EN 50341-2-22:2016

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2016
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Overhead electrical lines exceeding AC 1 kV - Part 2-22: National Normative Aspects
(NNA) for Poland (based on EN 50341-1:2012)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 50341-2-22:2016
ICS:
29.240.20 Daljnovodi Power transmission and
distribution lines
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 50341-2-22

NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
March 2016
ICS 29.240.20
English Version
Overhead electrical lines exceeding AC 1 kV - Part 2-22:
National Normative Aspects (NNA) for Poland (based on EN
50341-1:2012)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2016-02-16. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC
Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.

European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2016 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.
Ref. No. EN 50341-2-22:2016 E
Poland 2/70 EN 50341-2-22:2016

Table of contents
European foreword . 7
1.     Scope . 8
1.1    General . 8
1.2    Field of application . 8
2.     Normative references, definitions and symbols . 8
2.1    Normative references . 8
2.2  Definitions – in alphabetical order in Polish language . 11
2.3  Definitions. 15
3.      Basis of design . 16
3.2 Requirements of overhead lines . 16
3.2.2 Reliability requirements . 16
3.2.3 Security requirements . 16
3.2.8 Durability . 17
3.6 Design values . 16
3.6.2 Design value of an action . 17
4. Action on lines . 17
4.3 Wind loads . 17
4.3.1 Field of application and basic wind velocity . 17
4.3.2 Mean wind velocity . 18
4.3.3 Mean wind pressure . 18
4.3.5 Wind forces on any overhead line component . 18
4.4 Wind forces on overhead line components . 19
4.4.1 Wind forces on conductors . 19
4.4.1.1 General . 20
4.4.1.2 Structural factor . 20
4.4.1.3 Drag factor . 20
4.4.2 Wind forces on insulator sets . 20
4.4.3 Wind forces on lattice towers. . 20
4.4.3.1 General. . 20
4.4.3.2 Method 1 . 20
4.4.4 Wind forces on poles . 20
4.5 Ice loads . 20
4.5.1 General . 20
4.5.2 Ice forces on conductors . 22
4.6 Combined wind and ice loads . 22
4.6.2 Drag factors and ice densities . 22
4.6.3 Mean wind pressure and peak wind pressure . 22
4.6.6 Combination of wind velocities and ice loads . 22
4.6.6.1 Extreme ice load I combined with a high probability wind velocity V . 22
T IH
Poland 3/70 EN 50341-2-22:2016

4.6.6.2 Nominal ice load I combined with low probability wind velocity V . 22
3 IL
4.7 Temperature effects . 23
4.8 Security loads . 23
4.8.1 General . 23
4.9 Safety loads . 23
4.9.2 Loads related to the weight of linesmen . 23
4.10 Forces due to short – circuit currents. 23
4.12 Load cases . 23
4.12.1 General . 23
4.12.2 Standard load cases . 23
4.13 Partial factors for actions . 25
5.     Electrical requirements . 25
5.2 Currents . 25
5.2.1  Normal current . 26
5.3      Insulation co-ordination.26
5.5      Minimum air clearance distances to avoid flashover . 26
5.5.3  Empirical method based on European experience . 26
5.6    Load cases for calculation of clearances . 26
5.6.2 Maximum conductor temperature. 27
5.6.3 Wind loads for determination of electric clearances . 27
5.6.3.2 Nominal wind loads for determination of internal and external clearances . 27
5.6.3.3 Extreme wind load for determination of internal clearances . 27
5.6.4 Ice loads for determination of electric clearances . 27
5.6.5 Combined wind and ice loads . 28
5.8    Internal clearances within the span and at the top of support . 28
5.9    External clearances . 34
5.9.1  General . 34
5.9.2 External clearances to ground in areas remote from buildings, roads, etc. . 34
5.9.3 External clearances to residential and other buildings . 36
5.9.4 External clearances to crossing traffic routes . 39
5.9.5 External clearances to adjacent traffic routes . 42
5.9.6 External clearances to other power lines or overhead telecommunication lines . 44
5.9.7 External clearances to recreational areas (playgrounds, sport areas, etc.) . 46
5.10    Corona effect . 48
5.10.1  Radio noise . 48
5.10.1.3 Noise limits . 48
5.10.2  Audible noise . 48
5.10.2.3 Noise limits . 48
5.11  Electric and magnetic fields . 49
5.11.1   Electric and magnetic fields under a line . 49
6. Earthing systems . 49
6.1.2 Requirements for dimensioning of earthing systems . 49

