ETSI ES 201 554 V1.2.1 (2014-07)

Final draft ETSI ES 201 554 V1.2.0 (2014-05)






ETSI Standard
Environmental Engineering (EE);
Measurement method for
Energy efficiency of Mobile Core network and Radio Access
Control equipment

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2 Final draft ETSI ES 201 554 V1.2.0 (2014-05)



Reference
RES/EE-EEPS007
Keywords
Core Network, Energy Efficiency
ETSI
650 Route des Lucioles
F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE

Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00  Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16

Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C
Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la
Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88

Important notice
The present document can be downloaded from:
http://www.etsi.org
The present document may be made available in electronic versions and/or in print. The content of any electronic and/or
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Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status.
Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at
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If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services:
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Copyright Notification
No part may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying
and microfilm except as authorized by written permission of ETSI.
The content of the PDF version shall not be modified without the written authorization of ETSI.
The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.

© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2014.
All rights reserved.

TM TM TM
DECT , PLUGTESTS , UMTS and the ETSI logo are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members.
TM
3GPP and LTE™ are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and
of the 3GPP Organizational Partners.
GSM® and the GSM logo are Trade Marks registered and owned by the GSM Association.
ETSI

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3 Final draft ETSI ES 201 554 V1.2.0 (2014-05)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 4
Foreword . 4
Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 References . 6
2.1 Normative references . 6
2.2 Informative references . 6
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 6
3.1 Definitions . 6
3.2 Symbols . 7
3.3 Abbreviations . 7
4 Definition of Power consumption and metrics for Core networks . 9
4.1 Black box. 9
4.2 Site energy consumption . 9
4.3 Power consumption . 9
4.4 Shaping of weight coefficients . 10
4.5 Energy efficiency . 11
5 Measurement methods . 11
5.1 Measurement basics . 11
5.1.1 General . 11
5.1.2 Measurement and test equipment requirements . 11
5.2 Measurement conditions . 12
5.2.1 Configuration . 12
5.2.2 Environmental conditions . 12
5.2.3 Power supply . 12
5.3 Measurement procedure . 13
5.3.1 Tests to be performed . 13
5.3.2 Measurement report . 13
Annex A (normative): Reference parameters for MGW . 15
Annex B (normative): Reference parameters for HLR, AUC and EIR . 16
B.1 Reference parameters for HLR and AUC . 16
B.2 Reference parameters for EIR . 17
Annex C (normative): Reference parameters for MSC . 19
Annex D (normative): Reference parameters for GGSN . 21
Annex E (normative): Reference parameters for SGSN . 22
Annex F (normative): Reference parameters for MME. 23
Annex G (normative): Reference parameters for SGW and PGW . 24
Annex H (normative): Reference parameters for RNC . 25
Annex I (informative): Bibliography . 26
History . 27

ETSI

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4 Final draft ETSI ES 201 554 V1.2.0 (2014-05)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://ipr.etsi.org).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This final draft ETSI Standard (ES) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Environmental Engineering (EE),
and is now submitted for the ETSI standards Membership Approval Procedure.
Introduction
Energy efficiency is an increasingly important requirement for all modern systems. Governments, communication
service providers, vendors, etc do all agree that energy efficiency is a critical "piece" in the joint strive for a more
sustainable society.
With the present document, the industry gets a jointly agreed definition of metrics and measurement methods that - over
time - can serve as a platform to excel, measure, and report energy efficiency of the core networks of
telecommunication systems. The present document provides robust and reproducible measurements for products used in
core telecom networks.
The present document defines energy efficiency metrics and measurement methods for mobile core equipment. In later
revisions Base Station Controller (BSC) and IMS core will be added. Energy efficiency is defined as useful output
normalized to energy consumption, and the assumption is that an energy efficient system handles more calls,
subscribers, etc., with less energy. The present document promotes energy saving features as the traffic profile is a
representation of the expected behaviour of the equipment in operation, i.e. the power consumption is measured at
different load levels when processing traffic mimicking a typical usage of the equipment. The defined metrics can be
used for comparing energy efficiency of different implementations (HW and SW) of the same function only. Energy
efficiency of co-located functions can however not be compared using the methodology defined in the present
document.
ETSI

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5 Final draft ETSI ES 201 554 V1.2.0 (2014-05)
1 Scope
The present document defines metrics and measurement methods applicable for the following systems and nodes
defined in TS 123 002 [i.3]:
• Mobile core functions (GGSN, HLR, MGW, MME, MSC, SGSN and PGW/SGW).
• Radio Access Controller (RNC).
Later revisions of the present document will include Base Station Controller (BSC) and IMS core functions (BGCF,
CSCF, HSS, IBCF, MRFC, MRFP, SLF and LRF).

