location and sensor devices with an operating bandwidth of
several hundreds of MHz up to more than one GHz allow tens of centimetre-level localization and positioning even in
the presence of severe multipath effects caused by walls, furniture or any other harsh radio propagation environments.
The applications described in the present document are intended to become an essential part of the Public safety
operations.
The purpose of producing the present document is to lay a foundation for industry to quickly bring innovative and
useful products to the market.
The present document has been developed to support the co-operation between ETSI and the Electronic
Communications Committee (ECC) of the European Conference of Post and Telecommunications
Administrations (CEPT).
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6 ETSI TR 102 496 V2.1.1 (2009-05)
Status of pre-approval draft
The present document was developed by ERM_TG31C.
Target version Pre-approval date version
(see note)
V1.1.1 a S m Date Description
st
V1.2.1 0.1.0 First draft at TG31C mtg 15
February 21 2008
0.2.0 17 April 2008 Revised for TG31C mtg 16
0.3.0 18 April 2008 Revised at TG31C mtg 16
0.4.0 30 May 2008 Sent to TCF for review
0.5.0 02 June 2008 Sent to TG31C for review
V2.1.1 0.4.7 27 June 2008 ETSI internal enquiry version - with
rev marks
V2.1.1 0.4.8 27 June 2008 ETSI internal enquiry version - clean
copy
V2.1.1 0.4.9 21 August 2008 Incorporation of comments from
ETSI internal enquiry
V2.1.1 0.4.10 3 September 2008 Minor editorials
V2.1.1 0.4.11 3 September 2008 Clean version of v1.1.1_0.4.10.
V2.1.1 0.4.12 4 September 2008 Editorial on sentence above table 3;
Editorial also to harmonize use of
internal ETSI procedure to be an
"enquiry"
V2.1.1 0.4.13 4 September 2008 Clean version of v2.1.1_0.4.12 plus
deletion of extra "for" in sentence
above table 3
NOTE: See clause A.2 of EG 201 788 [i.14].
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7 ETSI TR 102 496 V2.1.1 (2009-05)
1 Scope
The present document defines the requirements for radio frequency usage for short range Ultra Wide Band (UWB)
location tracking devices to be used only by emergency services (e.g. fire workers, police, civil protection authorities) in
critical situations or in surveillance operations and operating within the frequency range from 3,4 GHz to 4,8 GHz. A
licensing approach is suggested for these applications.
Additional information is given in the following annexes:
• detailed market information (annex A);
• technical information (annex B);
• expected compatibility issues (annex C).
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific.
• For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply.
• Non-specific reference may be made only to a complete document or a part thereof and only in the following
cases:
- if it is accepted that it will be possible to use all future changes of the referenced document for the
purposes of the referring document;
- for informative references.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of the present document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For non-specific references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
Not applicable.
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not essential to the use of the present document but they assist the user with
regard to a particular subject area. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including
any amendments) applies.
[i.1] CEPT/ECC Report 64 (February 2005): "The protection requirements of radiocommunications
systems below 10,6 GHz from generic UWB applications"; Helsinki.
NOTE: Available at http://www.ero.dk/doc98/Official/pdf/ECCREP064.pdf.
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8 ETSI TR 102 496 V2.1.1 (2009-05)
[i.2] CEPT/ERC Report 25: "The European table of frequency allocations and utilisations in the
frequency range 9 kHz to 3 000 GHz". (Lisboa 02, Dublin 03, Kusadasi 04, Copenhagen 04,
Nice 07).
NOTE: Available at http://www.erodocdb.dk/docs/doc98/official/pdf/ErcRep025.pdf.
[i.3] Document TG3#7-19R0 (1-3 March 2005): "Effects of PSD limits on UWB positioning systems";
submitted to ECC TG3 meeting, Brest.
[i.4] FCC 03-33: "Revision of Part 15 of the Commission's Rules Regarding UWB Transmission
Systems".
[i.5] ECC/DEC/(06)04 of 24 March 2006 on the harmonized conditions for devices using
Ultra-Wideband (UWB) technology in bands below 10,6 GHz.