6.1.3 Earthing measures against lightning effects . 49
6.1.4 Transferred potentials . 50
6.2 Ratings with regard to corrosion and mechanical strength . 50
6.2.2 Earthing and bonding conductors. 50
6.3 Dimensioning with regard to thermal strength . 50
6.3.2 Current rating calculation . 50
6.4 Dimensioning with regard to human safety . 50
6.4.1 Permissible values for touch voltages . 50
6.4.3 Basic design of earthing systems with regard to permissible touch voltage . 50
6.4.4 Measures in systems with isolated neutral or resonant earthing . 51
6.5 Site inspection and documentation of earthing systems . 51
7. Supports . 51
7.1 Initial design consideration
7.1.1 Introduction . 51
7.2  Materials
7.2.3 Requirements for steel grades subject to galvanising. 51
7.3 Lattice steel towers . 52
7.3.1 General . 52
7.3.5 Structural analysis . 52
7.3.6 Ultimate limit states . 52
7.3.6.1 General . 52
7.3.6.2 Resistance of cross – section areas . 52
7.3.6.3 Tension, bending and compression resistance of members . 52
7.3.6.4 Buckling resistance of members in compression . 52
7.3.7 Serviceability limit states . 53
7.3.8 Resistance of connections . 53
7.3.9 Design assisted by testing . 53
7.4 Steel poles . 53
7.4.1 General . 53
7.4.5 Structural analysis (EN 1993-1-1:2005 – Chapter 5) . 53
7.4.6 Ultimate limit states (EN 1993-1-1:2005 – Chapter 6) . 53
7.4.6.1 General . 53
7.4.7 Serviceability limit states (EN 1993-1-1:2005 – Chapter 7) . 54
7.4.8 Resistance of connections . 54
7.4.8.2 Bolts (other than holding-down bolts) . 54
7.4.8.4 Flanged bolted connections . 54
7.4.9 Design assisted by testing . 54
7.5 Wood poles . 54
7.5.1 General . 54
7.5.3 Materials . 54
7.5.4 Durability . 55

Poland 5/70 EN 50341-2-22:2016

7.5.5 Ultimate limit states . 55
7.5.5.3 Resistance of wood elements . 55
7.5.6 Serviceability limit states . 56
7.6 Concrete poles . 56
7.6.1 General . 56
7.6.3 Materials . 56
7.6.4 Ultimate limit states . 57
7.6.5 Serviceability limit states . 57
7.9 Corrosion protection and finishes . 57
7.9.2 Galvanising . 57
7.9.5 Decorative finishes . 57
7.9.7 Protection of wood poles . 57
7.10 Maintenance facilities . 58
7.10.1 Climbing . 58
7.10.2 Maintainability . 58
7.10.3 Safety requirements . 58
7.11 Loading tests . 58
7.12 Assembly and erection . 58
8.     Foundations . 58
8.1 Introduction . 58
8.2 Basis of geotechnical design (EN 1997-1:2004 – Section 2) . 58
8.2.1 General . 58
8.2.2 Geotechnical design by calculation . 59
8.2.4 Load tests and tests on experimental models . 60