Figure 1: Illustrative view of the scope
ETSI

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6 Final draft ETSI ES 201 554 V1.2.0 (2014-05)
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] ETSI EN 300 132-2: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Power supply interface at the input to
telecommunications and datacom (ICT) equipment; Part 2: Operated by -48 V direct current (dc)".
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] IEEE (05 June 2009): "Traffic Analysis for GSM Networks", Boulmalf, M. Abrache, J. Aouam, T.
Harroud, H. Al Akhawayn Univ. in Ifrane, Ifrane.
[i.2] ISO/IEC 17025:2005: "General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration
laboratories".
[i.3] ETSI TS 123 002 (V9.2.0): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Network architecture
(3GPP TS 23.002 version 9.2.0 Release 9)".
[i.4] ETSI TR 121 905: "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Vocabulary for 3GPP Specifications
(3GPP TR 21.905)".
[i.5] Sandvine: "Fall 2010 Global Internet Phenomena Report".
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
energy consumption: amount of consumed energy
6
NOTE: It is measured in Joule or kWh (where 1 kWh = 3,6 × 10 J) and corresponds to energy use.
energy efficiency: relation between the useful output and energy consumption
erlang: average number of concurrent calls carried by the circuits
function: logical representation of a network element defined by 3GPP
node: physical representation of one or more functions
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7 Final draft ETSI ES 201 554 V1.2.0 (2014-05)
power consumption: amount of consumed power
NOTE: It is measured in W and corresponds to the rate which energy is converted.
power saving feature: feature which contributes to decreasing power consumption compared to the case when the
feature is not implemented
system under test: node being measured
test suite: complete sequence of measurements including low, medium, and high load levels as individual test steps
useful output: maximum capacity of the system under test which is depending on the different functions
NOTE 1: It is expressed as the number of Erlang (Erl), Packets/s (PPS), Subscribers (Sub), or Simultaneously
Attached Users (SAU).
NOTE 2: It is expressed as maximum instantaneous traffic Erling (CS) and bits/s (PS).
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
A Ampere
NOTE: SI unit of electric current.
h Hour
NOTE: SI unit of measurement of time.
J Joule
NOTE: SI unit of energy or work, J = W × s.
s Second
NOTE: SI unit of measurement of time.
V Volt
NOTE: SI unit for electric potential difference (voltage).
W Watt
NOTE: W = V × A.
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
NOTE: Additional abbreviations may be found in TR 121 905 [i.4].
2G Second-Generation wireless telephone technology
EXAMPLE: GSM.
3G Third-Generation mobile telecommunications
EXAMPLE: WDCMA.
AC Alternating Current
NOTE: Bidirectional flow of electric charge.
AS Application Server
AUC AUthentication Centre
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8 Final draft ETSI ES 201 554 V1.2.0 (2014-05)
BGCF Breakout Gateway Control Function
BICC Bearer Independent Call Control
BSC Base Station Controller
BTS Base Transceiver Station
CS Circuit Switched
CSCF Call Session Control Function
DC Direct Current
NOTE: Unidirectional flow of electric charge.
EIR Equipment Identity Register
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GSM Global System for Mobile communication
GUTI Globally Unique Temporary Identity
HLR Home Location Register
HO HandOver
HSS Home Subscriber Service
HW HardWare
IBCF Interconnect Border Control Function
IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity
IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem
IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity
IP Internet Protocol
ISUP Integrated Services digital network User Part
LRF Location Retrieval Function
LU Location Update
MGW Media GateWay
MHT Mean Holding Time
MME Mobility Management Entity
MO Mobile Originated
MRFC Media Resource Function Controller
MRFP Media Resource Function Processor
MSC Mobile Switching Centre
MSS Mobile Switching centre Server
MT Mobile Terminated
Node B eq Base Transceiver Station
PDN Public Data Network
PDP Packet Data Protocol
PGW PDN Gateway
PLMN Public Land Mobile Network
POI Point of Interface
PPS Packets Per Second
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
RNC Radio Network Controller
SAU Simultaneously Attached Users
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
SGW Serving Gateway
SI International System of units
SIP Session Initiation Protocol
SLF Subscriber Location Function
SMS Short Message Service
SW SoftWare
TDM Time Division Multiplexing
USSD Unstructured Supplementary Service Data
VLR Visitor Location Register
WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
ETSI

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9 Final draft ETSI ES 201 554 V1.2.0 (2014-05)
4 Definition of Power consumption and metrics for
Core networks
4.1 Black box
The system under test is seen as a "black box", i.e. only the total power consumed by the device or shelf/shelves is/are
measured and not different parts of the device or shelf/shelves. A "black box" can be viewed solely in terms of its input,
output and transfer characteristics without any knowledge of its internal workings.


