EN 62281:2004

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2004
9DUQRVWSULPDUQLKLQVHNXQGDUQLKOLWLMHYLKþOHQRYLQEDWHULMPHGWUDQVSRUWRP
Safety of primary and secondary lithium cells and batteries during transport
Sicherheit von Primär- und Sekundär-Lithiumbatterien beim Transport
Sécurité des piles et des accumulateurs au lithium pendant le transport
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 62281:2004
ICS:
29.220.10 3ULPDUQLþOHQLLQEDWHULMH Primary cells and batteries
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 62281
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM June 2004
ICS 29.220.10
English version
Safety of primary and secondary lithium cells
and batteries during transport
(IEC 62281:2004)
Sécurité des piles et des accumulateurs Sicherheit von Primär- und Sekundär-
au lithium pendant le transport Lithiumbatterien beim Transport
(CEI 62281:2004) (IEC 62281:2004)

This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2004-06-01. CENELEC members are bound to
comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.

Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on
application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and
notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.

CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland and United Kingdom.

CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung

Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B - 1050 Brussels

© 2004 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.

Ref. No. EN 62281:2004 E
Foreword
The text of document 35/1202/FDIS, future edition 1 of IEC 62281, prepared by IEC TC 35, Primary
cells and batteries, and SC 21A, Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid
electrolytes, of IEC TC 21, Secondary cells and batteries, was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel
vote and was approved by CENELEC as EN 62281 on 2004-06-01.
The following dates were fixed:
– latest date by which the EN has to be implemented
at national level by publication of an identical
national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2005-03-01
– latest date by which the national standards conflicting
with the EN have to be withdrawn (dow) 2007-06-01
Annex ZA has been added by CENELEC.
__________
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 62281:2004 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for the standards indicated:
IEC 60068-2-6 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60068-2-6:1995 (not modified).
IEC 60068-2-27 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60068-2-27:1993 (not modified).
IEC 62133 NOTE Harmonized as EN 62133:2003 (not modified).
__________
- 3 - EN 62281:2004
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE Where an international publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant
EN/HD applies.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
1) 2)
IEC 60086-4 - Primary batteries EN 60086-4 2000
Part 4: Safety standard for lithium
batteries
1) 2)
IEC 61960 - Secondary cells and batteries containing EN 61960 2004
alkaline or other non-acid electrolyte -
Secondary lithium cells and batteries for
portable applications
IEC Guide 104 1997 The preparation of safety publications - -
and the use of basic safety publications
and group safety publications
1)
Undated reference.
2)
Valid edition at date of issue.

NORME CEI
INTERNATIONALE IEC
INTERNATIONAL
Première édition
STANDARD
First edition
2004-05
PUBLICATION GROUPÉE DE SÉCURITÉ
GROUP SAFETY PUBLICATION
Sécurité des piles et des accumulateurs
au lithium pendant le transport
Safety of primary and secondary lithium
cells and batteries during transport
© IEC 2004 Droits de reproduction réservés ⎯ Copyright - all rights reserved
Aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any
utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et les photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de l'éditeur. the publisher.
International Electrotechnical Commission, 3, rue de Varembé, PO Box 131, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland
Telephone: +41 22 919 02 11 Telefax: +41 22 919 03 00 E-mail: inmail@iec.ch Web: www.iec.ch
CODE PRIX
T
Commission Electrotechnique Internationale PRICE CODE
International Electrotechnical Commission
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Pour prix, voir catalogue en vigueur
For price, see current catalogue

62281 © IEC:2004 – 3 –
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.7
INTRODUCTION.11
1 Scope.13
2 Normative references.13
3 Terms and definitions .13
4 Requirements for safety .19
4.1 General considerations.19
4.2 Packaging.19
5 Type testing, sampling and re-testing .19
5.1 Type testing.19
5.2 Assembly of batteries .21
5.3 Sampling.21
5.4 Re-testing.25
6 Test methods and requirements .25
6.1 General.25
6.1.1 Safety notice.25
6.1.2 Ambient temperature.25
6.1.3 Parameter measurement tolerances.25
6.1.4 Pre-discharge and pre-cycling.25
6.2 Evaluation of test criteria.27
6.2.1 Shifting.27
6.2.2 Distortion.27
6.2.3 Short-circuit.27
6.2.4 Excessive temperature rise.27
6.2.5 Leakage.27
6.2.6 Mass loss.27
6.2.7 Venting.29
6.2.8 Fire.29
6.2.9 Rupture.29
6.2.10 Explosion .29
6.3 Tests and requirements – overview .29
6.4 Transport tests.31
6.4.1 Test T-1: Altitude.31
6.4.2 Test T-2: Thermal cycling .31
6.4.3 Test T-3: Vibration.31
6.4.4 Test T-4: Shock.33
6.4.5 Test T-5: External short-circuit .35
6.4.6 Test T-6: Impact .35
6.5 Mis-use tests.37
6.5.1 Test T-7: Overcharge .37
6.5.2 Test T-8: Forced discharge.37
6.6 Packaging test.37
6.6.1 Test P-1: Drop test .37
6.6.2 Void.39
6.7 Information to be given in the relevant specification .39
6.8 Evaluation and report.39

