ETSI TR 102 704 V1.2.1 (2012-03)

Technical Report
Electromagnetic compatibility
and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
System Reference Document;
Short Range Devices (SRD);
Radar sensors for non-automotive; ground based vehicular
applications in the 76 GHz to 77 GHz frequency range

2 ETSI TR 102 704 V1.2.1 (2012-03)

Reference
RTR/ERM-TGSRR-057
Keywords
EHF, radar, radio, SRD, SRDOC, UWB
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3 ETSI TR 102 704 V1.2.1 (2012-03)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Executive summary . 5
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 9
3.1 Definitions . 9
3.2 Symbols . 10
3.3 Abbreviations . 11
4 User defined clause(s) from here onwards . 11
4.1 Surveillance radar applications and scenarios . 12
5 Market information. 12
6 Technical information . 13
6.1 Detailed technical description . 13
6.1.1 Systems overview . 13
6.1.1.1 Vehicular sensor system overview . 13
6.1.2 Installation considerations . 14
6.1.2.1 Ground based vehicular applications . 14
6.2 Technical parameters and implications on spectrum . 15
6.2.1 Status of technical parameters . 15
6.2.1.1 Current ITU and European Common Allocations . 15
6.2.1.1.1 Current 76 GHz to 77 GHz automotive radar applications . 15
6.2.1.2 Sharing and compatibility issues still to be considered . 15
6.3 Information on relevant standard(s) . 17
7 Radio spectrum request and justification . 17
8 Regulations and standardization . 18
8.1 Current regulations . 18
8.2 Proposed regulation and justification . 18
8.2.1 CEPT/ERC REC 70-03 . 18
8.2.2 proposed ETSI actions . 19
8.2.3 Other . 19
8.2.4 EMF limits . 19
8.2.5 Potential interference from fixed applications to automotive radar . 20
8.2.5.1 Simulation Scenario . 20
8.2.5.2 First Results. 21
Annex A: Detailed application information . 23
A.1 Overview of categories for surveillance radar applications . 23
A.1.1 Rail and general transportation . 24
A.1.1.1 Background information and motivation . 24
A.1.1.2 Typical usage time and travel evaluation of such railway device . 29
A.1.2 Construction, lorry, machinery and agriculture devices . 29
A.1.2.1 Application examples: safety applications and performance improvement . 30
A.1.2.2 Justification . 30
A.1.2.3 Traffic evaluation . 31
A.1.3 Marine, coastal and harbour supervision . 32
A.1.4 Unmanned vehicles, ground transportation and automatic emergency brake. 33
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4 ETSI TR 102 704 V1.2.1 (2012-03)
A.1.4.1 Traffic evaluation . 34
A.2 Conclusion . 34
Annex B: Detailed market information . 35
Annex C: Bibliography . 36
History . 37

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5 ETSI TR 102 704 V1.2.1 (2012-03)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://ipr.etsi.org).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio
spectrum Matters (ERM).
The present document includes necessary information to support the co-operation under the MoU between ETSI and the
Electronic Communications Committee (ECC) of the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications
Administrations (CEPT).
Executive summary
The present document describes the radar based surveillance applications in the 76 GHz to 77 GHz for non-automotive
ground based vehicular / mobile applications which in most cases are safety related.
A high number of accidents in the public transportation area (trains and trams) or with construction/off road vehicles
need an increase in the safety in these areas. Information on accidents is described in annex A.
The 76 GHz radar technology as realized in EN 301 091 [i.1] is also suitable for applications in rail, maritime,
construction, agriculture, leisure vehicles, unmanned vehicles and ground transportation. The automotive radars provide
safety features and have reached a high penetration. The penetration will further increase significantly with the
introduction of radars not only in higher but also in lower class cars.
The coexistence for all mobile ground based vehicular applications in the 76 GHz to 77 GHz can be based on the
mitigation / sharing mechanisms between automotive radars. Such automotive mitigation techniques are studied in a
European funded project, called MOSARIM [www.mosarim.eu]. The results of the project and the automotive
industries implementation of mitigation / sharing techniques for their systems will be reflected in an future update of the
related ETSI standards, like EN 301 091 [i.1].