Figure 2: Measurement set-up of system under test
4.2 Site energy consumption
Energy consumption at site includes also climate units, losses, auxiliary equipment, etc. These aspects are not observed
in the present document.
4.3 Power consumption
The defined traffic profile mimics the behaviour of a function in operation (i.e. with load level variations) and the
resulting performance indicators constitutes of a weighted average of multiple measurements.
The load levels are defined as:
• Specification: T - the maximum capacity according to the vendor's specification of the specific
S
implementation of the function
• High: T = 1,0 × T
H S
• Mid: T = 0,7 × T
M S
• Low : T = 0,1 × T
L S
As the present document defines metrics and measurements for a wide variety of implementations of functions -
operating in control and/or user planes as well as circuit switched and/or packet switched domains - further details on
the traffic models are specified per function in annexes A to G.
The power consumption levels associated with the above load levels are defined as:
• High: P = average power consumption [W] measured at T
H H
• Mid: P = average power consumption [W] measured at T
M M
• Low: P = average power consumption [W] measured at T
L L
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10 Final draft ETSI ES 201 554 V1.2.0 (2014-05)
The average power consumption is defined as:
P = α × P + β × P + γ × P [W] (1a)
avg L M H
Where α, β, and γ are weight coefficients selected such as (α + β + γ) = 1.
The inclusion of power consumption at T , and T highlights the importance of Power saving features.
M L
See annexes A to G for further details.
4.4 Shaping of weight coefficients
Although the functions included in the present document are heterogeneous in the sense that they operates in control
and/or user planes as well in circuit switched and/or packet switched domains, it is possible to distinguish three
normalized traffic profiles:
• Voice
• Data
• Subscriber
The weight coefficients for the normalized traffic profiles are derived by mapping the defined load levels (low, medium,
and high) to the following analysis of live networks; IEEE (05 June 2009): "Traffic Analysis for GSM Networks" [i.1],
Sandvine: "Fall 2010 Global Internet Phenomena Report" [i.5], respectively.
Table 1
Profiles KPI (Key Performance Indicator) P weight coefficients
avg
α β γ
Subscriber Subscriber 0,1 0,4 0,5
Data PPS or SAU 0,2 0,45 0,35
Voice Erlang or Subscriber 0,4 0,4 0,2

The mapping of load levels to the analysis of live networks are illustrated in figures 3, 4 and 5, respectively.
100%
80%
60% Real-world analysis
Load level mapping
40%
20%
0%

Figure 3: Working states for voice centric function
ETSI
00:00
02:00
04:00
06:00
08:00
10:00
1 : 0
2 0
14:00
16:00
18:00
20:00
: 0
22 0

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11 Final draft ETSI ES 201 554 V1.2.0 (2014-05)
100,00%
80,00%
Real-world analysis
60,00%
Load level mapping
40,00%
20,00%
0,00%

Figure 4: Working states for data centric functions
100,00%
80,00%
Real-world analysis
60,00%
Load level mapping
40,00%
20,00%
0,00%

Figure 5: Working states for subscriber centric functions
4.5 Energy efficiency
The Energy Efficiency Ratio metric, the comparable performance indicator, for Core networks is defined as:
EER = Useful Output / P [Erlang/W | PPS/W | Subscribers/W | SAU/W] (1b)
avg
Where Useful Output is the maximum capacity of the system under test (T ) which, depending on the different
S
functions, is expressed as the number of Erlang (Erl), Packets/s (PPS), Subscribers (Sub), or Simultaneously Attached
Users (SAU). By using the defined traffic models, Useful Output can be translated to Subscribers (Sub) or
Simultaneously Attached Users (SAU) also for functions which normally have the maximum capacity expressed in
Erlang (Erl) or Packets/s (PPS).
5 Measurement methods
5.1 Measurement basics
5.1.1 General
Void.
5.1.2 Measurement and test equipment requirements
The power consumption shall be measured by either measuring the power supply voltage and true effective current in
parallel and calculate the resulting power consumption (applicable only for DC) or with a wattmeter (applicable for both
AC and DC). The measurements can be performed by a variety of measurement equipment, including power clamps, or
power supplies with in-built power measurement capability.
ETSI
00:00
02:00
04:00
06:00
08:00
10:00
12:00
14:00
16:00
18:00
20:00
22:00
00:00
02:00
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12 Final draft ETSI ES 201 554 V1.2.0 (2014-05)
All measurement equipments shall be calibrated and shall have data output interface in order to allow long term data
recording and calculation of the complete power consumption over a dedicated time.
The measurement equipment shall comply with following attributes:
• Resolution: ≤ 10 mA; ≤ 100 mV; ≤ 100 mW
• DC current: ±1,5 %
• DC voltage: ±1 %
• Wattmeter: ±1 %
• Capable of accurate reading of waveforms having a crest factor of up to at least 5
All nodes shall be stimulated via the standard interfaces by the emulation of the test-models in conjunction with the
traffic models and reference parameters given in annexes A to G.
5.2 Measurement conditions
5.2.1 Configuration
All equipment part of the system under test shall be generally available and orderable by customers. All configurations
shall be done before the test and shall not be changed or updated during the test suite.
Only Power saving features considered as generally available may be used during the measurement. All used Power
saving features shall be listed in the measurement report.
The equipment shall be measured and tested under - according to the information accompanying the equipment - normal
operational conditions. Used versions of SW, firmware, HW and other test configurations shall represent the normal
intended usage and be listed in the measurement report.
All signalling requested for normal operation shall be activated. Traffic profile data needed in addition to the traffic
models specified in the present document, shall be listed in the measurement report.
5.2.2 Environmental conditions
For the power consumption measurements the environmental conditions under which the nodes have to be tested are
defined as follows.
Table 2
Condition Minimum Maximum
Barometric pressure 86 kPa (860 mbar) 106 kPa (1 050 mbar)
Relative Humidity 20 % 85 %
Vibration Negligible
Temperature +25 °C
Temperature accuracy ±2 °C