62281 © IEC:2004 – 5 –
7 Information for safety.41
7.1 Packaging.41
7.2 Handling of battery cartons.41
7.3 Transport.41
7.3.1 General.41
7.3.2 Air transport.41
7.3.3 Sea transport.41
7.3.4 Land transport.41
7.4 Display and storage.43
8 Instructions for packaging and handling during transport .43
8.1 Quarantine.43
9 Marking.43
9.1 Marking of primary and secondary (rechargeable) cells and batteries.43
9.2 Marking of the packaging and shipping documents .43
Bibliography.47
Figure 1 – Example for the marking of packages with primary or secondary
(rechargeable) lithium cells or batteries .45
Table 1 – Number of test cells and batteries for type testing .23
Table 2 – Maximum mass loss .27
Table 3 – Transport and packaging tests and requirements .29
Table 4 – Vibration profile (sinusoidal) .33
Table 5 – Shock parameters .33

62281 © IEC:2004 – 7 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
SAFETY OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LITHIUM CELLS AND
BATTERIES DURING TRANSPORT
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with an IEC Publication.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 62281 has been prepared jointly by IEC technical committee 35:
Primary cells and batteries and by subcommittee 21A: Secondary cells and batteries
containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes, of IEC technical committee 21: Secondary
cells and batteries.
It has the status of a group safety publication in accordance with IEC Guide 104: The
preparation of safety publications and the use of basic safety publications and group safety
publications.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
35/1202/FDIS 35/1206/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

62281 © IEC:2004 – 9 –
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
2007. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed;
• withdrawn;
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
62281 © IEC:2004 – 11 –
INTRODUCTION
Primary lithium cells and batteries were first introduced in military applications in the 1970s.
At that time, little commercial interest and no industrial standards existed. Consequently, the
United Nations (UN) Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, although
usually referring to industrial standards for testing and criteria, introduced a sub-section in the
Manual of tests and criteria, dealing with safety tests relevant to transport of primary lithium
cells and batteries. Meanwhile, commercial interest in primary and secondary (rechargeable)
lithium cells and batteries has grown and several industrial standards exist. However, the
existing IEC standards are manifold, not completely harmonized, and not necessarily relevant
to transport. They are not suitable to be used as a source of reference in the UN Model
Regulations. Therefore, a new group safety standard has been prepared to harmonize the
tests and requirements relevant to transport.
This International Standard applies to primary and secondary (rechargeable) lithium cells and
batteries containing lithium in any chemical form: lithium metal, lithium alloy or lithium-ion.
Lithium-metal and lithium alloy primary electrochemical systems use metallic lithium and
lithium alloy, respectively, as the negative electrode. Lithium-ion secondary electrochemical
systems use intercalation compounds (intercalated lithium exists in an ionic or quasi-atomic
form within the lattice of the electrode material) in the positive and in the negative electrodes.
This International Standard also applies to lithium polymer cells and batteries, which are
considered either as primary lithium-metal cells and batteries or as secondary lithium-ion cells
and batteries, depending on the nature of the material used in the negative electrode.
The history of transporting primary and secondary lithium cells and batteries is worth noting.
Since the 1970s, over ten billion primary lithium cells and batteries have been transported,
and since the early 1990s, over one billion secondary (rechargeable) lithium cells and
batteries utilizing a lithium-ion system have been transported. As the number of primary and
secondary lithium cells and batteries to be transported is increasing, it is appropriate to also
include in this standard the safety testing of packaging used for the transportation of these
products.
This International Standard specifically addresses the safety of primary and secondary lithium
cells and batteries during transport and also the safety of the packaging used. Other
International Standards dealing with the safety of primary and secondary lithium cells and
batteries are referenced in Clause 2 and in the bibliography of this standard. They include the
safety of primary and secondary lithium cells and batteries during handling, use and disposal
and also address particular aspects of primary lithium batteries (IEC 60086-4) and secondary
lithium cells and batteries (IEC 62133). They also contain some test methods and acceptance
criteria that are relevant to transport. Consideration may, in the future, be given to the
harmonization of these standards with this standard.