Introduction
ETSI has created a number of Harmonized Standards under the R&TTE Directive [i.19] for automotive radar systems
for different applications e.g. for the frequency bands of 24 GHz, 5,8 GHz, 63 GHz, 76 GHz and 79 GHz.
The 76 GHz RTTT Standard EN 301 091 [i.1], defining the technical characteristics and test methods for radar
equipment operating in the 76 GHz to 77 GHz band, was among the first ones and published in June 1998. Its scope
limits the application to automotive radar equipment.
The 76 GHz to 77 GHz automotive range radar technology is very versatile and can be used also for safety relevant
applications e.g. non-road applications which are the subject for the present document.
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6 ETSI TR 102 704 V1.2.1 (2012-03)
The main benefits of using the 76 GHz to 77 GHz frequency band are lower weight, more precise measurement results
(e.g. range and doppler resolution) and reduced box volumes for new equipment. Better velocity resolution will be
achieved because of the very short wavelength and high range resolution due to high bandwidth in connection with a
simplified technical design when using e.g. FMCW modulation. This motivates to use the frequency band for many
types of applications for short range radar systems.
The new planned applications for short range radar for surveillance radars operating in the 76 GHz to 77 GHz band
need to be evaluated with regard to their compatibility to the present 76 GHz to 77 GHz vehicle radars operating on the
roads in many countries world-wide.
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7 ETSI TR 102 704 V1.2.1 (2012-03)
1 Scope
The present document describes the spectrum requirements, technical characteristics and application scenarios for
ground based mobile and radio surveillance applications in the frequency range of 76 GHz to 77 GHz.
The present document provides a proposal for the introduction of the planned applications for surveillance radar for
non - automotive ground based vehicle applications operating in the 76 GHz to 77 GHz band and defines characteristics
and operation modes in order not to impair the operation of the existing automotive vehicle SRRs operating in the same
frequency range as well as for applications in adjacent bands.
The present document excludes radar sensor for level and tank level probing [i.8].
The present document also analyses the current ECC decision ECC(02)01 [i.2] and proposes to revise the ECC
framework for sharing the new intended surveillance radar application with the EN 301 091 [i.1] type equipment in
same frequency band.
The present document includes in particular:
• market information;
• technical information;
• regulatory issues.
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
Not applicable.
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] ETSI EN 301 091 (parts 1 and 2): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); Short Range Devices; Road Transport and Traffic Telematics (RTTT); Radar equipment
operating in the 76 GHz to 77 GHz range".
[i.2] ECC/DEC/(02)01: "ECC Decision of 15 March 2002 on the frequency bands to be designated for
the coordinated introduction of Road Transport and Traffic Telematic Systems".
[i.3] SCI Verkehrs GmbH.
NOTE: See www.sci.de.
[i.4] YARDS book 2008.
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8 ETSI TR 102 704 V1.2.1 (2012-03)
[i.5] CEPT/ERC REC 70-03:"Relating to the Use of Short Range Devices (SRD)".
[i.6] Merill Ivan Skolnik, Radar Handbook.
NOTE: See ISBN 0-07-057908-3 at http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/0070579083.
[i.7] Merill Ivan Skolnik, Introduction to Radar Systems 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hil, Inc 1980.
NOTE: See ISBN 0-07-288138-0 at http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/0072881380.
[i.8] ETSI EN 302 729 (all parts): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD); Level Probing Radar (LPR) equipment operating in the frequency
ranges 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz, 24,05 GHz to 26,5 GHz, 57 GHz to 64 GHz, 75 GHz to 85 GHz".
[i.9] VDMA report 2005.
[i.10] European Railway Agency.
NOTE: See www.era.europa.eu.
[i.11] CENELEC EN 50413: "Basic standard on measurement and calculation procedures for human
exposure to electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (0 Hz - 300 GHz)".