5.2.3 Power supply
For measurements of the nodes power consumption the operating voltage value in table 3 shall be used (for non
standard power supply voltages one should use operating voltage with ±2,5 % tolerances).
Table 3
Type Standard Nominal value Operating value for testing
DC EN 300 132-2 [1] -48 V -54,5 V ± 1,5 V

ETSI

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13 Final draft ETSI ES 201 554 V1.2.0 (2014-05)
5.3 Measurement procedure
5.3.1 Tests to be performed
The power consumption measurements shall be performed when stable temperature conditions inside of the equipment
are reached. For this purpose, all equipment shall be placed in the environmental conditions for two hours minimum.
Measurement results shall be captured earliest when the equipment including the selected load level is in stable
operating conditions with a constant outlet temperature for at least 30 minutes.
The average power consumptions, P , P and P , shall be calculated as the arithmetic mean of samples made at least
H M L
one sample per minute during 30 minutes.

Figure 6: Test suite and its corresponding timing
The power consumption of the equipment shall be given in watts with a sufficient number of digits and in accordance
with the accuracies and the resolutions given in clause 5.1.2.
Stimulation shall be realized via the equipment's standard interfaces.
The equipment shall be measured for the following load levels, see annexes A to G for details:
• High: T
H
• Mid: T
M
• Low : T
L
5.3.2 Measurement report
The results of the assessments shall be reported accurately, clearly, unambiguously and objectively, and in accordance
with any specific instructions in the required method(s).
Reference parameters, measurement conditions, test results and derived calculation results shall be reported.
Measurement that are based on experimental equipment or estimated/declared values shall be clearly marked.
In addition, the measurement report shall include the following information:
• Date and location of the test
• Name(s) of the responsible(s)
• Version of the present document (in case of future changes of the traffic profiles)
• Functions and sub-functions (co-located scenario)
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14 Final draft ETSI ES 201 554 V1.2.0 (2014-05)
• The maximum capacity T
S
• Redundancy level
• Model(s) and serial/version number(s) of the equipment/modules (HW/SW)
• Data of the used measurement equipment (type, serial number, calibration information)
• Samples of measurements of P , P and P , respectively
H M L
• Calculations of P , P , P and P , respectively
H M L avg
• The calculated Energy Efficiency Ratio, EER
• Error statistics
Further guidelines on the test report can be found in clause 5.10 of ISO/IEC 17025 [i.2].
ETSI

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15 Final draft ETSI ES 201 554 V1.2.0 (2014-05)
Annex A (normative):
Reference parameters for MGW
Table A.1: Key Performance Indicator(s) and specific energy efficiency calculation parameters
Equipment KPI (Key Performance Indicator) Profile
(see clause 4.4)
MGW Erlang or Subscriber, where maximum capacity = Voice
MIN(maximum Sub, maximum throughput /16mErl)

Table A.2: Interfaces
Label Description
A Interface between MGW and BSC. TDM and IP transport bearers supported. A over
IP assumed as the default.
Iu Interface between MGW and RNC. ATM and IP transport bearers supported. Iu
over IP assumed as the default.
Nb Interface between two MGWs. ATM, TDM and IP transport bearers supported. Nb
over IP assumed as the default.
POI Interface between MGW and PSTN/PLMN network. TDM and IP transport bearers
supported. POI (PSTN and PLMN) over TDM assumed as the default.
Mb IP based interface between MGW and IMS network.
Mc Signalling (H.248) interface between MSC and MGW. Mc over IP is assumed.
IuCS Signalling MGW and RNC. IuCS over IP is assumed.