[i.6] Revised Terms of reference for ECC TG3 (July 2006).
[i.7] ECC/DEC(06)04 - update June 2007, /DEC/(06)04 amended 6 July 2007: "ECC Decision of
24 March 2006 amended 6 July 2007 at Constanta on the harmonized conditions for devices using.
Ultra-Wideband (UWB) technology in bands below 10,6 GHz".
[i.8] Commission Decision 2007/131/EC, 23rd Feb 2007 allowing the use of the radio spectrum for
equipment using ultra-wideband technology in a harmonized manner in the Community.
[i.9] ECC/DEC/(06)12: "ECC Decision of 1 December 2006 on the harmonized conditions for devices
using Ultra-Wideband (UWB) technology with Low Duty Cycle (LDC) in the frequency band
3,4 GHz to 4,8 GHz".
[i.10] Draft ECC Recommendation (08)05 on the identification of frequency bands for the
implementation of Broad Band Disaster Relief radio applications in the 5 GHz frequency range.
[i.11] ECC Report 102 (January 2007): "Public protection and disaster relief spectrum requirements";
Helsinki.
[i.12] Report ITU-R Recommendation M.2033: "Radiocommunication objectives and requirements for
public protection and disaster relief".
[i.13] ETSI TR 102 491: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); TETRA
Enhanced Data Service (TEDS); System reference document".
[i.14] ETSI EG 201 788 (V1.2.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM)
Guidance for drafting an ETSI System Reference Document".
[i.15] ETSI EN 302 500 (all parts): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD) using Ultra WideBand (UWB) technology; Location Tracking
equipment operating in the frequency range from 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz.
[i.16] ETSI EN 302 435 (all parts): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD); Technical characteristics for SRD equipment using Ultra WideBand
technology (UWB); Building Material Analysis and Classification equipment applications
operating in the frequency band from 2,2 GHz to 8 GHz".
[i.17] ECC Decision (07)01: " ECC Decision of 30 March 2007on Building Material Analysis (BMA)
devices using UWB technology ".
[i.18] IEEE 802.15.4a: "IEEE Standard for Information technology - Telecommunications and
information exchange between systems - Local and metropolitan area networks - Specific
requirements; Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)
Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs); Amendment 1: Add
Alternate PHYs".
[i.19] ECC Report 64: "The protection requirements of radiocommunications systems below 10,6 GHz
from generic UWB applications"; Helsinki, February 2005.
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9 ETSI TR 102 496 V2.1.1 (2009-05)
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
activity factor: reflects the effective transmission time ratio
maximum mean e.i.r.p. spectral density: highest signal strength measured in any direction at any frequency within
the defined range
NOTE: The mean e.i.r.p. spectral density is measured with a 1 MHz resolution bandwidth, an RMS detector and
an averaging time of 1 ms or less.
maximum peak e.i.r.p.: highest signal strength measured in any direction at any frequency within the defined range
NOTE: The peak e.i.r.p. is measured within a 50 MHz bandwidth centred on the frequency at which the highest
mean radiated power occurs.
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
Toff the time interval between two consecutive bursts when the UWB emission is kept idle
Ton the duration of a burst irrespective of the number of pulses contained
δR Range resolution
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
ABL Anchor Based Localization
AFL Anchor Free Localization
BBDR Broad Band Disaster Relief
BU Base Units
CEPT European Conference of Post and Telecommunications administrations
CU Control Unit
DAA Detect and Avoid
DBPSK Differential Binary Phase Shift Keying
DCLG Department of Communities and Local Government
DR Disaster Relief
DUs Usually Dropped Units
e.i.r.p equivalent isotropically radiated power
ECC Electronic Communications Committee
FHUWB Frequency-Hopping UWB
GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System
GPS Global Positionning System
HSN High Speed Network
INS Inertial Navigation Systems
IR-UWB Impulse Radio UWB
ITU-R International Telecommunications Union - Radio sector
LAES LocationTracking Applications for Emergency Services
LBT Listen Before Talk
LDC Low Duty Cycle
LOS Line Of Sight
MU Mobile Units
NLOS Non Line Of Sight
PN Pseudo Noise
PP2 Public Protection situations
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10 ETSI TR 102 496 V2.1.1 (2009-05)
PPDR Public Protection and Disaster Relief
PRF Pulse Repetition Frequency
PSD Power Spectral Density
RF Radio Frequency
SSDI Social Security Disability Insurance
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
UWB Ultra Wide Band
4 Comments on the System Reference Document
Comments received during the internal ETSI enquiry have been incorporated.