[i.12] CENELEC EN 62311: "Assessment of electronic and electrical equipment related to human
exposure restrictions for electromagnetic fields (0 Hz -300 GHz) (IEC 62311:2007, modified)".
[i.13] CENELEC EN 50371: "Generic standard to demonstrate the compliance of low power electronic
and electrical apparatus with the basic restrictions related to human exposure to electromagnetic
fields (10 MHz - 300 GHz) - General public".
[i.14] Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC of 12 July 1999 on the limitation of exposure of the
general public to electromagnetic fields (0 Hz to 300 GHz).
[i.15] ISO 11898: "Road vehicles -- Controller area network (CAN)".
[i.16] div. deliverables from www.mosarim.eu; MOre Safety for All by Radar Interference Mitigation;
European funded Project to study the interference between and from other applications to an
automotive radar sensor.
- D1.7 - Estimation of interference risk from incumbent frequency users and services
- D2.2 - Generation of an interference susceptibility model for the different radar principles
[i.17] ECC Report 139: "Impact of level probing radars using ultra-wideband technology on
radiocommunications services"; February 2010.
[i.18] Commission Decision of 30 June 2010 amending Decision 2006/771/EC on harmonisation of the
radio spectrum for use by short-range devices.
[i.19] Directive 1999/5/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 1999 on radio
equipment and telecommunications terminal equipment and the mutual recognition of their
conformity.
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9 ETSI TR 102 704 V1.2.1 (2012-03)
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
antenna cycle: one complete sweep of a mechanically or electronically scanned antenna beam along a predefined
spatial path
antenna scan duty factor: ratio of the area of the beam (measured at its 3 dB point) to the total area scanned by the
antenna (as measured at its 3 dB point)
assigned frequency band: frequency band within which the device is authorized to operate
associated antenna: antenna and all its associated components which are designed as an indispensable part of the
equipment
average time: time interval on which a mean measurement is integrated
blanking period: time period where no intentional emission occurs
duty cycle: ratio of the total on time of the "message" to the total off-time in any one hour period
dwell time: accumulated amount of transmission time of uninterrupted continuous transmission within a single given
frequency channel and within one channel repetition interval
Equipment Under Test (EUT): radar sensor including the integrated antenna together with any external antenna
components which affect or influence its performance
equivalent isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.): total power or power density transmitted, assuming an isotropic
radiator
NOTE: e.i.r.p. is conventionally the product of "power or power density into the antenna" and "antenna gain".
e.i.r.p. is used for both peak or average power and peak or average power density.
equivalent pulse power duration: duration of an ideal rectangular pulse which has the same content of energy
compared with the pulse shape of the EUT with pulsed modulation or time gating
far field measurements: measurement distance should be a minimum of 2d /λ , where d = largest dimension of the
antenna aperture of the EUT and λ is the operating wavelength of the EUT
mean power: supplied from the antenna during an interval of time sufficiently long compared with the lowest
frequency encountered in the modulation taken under normal operating conditions
NOTE: For pulsed systems the mean power is equal the peak envelope power multiplied by the time gating duty
factor. For CW systems without further time gating the mean power is equal the transmission power
without modulation.
on-off gating: methods of transmission with fixed or randomly quiescent period that is much larger than the PRF
operating frequency (operating centre frequency): nominal frequency at which equipment is operated
NOTE: Equipment may be able to operate at more than one operating frequency.
operating frequency range: range of operating frequencies over which the equipment can be adjusted through
switching or reprogramming or oscillator tuning
NOTE 1: For pulsed or phase shifting systems without further carrier tuning the operating frequency range is fixed
on a single carrier line.
NOTE 2: For analogue or discrete frequency modulated systems (FSK, FMCW) the operating frequency range
covers the difference between minimum and maximum of all carrier frequencies on which the equipment
can be adjusted.