Reference parameters for the traffic model shall be applied as defined in table A.3.
Table A.3: Reference parameters for the traffic model
Parameter Description Unit Value
Proportion of WCDMA subscribers % 50
Proportion of GSM subscribers % 50
Voice traffic (WCDMA) mErl/Sub 16
CS data traffic (WCDMA) mErl/Sub 0,55
Voice traffic (GSM) mErl/Sub 16
CS data traffic (GSM) mErl/Sub 0,016
Originating traffic % 60
Terminating traffic % 40
MHT of calls (speech and data included) s 60
Echo Cancelling, POI originating and POI % 50
terminating

Reference traffic distribution shall be applied as defined in table A.4.
Table A.4: Reference traffic distribution
Parameter Description Unit Value
Access -> Access (node internal) % 10
Access -> Nb % 32
Access -> POI % 42,4
Access -> Mb % 0,9
Nb -> POI % 11,2
Nb -> Mb % 1,3
POI -> POI (node internal) % 1,8
Mb -> POI % 0,4

ETSI

-
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ES 201 554 V1.2.1:2016
01-oktober-2016
2NROMVNLLQåHQLULQJ((0HWRGHPHUMHQMDHQHUJLMVNHXþLQNRYLWRVWLMHGUQHJD
PRELOQHJDRPUHåMDLQRSUHPH]DUDGLRIUHNYHQþQRNRQWURORGRVWRSD
Environmental Engineering (EE) - Measurement method for Energy efficiency of Mobile
Core network and Radio Access Control equipment
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ETSI ES 201 554 V1.2.1 (2014-07)
ICS:
19.040 Preskušanje v zvezi z Environmental testing
okoljem
27.015 (QHUJLMVNDXþLQNRYLWRVW Energy efficiency. Energy
2KUDQMDQMHHQHUJLMHQD conservation in general
VSORãQR
33.070.01 Mobilni servisi na splošno Mobile services in general
SIST ES 201 554 V1.2.1:2016 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST ES 201 554 V1.2.1:2016

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SIST ES 201 554 V1.2.1:2016
ETSI ES 201 554 V1.2.1 (2014-07)






ETSI STANDARD
Environmental Engineering (EE);
Measurement method for
Energy efficiency of Mobile Core network and Radio Access
Control equipment

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SIST ES 201 554 V1.2.1:2016
 2 ETSI ES 201 554 V1.2.1 (2014-07)



Reference
RES/EE-EEPS007
Keywords
Core Network, Energy Efficiency
ETSI
650 Route des Lucioles
F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE

Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00  Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16

Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C
Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la
Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88

Important notice
The present document can be downloaded from:
http://www.etsi.org
The present document may be made available in electronic versions and/or in print. The content of any electronic and/or
print versions of the present document shall not be modified without the prior written authorization of ETSI. In case of any
existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions and/or in print, the only prevailing document is the
print of the Portable Document Format (PDF) version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat.
Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status.
Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at
http://portal.etsi.org/tb/status/status.asp
If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services:
http://portal.etsi.org/chaircor/ETSI_support.asp
Copyright Notification
No part may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying
and microfilm except as authorized by written permission of ETSI.
The content of the PDF version shall not be modified without the written authorization of ETSI.
The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.

© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2014.
All rights reserved.

TM TM TM
DECT , PLUGTESTS , UMTS and the ETSI logo are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members.
TM
3GPP and LTE™ are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and
of the 3GPP Organizational Partners.
GSM® and the GSM logo are Trade Marks registered and owned by the GSM Association.
ETSI

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SIST ES 201 554 V1.2.1:2016
 3 ETSI ES 201 554 V1.2.1 (2014-07)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 4
Foreword . 4
Modal verbs terminology . 4
Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 References . 6
2.1 Normative references . 6
2.2 Informative references . 6
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 6
3.1 Definitions . 6
3.2 Symbols . 7
3.3 Abbreviations . 7
4 Definition of Power consumption and metrics for Core networks . 9
4.1 Black box. 9
4.2 Site energy consumption . 9
4.3 Power consumption . 9
4.4 Shaping of weight coefficients . 10
4.5 Energy efficiency . 11
5 Measurement methods . 11
5.1 Measurement basics . 11
5.1.1 General . 11
5.1.2 Measurement and test equipment requirements . 11
5.2 Measurement conditions . 12
5.2.1 Configuration . 12
5.2.2 Environmental conditions . 12
5.2.3 Power supply . 12
5.3 Measurement procedure . 13
5.3.1 Tests to be performed . 13
5.3.2 Measurement report . 13
Annex A (normative): Reference parameters for MGW . 15
Annex B (normative): Reference parameters for HLR, AUC and EIR . 16
B.1 Reference parameters for HLR and AUC . 16
B.2 Reference parameters for EIR . 17
Annex C (normative): Reference parameters for MSC . 19
Annex D (normative): Reference parameters for GGSN . 21
Annex E (normative): Reference parameters for SGSN . 22
Annex F (normative): Reference parameters for MME. 23
Annex G (normative): Reference parameters for SGW and PGW . 24
Annex H (normative): Reference parameters for RNC . 25
Annex I (informative): Bibliography . 26
History . 27