8.3 Soil investigation and geotechnical data (EN 1997-1:2004 – Section 3) . 60
9.     Conductors and earth-wires . 61
9.2 Aluminium based conductors . 61
9.2.1 Characteristics and dimensions . 61
9.2.3 Conductor service temperatures and grease characteristics . 61
9.2.4 Mechanical requirements . 62
9.2.5 Corrosion protection . 63
9.3 Steel based conductors . 63
9.3.1 Characteristics and dimensions . 63
9.3.3 Conductor service temperatures and grease characteristics . 63
9.3.4 Mechanical requirements . 64
9.5 Conductors and ground wires containing optical fibre telecommunication circuits . 64
9.5.1 Characteristics and dimensions . 64
9.5.3 Conductor service temperatures . 64
9.5.4 Mechanical requirements . 64
9.5.5 Corrosion protection . 66
9.6 General requirements . 66
9.6.2 Partial factor for conductors . 66

9.7 Test reports and certificates . 66
10.    Insulators . 66
10.1 Introduction . 66
10.2 Standard electrical requirements . 66
10.3 RIV requirements and corona extinction voltage . 66
10.4 Pollution performance requirements . 66
10.5 Power arc requirements . 67
10.7 Mechanical requirements . 67
11.    Hardware . 68
11.3 RIV requirements and corona extinction voltage . 68
11.5 Short circuit current and power arc requirements . 68
11.6 Mechanical requirements . 68
12. Quality assurance, checks and taking-over . 69
Annex G (normative) – Calculation methods for earthing systems . 69
G.3 Current rating calculation . 69
G.4 Touch voltage and body current . 69
G.4.2 Calculations taking into account additional resistances . 69
Annex H (informative) – Installation and measurements of earthing systems . 70
H.4 Measurements for and on earthing systems . 70
H.4.3 Measurement of resistances to earth and impedances to earth . 70
Annex J (normative) – Angles in lattice steel towers . 70
J.2 General . 70
J.3 Tension resistance of angles connected through one leg (see 7.3.6.2) . 70
Annex K (normative) – Steel poles . 70
K.2 Classification of cross sections (EN 1993-1-1:2005 – 5.5) . 70

K.4 Resistance of circular cross sections . 70
Annex M (informative) – Geotechnical and structural design of foundations . 70
M.2 Sample analytical models for uplift resistance calculation . 70
M.2.2 Calculation of R . 70
W
Poland 7/70 EN 50341-2-22:2016

European foreword
1. The Polish Committee for Standardization (NC) is identified by the following address:

Polski Komitet Normalizacyjny
ul. Świętokrzyska 14
00-050 Warszawa
Polska
phone +48 22 55 67 591
e-mail: intdoc@pkn.pl.
Name of the relevant technical body: Komitet Techniczny nr 80 (KT 80) “ds. Ogólnych w Sieciach
Elektroenergetycznych” (General of Overhead Electrical Lines)

2. The Polish NC and its technical body KT 80 “for General of Overhead Electrical Lines” has prepared this Part
2-22 of EN 50341, listing the Polish National Normative Aspects (NNA), under its sole responsibility, and
duly passed it through the CENELEC and CLC/TC11 procedures.

NOTE: The Polish NC also takes sole responsibility for the technically correct co-ordination of this EN 50341-2-22
with EN 50341-1. It has performed the necessary checks in the frame of quality assurance/control. However, it is
noted that this quality control has been made in the framework of the general responsibility of a standards committee
under the national laws/regulations.

3. This NNA is normative in Poland and informative for other countries.
4. This Part 2-22 has to be read in conjunction with EN 50341-1, hereafter referred to as Part 1. All clause
numbers used in this NNA correspond to those of Part 1. Specific subclauses, which are prefixed “PL”,
are to be read as amendments to the relevant text in Part 1. Any necessary clarification regarding the
application of this NNA in conjunction with Part 1 shall be referred to the Polish NC who will, in co-
operation with CLC/TC11, clarify the requirements.

Where no reference is made in this NNA to a specific sub-clause, then Part 1 shall apply.