62281 © IEC:2004 – 13 –
SAFETY OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LITHIUM CELLS AND
BATTERIES DURING TRANSPORT
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies test methods and requirements for primary and
secondary (rechargeable) lithium cells and batteries to ensure their safety during transport
other than for recycling or disposal. Requirements specified in this standard do not apply in
those cases where special provisions given in the relevant regulations, listed in 7.3, provide
exemptions.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60086-4, Primary batteries – Part 4: Safety of lithium batteries
IEC 61960, Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolyte –
Secondary lithium cells and batteries for portable applications
IEC Guide 104:1997, The preparation of safety publications and the use of basic safety
publications and group safety publications
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
aggregate lithium content
total lithium content or lithium equivalent content of the cells comprising a battery
3.2
battery
one or more cells electrically connected by permanent means, fitted in a case, with terminals,
markings and protective devices, etc., as necessary for use
3.3
button cell
coin cell
cell with a cylindrical shape in which the overall height is less than the diameter, e.g. in the
shape of a button or a coin
NOTE In practice, the term coin is used exclusively for non-aqueous lithium cells.
3.4
cell
basic functional unit, consisting of an assembly of electrodes, electrolyte, container, terminals
and, usually, separators that is a source of electric energy obtained by direct conversion of
chemical energy
62281 © IEC:2004 – 15 –
3.5
component cell
cell contained in a battery
3.6
cycle (of a secondary (rechargeable) cell or battery)
set of operations that is carried out on a secondary (rechargeable) cell or battery and is
repeated regularly in the same sequence
NOTE These operations may consist of a sequence of a discharge followed by a charge or a charge followed by a
discharge under specified conditions. This sequence may include rest periods.
3.7
cylindrical cell
cell with a cylindrical shape in which the overall height is equal to or greater than the diameter
3.8
depth of discharge
DOD
percentage of rated capacity discharged from a battery
3.9 first cycle
initial cycle of a secondary (rechargeable) cell or battery following completion of all
manufacturing, formation and quality control processes
3.10
fully charged
state of charge of a secondary (rechargeable) cell or battery corresponding to 0 % depth of
discharge
3.11
fully discharged
state of charge of a cell or battery corresponding to 100 % depth of discharge
3.12
large battery
battery in which the aggregate lithium content is more than 500 g
3.13
large cell
cell in which the lithium content or lithium equivalent content is more than 12 g
3.14
lithium cell (primary or secondary (rechargeable))
cell containing a non-aqueous electrolyte and a negative electrode of lithium or containing
lithium
NOTE Depending on the design features chosen, a lithium cell may be primary or secondary (rechargeable).
3.15
lithium content
mass of lithium in the negative electrode of a lithium metal or lithium alloy cell or battery in
the undischarged or fully charged state

62281 © IEC:2004 – 17 –
3.16
lithium equivalent content
mass equivalent to the lithium content of a lithium-ion cell or battery
NOTE For a lithium-ion cell, the lithium equivalent content is determined by:
m = 0,3 g / Ah × Q
e r
where
m is the lithium equivalent content of a lithium-ion cell;
e
Q is the rated capacity of that cell.
r
For a lithium-ion battery, the lithium equivalent content is determined as the total lithium equivalent content of its
component cells.
3.17
open-circuit voltage
voltage of a cell or battery when the discharge current is zero
3.18
primary battery
battery made from primary component cells
3.19
primary cell
cell which is not designed to be electrically recharged
3.20
prismatic (cell or battery)
cell or battery having rectangular sides and bases
3.21
protective devices
devices such as fuses, diodes or other electric or electronic current limiters designed to
interrupt the current flow, block the current flow in one direction or limit the current flow in an
electrical circuit
3.22
rated capacity
capacity value of a cell or battery, determined under specified conditions and declared by the
manufacturer
3.23
secondary (rechargeable) battery
battery made from secondary (rechargeable) component cells
3.24
secondary (rechargeable) cell
cell which is designed to be electrically recharged
3.25
small battery
battery composed of small cells, and in which the aggregate lithium content is not more than
500 g
3.26
small cell
cell in which the lithium content or lithium equivalent content is not more than 12 g

62281 © IEC:2004 – 19 –
3.27
type (for cells or batteries)
particular electrochemical system and physical design of cells or batteries
3.28
undischarged
state of charge of a primary cell or battery corresponding to 0 % depth of discharge
4 Requirements for safety
4.1 General considerations
Lithium cells and batteries are categorized by their chemical composition (electrodes,
electrolyte) and internal construction (bobbin, spiral). They are available in various shapes. It
is necessary to consider all relevant safet
...