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Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://ipr.etsi.org).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This ETSI Standard (ES) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Environmental Engineering (EE).
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "may not", "need", "need not", "will",
"will not", "can" and "cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms
for the expression of provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Introduction
Energy efficiency is an increasingly important requirement for all modern systems. Governments, communication
service providers, vendors, etc. do all agree that energy efficiency is a critical "piece" in the joint strive for a more
sustainable society.
With the present document, the industry gets a jointly agreed definition of metrics and measurement methods that - over
time - can serve as a platform to excel, measure, and report energy efficiency of the core networks of
telecommunication systems. The present document provides robust and reproducible measurements for products used in
core telecom networks.
The present document defines energy efficiency metrics and measurement methods for mobile core equipment. In later
revisions Base Station Controller (BSC) and IMS core will be added. Energy efficiency is defined as useful output
normalized to energy consumption, and the assumption is that an energy efficient system handles more calls,
subscribers, etc., with less energy. The present document promotes energy saving features as the traffic profile is a
representation of the expected behaviour of the equipment in operation, i.e. the power consumption is measured at
different load levels when processing traffic mimicking a typical usage of the equipment. The defined metrics can be
used for comparing energy efficiency of different implementations (HW and SW) of the same function only. Energy
efficiency of co-located functions can however not be compared using the methodology defined in the present
document.
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1 Scope
The present document defines metrics and measurement methods applicable for the following systems and nodes
defined in TS 123 002 [i.3]:
• Mobile core functions (GGSN, HLR, MGW, MME, MSC, SGSN and PGW/SGW).
• Radio Access Controller (RNC).
Later revisions of the present document will include Base Station Controller (BSC) and IMS core functions (BGCF,
CSCF, HSS, IBCF, MRFC, MRFP, SLF and LRF).

Figure 1: Illustrative view of the scope
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2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] ETSI EN 300 132-2: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Power supply interface at the input to
telecommunications and datacom (ICT) equipment; Part 2: Operated by -48 V direct current (dc)".
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] IEEE (05 June 2009): "Traffic Analysis for GSM Networks", Boulmalf, M. Abrache, J. Aouam,
T. Harroud, H. Al Akhawayn Univ. in Ifrane, Ifrane.
[i.2] ISO/IEC 17025:2005: "General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration
laboratories".
[i.3] ETSI TS 123 002 (V9.2.0): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Network architecture
(3GPP TS 23.002 version 9.2.0 Release 9)".
[i.4] ETSI TR 121 905: "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Vocabulary for 3GPP Specifications
(3GPP TR 21.905)".
[i.5] Sandvine: "Fall 2010 Global Internet Phenomena Report".
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
energy consumption: amount of consumed energy
6
NOTE: It is measured in Joule or kWh (where 1 kWh = 3,6 × 10 J) and corresponds to energy use.
energy efficiency: relation between the useful output and energy consumption
erlang: average number of concurrent calls carried by the circuits
function: logical representation of a network element defined by 3GPP
node: physical representation of one or more functions
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power consumption: amount of consumed power
NOTE: It is measured in W and corresponds to the rate which energy is converted.
power saving feature: feature which contributes to decreasing power consumption compared to the case when the
feature is not implemented
system under test: node being measured
test suite: complete sequence of measurements including low, medium, and high load levels as individual test steps
useful output: maximum capacity of the system under test which is depending on the different functions
NOTE 1: It is expressed as the number of Erlang (Erl), Packets/s (PPS), Subscribers (Sub), or Simultaneously
Attached Users (SAU).
NOTE 2: It is expressed as maximum instantaneous traffic Erling (CS) and bits/s (PS).
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
A Ampere
NOTE: SI unit of electric current.
h Hour
NOTE: SI unit of measurement of time.
J Joule
NOTE: SI unit of energy or work, J = W × s.
s Second
NOTE: SI unit of measurement of time.
V Volt
NOTE: SI unit for electric potential difference (voltage).
W Watt
NOTE: W = V × A.
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
NOTE: Additional abbreviations may be found in TR 121 905 [i.4].
2G Second-Generation wireless telephone technology
EXAMPLE: GSM.
3G Third-Generation mobile telecommunications
EXAMPLE: WDCMA.
AC Alternating Current
NOTE: Bidirectional flow of electric charge.
AS Application Server
AUC AUthentication Centre
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BGCF Breakout Gateway Control Function
BICC Bearer Independent Call Control
BSC Base Station Controller
BTS Base Transceiver Station
CS Circuit Switched
CSCF Call Session Control Function
DC Direct Current
NOTE: Unidirectional flow of electric charge.
EIR Equipment Identity Register
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GSM Global System for Mobile communication
GUTI Globally Unique Temporary Identity
HLR Home Location Register
HO HandOver
HSS Home Subscriber Service
HW HardWare
IBCF Interconnect Border Control Function
IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity
IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem
IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity
IP Internet Protocol
ISUP Integrated Services digital network User Part
LRF Location Retrieval Function
LU Location Update
MGW Media GateWay
MHT Mean Holding Time
MME Mobility Management Entity
MO Mobile Originated
MRFC Media Resource Function Controller
MRFP Media Resource Function Processor
MSC Mobile Switching Centre
MSS Mobile Switching centre Server
MT Mobile Terminated
Node B eq Base Transceiver Station
PDN Public Data Network
PDP Packet Data Protocol
PGW PDN Gateway
PLMN Public Land Mobile Network
POI Point Of Interface
PPS Packets Per Second
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
RNC Radio Network Controller
SAU Simultaneously Attached Users
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
SGW Serving Gateway
SI International System of units
SIP Session Initiation Protocol
SLF Subscriber Location Function
SMS Short Message Service
SW SoftWare
TDM Time Division Multiplexing
USSD Unstructured Supplementary Service Data
VLR Visitor Location Register
WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
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4 Definition of Power consumption and metrics for
Core networks
4.1 Black box
The system under test is seen as a "black box", i.e. only the total power consumed by the device or shelf/shelves is/are
measured and not different parts of the device or shelf/shelves. A "black box" can be viewed solely in terms of its input,
output and transfer characteristics without any knowledge of its internal workings.