5. In the case of “boxed values” defined in Part 1, amended values (if any), which are defined in this NNA,
shall be taken into account in Poland. However any boxed value whether in Part 1 or in this NNA, shall
not be amended in the direction of greater risk in a Project Specification

6.  The Polish standards/ regulations, related to overhead electrical lines exceeding 1 kV (AC) are listed in
subclause 2.1.
NOTE: All national standards referred to in this Part 2-22 will be replaced by the relevant European Standards as
soon as they become available and are declared by the Polish NC to be applicable and thus reported to the
secretary of CLC/TC 11.
1.     Scope
1.1    General
(ncpt) PL.1 Scope of application

This NNA determines the requirements which shall be fulfilled while designing and constructing of
new overhead lines with nominal system voltages exceeding 1 kV AC. The scope of use of this NNA
for temporary lines shall be determined by the Project Specification. For modernisations,
reconstructions and refurbishments of the existing lines, the scope and the requirement to comply
with PN-EN-50341-1, together with this NNA, shall be determined by the Project Specification.
1.2    Field of application
(ncpt) PL.1 Overhead lines with covered conductors
This NNA applies to overhead lines with covered conductors and overhead insulated cable system
with nominal voltage exceeding 1 kV up to 45 kV AC. Additional requirements and simplifications,
which apply only to this range of voltages, have been determined.
This NNA does not contain requirements applicable for designing and constructing overhead lines
with nominal voltage exceeding 45 kV AC, with covered conductors, where internal and external
clearances can be smaller than specified in the NNA.
(ncpt) PL.2 Optical conductors/wires
This NNA also applies to optical phase conductors (OPCON) and optical ground wires (OPGW),
containing optical fibre telecommunication circuits, installed on overhead line supports.
(ncpt)  PL.3 All Dielectric Self Supporting (ADSS) cables
This NNA applies to all – dielectric cables (ADSS) only within the scope of their influence on the load
of the support and the requirements of the insulator clearances.
(ncpt) PL.4 Installation of telecommunication fittings
The NNA also applies to the installation of telecommunication equipment mounted on the new line
structures with their primary function as of overhead line supports.
2.     Normative references, definitions and symbols

2.1    Normative references
This Polish NNA contains provisions of additional standards and national regulations (apart from
those specified in Part 1 of the Standard), which were invoked in the text of the NNA.
The specification of those standards and regulations and Polish versions of Euro codes (PN-EN
instead of EN) were presented in the table below; with the provision that the user of the NNA for
Poland should check their validity and use the latest editions. There is also a necessity of checking
the validity of the national Acts and Regulations specified in item 2.2.

Eurocodes
Reference Title
PN-EN 1990:2004 Eurokod: Podstawy projektowania konstrukcji
Eurocode: Basic principles of structural design
PN-EN 1991-1-4:2008 Eurokod 1: Oddziaływania na konstrukcje – Część 1-4:
Oddziaływania ogólne – Oddziaływania wiatru
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures – Part 1-4: General actions – Wind
actions
PN-EN 1991-1-6:2007 Eurokod 1: Oddziaływania na konstrukcje -- Część 1-6: Oddziaływania
ogólne -- Oddziaływania w czasie wykonywania konstrukcji
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures – Part 1-6: General actions –
actions during execution
PN-EN 1992-1-1:2008 Eurokod 2: Projektowanie konstrukcji z betonu -- Część 1-1: Reguły