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10 ETSI TR 102 704 V1.2.1 (2012-03)
peak envelope power: mean power (round mean square for sinusoidal carrier wave type) supplied from the antenna
during one radio frequency cycle at the crest of the modulation envelope taken under normal operating conditions
Power Spectral Density (PSD): ratio of the amount of power to the used radio measurement bandwidth
NOTE: It is expressed in units of dBm/Hz or as a power in unit dBm with respect to the used bandwidth. In case
of measurement with a spectrum analyser the measurement bandwidth is equal to the RBW.
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF): inverse of the Pulse Repetition Interval, averaged over a time sufficiently long as
to cover all PRI variations
Pulse Repetition Interval (PRI): time between the rising edges of the transmitted (pulsed) output power
quiescent period: time instant where no emission occurs
radome: external protective cover which is independent of the associated antenna, and which may contribute to the
overall performance of the antenna (and hence, the EUT)
spatial radiated power density: power per unit area normal to the direction of the electromagnetic wave propagation
NOTE: It is expressed in units of W/m .
spread spectrum modulation: modulation technique in which the energy of a transmitted signal is spread throughout a
relatively large portion of the frequency spectrum
spurious emission: emission on a frequency or frequencies which are outside the necessary bandwidth and the level of
which may be reduced without affecting the corresponding transmission of information
NOTE: Spurious emissions include harmonic emissions, parasitic emissions, intermodulation products and
frequency conversion products, but exclude out-of-band emissions.
steerable antenna: directional antenna which can sweep its beam along a predefined spatial path
NOTE: Steering can be realized by mechanical, electronically or combined means. The antenna beamwidth may
stay constant or change with the steering angle, dependent on the steering method.
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
λ wavelength
1/P repetition rate of the modulation wave form
ac alternating current
B bandwidth
d largest dimension of the antenna aperture
D antenna scan duty factor
D distance between ferrite beads
fb
dB decibel
dBi gain in decibels relative to an isotropic antenna
df spectral distance between 2 lines with similar power levels
Δfmax maximum frequency shift between any two frequency steps
Δfmin minimum frequency shift between any two frequency steps
E field strength
E reference field strength
o
G blank time period
P period of time during in which one cycle of the modulation wave form is completed
P mean power within the BW
a
P power of an individual spectral line
L
P radiated power
rad
R distance
R reference distance
o
τ pulse width
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11 ETSI TR 102 704 V1.2.1 (2012-03)
T chip period
c
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
AC Anti-Collision
ACC Automotive Cruise Control
ADC Analog Digital Converter
AIS Automatic Identification System
ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit
CAN Controller Area Network
CEPT Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
CW Continuous Wave
DAC Digital to Analog Converter
DC Duty Cycle
e.i.r.p. equivalent isotropically radiated power
ECC Electronic Communications Committee
EMF Electro Magnetic Field Limits (Human Exposure)
ERC European Radio communication Committee
EUT Equipment Under Test
FM Frequency Modulation
FMCW Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave
FSK Frequency Shift Keying
IF Intermediate Frequency
ISM Industrial, Scientific and Medical
PLL Phase Lock Loop
PRF Pulse Repetition Frequency
PRI Pulse Repetition Interval
PSD Power Spectral Density
R&TTE Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment
RBW Resolution Bandwidth
RCS Radar Cross Section
RF Radio Frequency
RTTT Road Transport and Traffic Telematics
SiGe Silicon Germanium
SRD Short Range Device
SRR Short Range Radar
UWB Ultra WideBand
VCO Voltage Controlled Oscillator
VDMA Verbands Deutscher Maschinen- und Anlagenbau
4 User defined clause(s) from here onwards
The present 76 GHz to 77 GHz radar technology is the basis for the intended surveillance applications.
The broad range of applications however requires different antenna systems and operation modes tailored to the specific
installations to achieve the intended performance.
To meet higher requirements on range and velocity resolution for a radar sensor, the frequency band 76 GHz to 77 GHz
has been identified as an eligible choice for a new type of short range surveillance radars. According to the ERC/REC
70-03 [i.5], annex 5 this frequency band is allocated to vehicle and to infrastructure radar systems. The main benefits by
using the 76 GHz to 77 GHz frequency band are lower weight and reduced size for new equipment. Better velocity
resolution will be achieved because of the very short wavelength and high range resolution in connection with a
simplified technical design e.g. FMCW modulation.