Figure 2: Measurement set-up of system under test
4.2 Site energy consumption
Energy consumption at site includes also climate units, losses, auxiliary equipment, etc. These aspects are not observed
in the present document.
4.3 Power consumption
The defined traffic profile mimics the behaviour of a function in operation (i.e. with load level variations) and the
resulting performance indicators constitutes of a weighted average of multiple measurements.
The load levels are defined as:
• Specification: T - the maximum capacity according to the vendor's specification of the specific
S
implementation of the function
• High: T = 1,0 × T
H S
• Mid: T = 0,7 × T
M S
• Low : T = 0,1 × T
L S
As the present document defines metrics and measurements for a wide variety of implementations of functions -
operating in control and/or user planes as well as circuit switched and/or packet switched domains - further details on
the traffic models are specified per function in annexes A to G.
The power consumption levels associated with the above load levels are defined as:
• High: P = average power consumption [W] measured at T
H H
• Mid: P = average power consumption [W] measured at T
M M
• Low: P = average power consumption [W] measured at T
L L
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The average power consumption is defined as:
P = α × P + β × P + γ × P [W] (1a)
avg L M H
Where α, β, and γ are weight coefficients selected such as (α + β + γ) = 1.
The inclusion of power consumption at T , and T highlights the importance of Power saving features.
M L
See annexes A to G for further details.
4.4 Shaping of weight coefficients
Although the functions included in the present document are heterogeneous in the sense that they operates in control
and/or user planes as well in circuit switched and/or packet switched domains, it is possible to distinguish three
normalized traffic profiles:
• Voice
• Data
• Subscriber
The weight coefficients for the normalized traffic profiles are derived by mapping the defined load levels (low, medium,
and high) to the following analysis of live networks; IEEE (05 June 2009): "Traffic Analysis for GSM Networks" [i.1],
Sandvine: "Fall 2010 Global Internet Phenomena Report" [i.5], respectively.
Table 1
Profiles KPI (Key Performance Indicator) P weight coefficients
avg
α β γ
Subscriber Subscriber 0,1 0,4 0,5
Data PPS or SAU 0,2 0,45 0,35
Voice Erlang or Subscriber 0,4 0,4 0,2

The mapping of load levels to the analysis of live networks are illustrated in figures 3, 4 and 5, respectively.
100%
80%
60% Real-world analysis
Load level mapping
40%
20%
0%

Figure 3: Working states for voice centric function
ETSI
00:00
02:00
04:00
06:00
08:00
10:00
1 : 0
2 0
14:00
16:00
18:00
20:00
: 0
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100,00%
80,00%
Real-world analysis
60,00%
Load level mapping
40,00%
20,00%
0,00%

Figure 4: Working states for data centric functions
100,00%
80,00%
Real-world analysis
60,00%
Load level mapping
40,00%
20,00%
0,00%