Poland 9/70 EN 50341-2-22:2016

ogólne i reguły dla budynków
Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures – Part 1-1: General rules
and rules for buildings
PN-EN 1993-1-1:2006 Eurokod 3: Projektowanie konstrukcji stalowych -- Część 1-1: Reguły
ogólne i reguły dla budynków
Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures – Part 1-1: General rules and
rules for buildings
Eurokod 3: Projektowanie konstrukcji stalowych -- Część 1-3: Reguły
PN-EN 1993-1-3:2008
ogólne -- Reguły uzupełniające dla konstrukcji z kształtowników i blach
profilowanych na zimno
Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures – Part 1-3: General rules –
Supplementary rules for cold formed members and sheeting
Eurokod 3: Projektowanie konstrukcji stalowych -- Część 1-5:
PN-EN 1993-1-5:2008
Blachownice
Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures – Part 1-5: Plated structural
elements
Projektowanie konstrukcji stalowych – Część 1-6: Wytrzymałość i
PN-EN 1993-1-6:2009
stateczność konstrukcji powłokowych
Design of steel structures – Part 1-6: Strength and stability of shell
structures
PN-EN 1993-1-8:2006 Eurokod 3: Projektowanie konstrukcji stalowych -- Część 1-8:
Projektowanie węzłów
Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures – Part 1-8: Design of joints
PN-EN 1993-1-11:2008 Eurokod 3: Projektowanie konstrukcji stalowych -- Część 1-11:
Konstrukcje cięgnowe
Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures – Part 1-11: Design of
structures with tension components
PN-EN 1993-3-1:2008 Eurokod 3: Projektowanie konstrukcji stalowych -- Część 3-1:
Wieże, maszty i kominy - Wieże i maszty
Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures – Part 3-1: Towers, masts and
chimneys - Towers and masts
PN-EN 1995-1-1:2010 Eurokod 5: Projektowanie konstrukcji drewnianych -- Część 1-1:
Zasady ogólne i zasady dla budynków
Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures – Part 1-1: General –
Common rules and rules for buildings
PN-EN 1997-1:2008 Eurokod 7: Projektowanie geotechniczne -- Część 1: Zasady ogólne
Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design - Part 1: General rules
PN-EN 1997-2:2008 Eurokod 7: Projektowanie geotechniczne -- Część 2: Rozpoznanie
i badanie podłoża gruntowego
Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design – Part 2: Ground investigation and
testing
PN-EN 1998-6:2005E Eurokod 8: Projektowanie konstrukcji poddanych oddziaływaniom
sejsmicznym – Część 6: Wieże, maszty i kominy
Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance – Part 6:
Towers, masts and chimneys
PN-EN 10020:2003 Definicja i klasyfikacja gatunków stali
Definition and classification of steel grades
PN-EN 10025-1:2007 Wyroby walcowane na gorąco ze stali konstrukcyjnych -Część 1:
Ogólne warunki techniczne dostawy
Hot rolled products of structural steels – Part 1: General technical
delivery conditions
PN-EN 10025-2:2007 Wyroby walcowane na gorąco ze stali konstrukcyjnych -Część 2:
Ogólne warunki techniczne dostawy stali konstrukcyjnych
niestopowych
Hot rolled products of structural steels – Part 2: Technical delivery
conditions for non-alloy structural steels
PN-EN 1090-1:2009 Wykonanie konstrukcji stalowych i aluminiowych Część 1:
Zasady oceny zgodności elementów konstrukcyjnych

Execution of steel and aluminium structures – Part 1: Requirements for
conformity assessment of structural components
PN-EN 1090-2:2009 Wykonanie konstrukcji stalowych i aluminiowych Część 2:
Wymagania techniczne dotyczące konstrukcji stalowych
Execution of steel and aluminium structures – Part 2: – Technical
requirements for the execution of steel structures
PN-EN 12843:2008 Prefabrykaty z betonu – Maszty i słupy
Precast concrete products - Masts and poles
PN-EN 14229:2010E Drewno konstrukcyjne – Słupy drewniane do linii napowietrznych
Structural timber - Wood poles for overhead lines
PN-EN 60305:2007 Izolatory do linii napowietrznych o znamionowym napięciu powyżej
1 kV
Ceramiczne i szklane izolatory do sieci prądu przemiennego –
Właściwości izolatorów kołpakowych
Insulators for overhead lines with a nominal voltage above 1 kV -
Ceramic or glass insulator units for AC systems - Characteristics of
insulator units of the cap and pin type
PN-EN 60652:2006 Badania obciążeniowe konstrukcji wsporczych linii napowietrznych
Loading tests on overhead line structures
PN-EN 61109:2010P Izolatory do linii napowietrznych
Kompozytowe izolatory wiszące do sieci prądu przemiennego
o znamionowym napięciu powyżej 1000 V
Definicje, metody badań i kryteria oceny
Insulators for overhead lines - Composite suspension and tension
insulators for AC systems with a nominal voltage greater than 1000 V
Definitions, test methods and acceptance criteria