5 Executive summary
5.1 Background information
The present document describes new short-range location applications based on UWB technology which will be used in
emergency situations. For these systems, no fixed installations are available to perform the localization as the place of
events are not known in advance.
The system is composed of a set of nodes deployed as an ad-hoc network. It will provide accurate positioning
information of objects or persons which are inside the building which is affected by the event. This means that the
required signals necessarily demand a high bandwidth to provide the required accuracy which is better than one metre.
Two systems architecture can be used for such applications:
• Anchor Based Localization (ABL); and
• Anchor Free Localization (AFL).
For the systems based on Anchor Based Localization (ABL) at least three reference points which are inside or outside
the building located in the sensitive area are needed. For Anchor Free Localization (AFL) systems, there is no need of
reference points but a sufficient connectivity between the nodes inside the building is needed in order to obtain ranging
information between all nodes. This implies that a high signal power is required in order to enable the penetration of
obstacles (walls, etc.) and to enable a sufficient link distance between nodes inside the building. Based on these
requirements, an increased power compared to current regulations of the UWB devices that will be used in such
situation is needed and is discussed in the present document.
The users of the proposed system will be government agencies responsible for public safety primarily and so would be
clearly defined organizations. It is suggested in the proposed regulation that users should be licensed, but not sites, since
the equipment would only be operated when and where an emergency situation occurs. As described in [i.12],
applications are used temporarily by emergency services in all aspects of disaster situations, including disaster
prevention.
There is evidence that such a system will significantly enhance the security and sustainability of life of persons and
therefore will provide a socio-economic benefit.
5.2 Market information
The intended market for this equipment is government agencies responsible for public safety: primarily fire and rescue
services, but also including police and other services. (Note that the organization and names of these services vary
between European states.) The members of these services work in dangerous environments and put their own lives at
risk in order to protect the public, and being able to locate and track them makes their work safer. As a result of being
safer, these workers can be more effective at saving the lives of the public.
This enhanced protection for public safety workers yields benefits over the full range of emergencies, so the market is
potentially a large one.
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11 ETSI TR 102 496 V2.1.1 (2009-05)
The detailed market information are given in annex A.
5.3 Technical system description
The short-range location application described in the present document uses UWB waveforms with bandwidths of over
500 MHz within the frequency band 3,4 GHz to 4,8 GHz. The application calls for accurate positioning inside
buildings, where radio signals will suffer severe losses and multi-path. By using a very wide bandwidth, good range
measurement can be achieved even in such difficult environments. It has a position accuracy of objects or people inside
buildings of better than one metre.
The link distance that is required in-buildings by emergency services is about 50 m corresponding to a link distance of
500 m in LOS conditions.
As these systems are used in emergency situations, they do not require any infrastructure and so they operate as ad-hoc
networks with mesh networking capabilities.Two systems architecture can be used for such applications:
• Anchor Based Localization (ABL) systems for which Anchors are used in order to determine the location of
the nodes in the network. Usually, anchor nodes are equipped with GNSS in order to obtain an absolute
position.
• Anchor Free Localization (AFL) systems for which there is no need of anchors. For this solution real-time
ranging information are spread all over the network allowing to construct a relative 3D positioning of all
nodes. The peer-to-peer distance information are used to determine node coordinates even without any
referenced node. This solution can be used even if all nodes are in deep indoor environment preventing any
GNSS use.