Figure 5: Working states for subscriber centric functions
4.5 Energy efficiency
The Energy Efficiency Ratio metric, the comparable performance indicator, for Core networks is defined as:
EER = Useful Output / P [Erlang/W | PPS/W | Subscribers/W | SAU/W] (1b)
avg
Where Useful Output is the maximum capacity of the system under test (T ) which, depending on the different
S
functions, is expressed as the number of Erlang (Erl), Packets/s (PPS), Subscribers (Sub), or Simultaneously Attached
Users (SAU). By using the defined traffic models, Useful Output can be translated to Subscribers (Sub) or
Simultaneously Attached Users (SAU) also for functions which normally have the maximum capacity expressed in
Erlang (Erl) or Packets/s (PPS).
5 Measurement methods
5.1 Measurement basics
5.1.1 General
Void.
5.1.2 Measurement and test equipment requirements
The power consumption shall be measured by either measuring the power supply voltage and true effective current in
parallel and calculate the resulting power consumption (applicable only for DC) or with a wattmeter (applicable for both
AC and DC). The measurements can be performed by a variety of measurement equipment, including power clamps, or
power supplies with in-built power measurement capability.
ETSI
00:00
02:00
04:00
06:00
08:00
10:00
12:00
14:00
16:00
18:00
20:00
22:00
00:00
02:00
0
4:00
06:00
08:00
1
0:00
12:00
14:00
16 0
: 0
18:00
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All measurement equipments shall be calibrated and shall have data output interface in order to allow long term data
recording and calculation of the complete power consumption over a dedicated time.
The measurement equipment shall comply with following attributes:
• Resolution: ≤ 10 mA; ≤ 100 mV; ≤ 100 mW
• DC current: ±1,5 %
• DC voltage: ±1 %
• Wattmeter: ±1 %
• Capable of accurate reading of waveforms having a crest factor of up to at least 5
All nodes shall be stimulated via the standard interfaces by the emulation of the test-models in conjunction with the
traffic models and reference parameters given in annexes A to G.
5.2 Measurement conditions
5.2.1 Configuration
All equipment part of the system under test shall be generally available and orderable by customers. All configurations
shall be done before the test and shall not be changed or updated during the test suite.
Only Power saving features considered as generally available may be used during the measurement. All used Power
saving features shall be listed in the measurement report.
The equipment shall be measured and tested under - according to the information accompanying the equipment - normal
operational conditions. Used versions of SW, firmware, HW and other test configurations shall represent the normal
intended usage and be listed in the measurement report.
All signalling requested for normal operation shall be activated. Traffic profile data needed in addition to the traffic
models specified in the present document, shall be listed in the measurement report.
5.2.2 Environmental conditions
For the power consumption measurements the environmental conditions under which the nodes have to be tested are
defined as follows.
Table 2
Condition Minimum Maximum
Barometric pressure 86 kPa (860 mbar) 106 kPa (1 050 mbar)
Relative Humidity 20 % 85 %
Vibration Negligible
Temperature +25 °C
Temperature accuracy ±2 °C

5.2.3 Power supply
For measurements of the nodes power consumption the operating voltage value in table 3 shall be used (for non
standard power supply voltages one should use operating voltage with ±2,5 % tolerances).
Table 3
Type Standard Nominal value Operating value for testing
DC EN 300 132-2 [1] -48 V -54,5 V ± 1,5 V

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5.3 Measurement procedure
5.3.1 Tests to be performed
The power consumption measurements shall be performed when stable temperature conditions inside of the equipment
are reached. For this purpose, all equipment shall be placed in the environmental conditions for two hours minimum.
Measurement results shall be captured earliest when the equipment including the selected load level is in stable
operating conditions with a constant outlet temperature for at least 30 minutes.
The average power consumptions, P , P and P , shall be calculated as the arithmetic mean of samples made at least
H M L
one sample per minute during 30 minutes.

Figure 6: Test suite and its corresponding timing
The power consumption of the equipment shall be given in watts with a sufficient number of digits and in accordance
with the accuracies and the resolutions given in clause 5.1.2.
Stimulation shall be realized via the equipment's standard interfaces.
The equipment shall be measured for the following load levels, see annexes A to G for details:
• High: T
H
• Mid: T
M
• Low : T
L
5.3.2 Measurement report
The results of the assessments shall be reported accurately, clearly, unambiguously and objectively, and in accordance
with any specific instructions in the required method(s).
Reference parameters, measurement conditions, test results and derived calculation results shall be reported.
Measurement that are based on experimental equipment or estimated/declared values shall be clearly marked.
In addition, the measurement report shall include the following information:
• Date and location of the test
• Name(s) of the responsible(s)
• Version of the present document (in case of future changes of the traffic profiles)
• Functions and sub-functions (co-located scenario)
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• The maximum capacity T
S
• Redundancy level
• Model(s) and serial/version number(s) of the equipment/modules (HW/SW)
• Data of the used measurement equipment (type, serial number, calibration information)
• Samples of measurements of P , P and P , respectively
H M L
• Calculations of P , P , P and P , respectively
H M L avg
• The calculated Energy Efficiency Ratio, EER
• Error statistics
Further guidelines on the test report can be found in clause 5.10 of ISO/IEC 17025 [i.2].
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Annex A (normative):
Reference parameters for MGW
Table A.1: Key Performance Indicator(s) and specific energy efficiency calculation parameters
Equipment KPI (Key Performance Indicator) Profile
(see clause 4.4)
MGW Erlang o
...