PN-EN 61284:2002 Elektroenergetyczne linie napowietrzne. Wymagania i badania
dotyczące osprzętu.
Overhead lines – Requirements and tests for fittings
PN-EN 61395E:2002 Przewody energetyczne do linii napowietrznych – metoda badań
płynięcia przewodów wielodrutowych
Overhead electrical conductors – Creep test procedures for stranded
conductors
PN-EN ISO 1461:2011 Powłoki cynkowe nanoszone na stal metodą zanurzeniową –
Wymagania i metody badań
Hot dip galvanized coatings on fabricated iron and steel articles –
specifications and test methods
PN-EN ISO 14688-1:2006 Badania geotechniczne – Oznaczenie i klasyfikacja gruntów –
Część 1: Oznaczenia i opis
Geotechnical investigation and testing – Identification and
classification of soil – Part 1: Identification and description
PN-EN ISO 14688-2:2006 Badania geotechniczne – Oznaczenia i klasyfikacja gruntów –
Część 2 : Zasady klasyfikowania
Geotechnical investigation and testing – Identification and
classification of soil – Part 2: Principles for a classification

Poland 11/70 EN 50341-2-22:2016

PN-EN ISO 14713:2010 Powłoki cynkowe – Wytyczne i zalecenia dotyczące ochrony przed
korozją konstrukcji ze stopów żelaza – Część 1: Zasady ogólne
dotyczące projektowania i odporności korozyjnej
Zinc coatings – Guidelines and recommendations for the protection
against corrosion of iron and steel in structures – Part 1: General
principles of design and corrosion resistance
PN-B-02482:1983 Fundamenty budowlane − Nośność pali i fundamentów palowych
Building foundations – Bearing capacity of piles and pile foundations
PN-B-02483:1978 Pale wielkośrednicowe wiercone − Wymagania i badania
Large diameter bored piles – Specifications and tests
PN-B-03322:1980 Elektroenergetyczne linie napowietrzne − Fundamenty konstrukcji
wsporczych − Obliczenia statyczne i projektowanie
Electric overhead lines – Foundations of supporting structures – Static
calculations and design
PN-E-05115:2002            Ins    talac   je el ektroenergetyczne prądu przemiennego o napięciu
wyższym od 1 kV
Power installations exceeding 1 kV AC
PN-E-06303:1998 Narażenie zabrudzeniowe izolacji napowietrznej i dobór izolatorów do
warunków zabrudzeniowych
Exposure of outdoor insulation to pollution and selection of insulators
under polluted conditions
PN-E-08051:1988 Urządzenia elektryczne – Tablice i znaki bezpieczeństwa
Electrical equipment – Plates and safety signs
National laws and regulations:
Obwieszczenie Ministra Środowiska, z dnia 15 października 2013 r. w sprawie ogłoszenia jednolitego
tekstu rozporządzenia Ministra Środowiska w sprawie dopuszczalnych poziomów hałasu
w środowisku (Dz.U. 2014, poz.112)
Announcement of the Minister for the Environment of 15 October 2013, regarding the publication of
the uniform text of the Regulation of the Minister for the Environment regarding the maximum
permissible noise levels for general environment (Journal of Laws of 2014, item 112)
Rozporządzenie Ministra Transportu i Gospodarki Morskiej z dnia 2 marca 1999r. w sprawie
warunków technicznych, jakimi powinny odpowiadać drogi publiczne i ich usytuowanie
(Dz.U. 1999 Nr 43, poz.430)
Regulation of the Minister for Transport and Marine Economy of 2 March 1999, regarding the
technical conditions that should be met by public roads and their location (Journal of Laws of 19
...