Depending on the antenna configurations and the installation position, the proposed surveillance radar can cover ranges
up to 1 600 m. The range resolution can be down to approximately 0,2 m with a beam width of 1,5° in azimuth and 5°
to 6° in elevation, depending on the antenna characteristics.
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12 ETSI TR 102 704 V1.2.1 (2012-03)
4.1 Surveillance radar applications and scenarios
There is a wide range of applications, which can be put into the following categories.
• Rail and general transportation.
• Construction vehicle, rubber tired gantry, portal gantries on wheels, ship-to-shore applications, reclaimers,
lorry, machinery, agriculture.
• Unmanned vehicles, ground non-public transportation.
• Leisure vehicles, power sports.
More information can be found in clause A.2.
5 Market information
The main applications for non-automotive ground based vehicular applications are:
• Rail applications with a total number of locomotives, railcars and trams in the field amount to 400 000
(worldwide). Ca. 40 % of the worldwide market is in Europe, which means 160 000 (in EC). There are
approximately 15 000 (world) and 6 000 (EC) new devices/year being deployed (source: SCI Verkehrs GmbH,
www.sci.de [i.3]).
• Water/ship applications with a total number of professional/industrial ships in the field of: 100 000 (in EC)
with approximately 500 to 1 000 new devices/year. (source: YARDS book 2008 [i.4]).
• Sensor applications in heavy vehicles with a total number of construction and agriculture devices in the field
of: 37 000 000 (worldwide) and ca. 34 % in EC = 12,580 000 and with approximately 19 000 (worldwide) and
6 460 (EC) new devices/year. (source: VDMA report 2005 [i.9]).
These numbers lead to an estimation of a market size in EC of 250 000 surveillance sensor systems for non-automotive
vehicles in 2033; see Figure 5.1 (with the assumption that in 10 years, each new vehicle application will implement
such surveillance sensors).
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13 ETSI TR 102 704 V1.2.1 (2012-03)
construction
ships
rail
2010 2014 2018 2023 2027 2031
Figure 5.1: Total estimated number of thousands of vehicles (non-automotive)
with surveillance radar sensor systems
6 Technical information
6.1 Detailed technical description
6.1.1 Systems overview
6.1.1.1 Vehicular sensor system overview
A systems overview and operational parameters with technical descriptions is given in Figure 6.1.1.1.1.
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14 ETSI TR 102 704 V1.2.1 (2012-03)

Figure 6.1.1.1.1: Top level diagram of a typical SRR for the applications
In normal installation, one sensor/per direction will be installed. The communication between sensor and the onboard
units will be realized via CAN protocol.
A typical vehicular sensor may consist of:
• 76,5 GHz-millimetre wave front end with SiGe MMICs (VCO with four active mixers and reference oscillator
with dielectric resonator);
• radar ASIC with 4 channel base band amplifier and DAC, Sigma-Delta ADC, triple PLL and control
sequencer;
• system ASIC with switchable power supplies for the millimetre wave module, Radar ASIC and interfaces,
physical CAN drivers acc. ISO 11898 [i.15], low side heater switch for lens or external radome and safety
controller;
• housing with lens (opt. with heating structure), electrical car connector with integrated pressure compensation
element.
6.1.2 Installation considerations
6.1.2.1 Ground based vehicular applications
The SRR should be delivered with an application-specific sensor bracket, which is used to attach the sensor to the
mounting position in the vehicular or fixed application.
The points where the bracket is attached in its mounting position for a train, lorry, machinery, etc., can be selected
carefully to ensure a very stable mounting of the sensor relatively to the vehicle longitudinal axis.
Please note that the bracket needs some space in the near surrounding of the sensor. The overall dimensions of the
sensor with bracket have to be discussed together with the customer.
The sensor bracket also enables horizontal and vertical adjustment of the SRR radar beam to the vehicle longitudinal
axis.
Mounting conditions ar
...