The choice of system architecture is independent of the waveform that is used for the UWB devices. Many physical
layers can be applied such as Impulse Radio, chirp waveform or a frequency hopping technique in a large bandwidth.
In the present document two waveforms are detailed: the Impulse Radio based on IEEE 802.15.4a [i.18] standard and
the less conventional approach called Frequency-Hopping UWB (FHUWB).
The Impulse Radio solution has a typical data rate of 500 kbps which is needed especially for AFL system architecture
and to transmit small amount of data between users. For this solution an increased RF power compared to current
regulations is needed in order to compensate the losses implied by severe NLOS environments and to get the link
distance.
The other solution is to use a much less usual Frequency-Hopping UWB (FHUWB) signal with a very much reduced
data capacity (15 kb/s) in order to maximize the penetration for a given transmitted power level. However, as stated
previously, for AFL systems a greater amount of ranging data has to be exchanged and the data rate transmission has to
be increased.
In annex B, a detailed description of the localization techniques, the link budget and the UWB signals is given.
5.4 Regulations
5.4.1 Current regulations
The current regulation for generic UWB devices are included in ECC/DEC(06)04 as amended in July 2007 [i.7].
Table 1 summarizes the authorized power limits for generic licence free UWB devices.
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12 ETSI TR 102 496 V2.1.1 (2009-05)
Table 1: Current power limits for generic licence-free UWB devices
Frequency range Maximum mean e.i.r.p spectral Maximum peak e.i.r.p (measured
density (dBm/MHz) in 50 MHz)
Below 1,6 GHz -90 dBm/MHz -50 dBm
1,6 GHz to 2,7 GHz -85 dBm/MHz -45 dBm
2,7 GHz to 3,4 GHz -70 dBm/MHz -36 dBm
3,4 GHz to 3,8 GHz -80 dBm/MHz -40 dBm
3,8 GHz to 4,2 GHz -70 dBm/MHz -30 dBm
4,2 GHz to 4,8 GHz (see notes 1 and 2) -70 dBm/MHz -30 dBm
4,8 GHz to 6 GHz -70 dBm/MHz -30 dBm
6 GHz to 8,5 GHz -41,3 dBm/MHz 0 dBm
8,5 GHz to 10,6 GHz -65 dBm/MHz -25 dBm
Above 10,6 GHz -85 dBm/MHz -45 dBm
st
NOTE 1: UWB devices placed on the market before 31 December 2010 are permitted to operate in the frequency
band 4,2 GHz to 4,8 GHz with a maximum mean e.i.r.p. spectral density of -41,3 dBm/MHz and a
maximum peak e.i.r.p of 0 dBm measured in 50 MHz.
NOTE 2: In case of devices installed in road and rail vehicles, operation is subject to the implementation of Transmit
Power Control (TPC) with a range of 12 dB with respect to the maximum permitted radiated power. If no
TPC is implemented, the maximum mean e.i.r.p. spectral density is -53,3 dBm/MHz.

The mitigation techniques such as LDC in the lower bands are included in ECC/DEC(06)12 [i.9]. Table 2 summarizes
the current decision on LDC in the lower band.
Table 2: Summary of ECC/DEC(06)12
Technical requirements for LDC in the band 3,4 GHz to
All kind of devices except:
- installations in vehicles; 3,8 GHz
- installations at fixed outdoor location; UWB devices implementing LDC will be permitted to operate
- installations in aircrafts. at a level of -41,3 dBm/MHz in the frequency band 3,4 GHz to
4,8 GHz with the following requirements:
- Ton max = 5 ms;
- Toff mean = 38 ms (averaged over 1 s);
- Σ Toff > 950 ms per second;
- Σ Ton < 5 % per second and 0,5 % per hour.

Concerning the use in vehicles as stated above, the updated ECC/DEC/(06)04 allowed the use with TPC implemented.
ECC/DEC/(06)04 includes location applications, and EN 302 500 [i.15] applies to such applications with emissions that
conform to the generic licence free UWB limits. Other non-communications applications of UWB have been considered
...