EN IEC 55016-1-4:2025
(Main)Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 1-4: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - Antennas and test sites for radiated disturbance measurements
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 1-4: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - Antennas and test sites for radiated disturbance measurements
This part of CISPR 16 specifies the characteristics and performance of equipment for the measurement of radiated disturbances in the frequency range 9 kHz to 18 GHz. Specifications for antennas and test sites are included.
NOTE In accordance with IEC Guide 107 [1], 1 CISPR 16-1-4 is a basic EMC publication for use by product committees of the IEC. As stated in Guide 107, product committees are responsible for determining the applicability of the EMC standard. CISPR and its sub-committees are prepared to cooperate with product committees in the evaluation of the value of particular EMC tests for specific products.
The requirements of this publication apply at all frequencies and for all levels of radiated disturbances within the CISPR indicating range of the measuring equipment.
Methods of measurement are covered in CISPR 16-2-3, further information on radio disturbance is given in CISPR TR 16-3 [2], and uncertainties, statistics, and limit modelling are covered in CISPR 16-4 series.
Anforderungen an Geräte und Einrichtungen sowie Festlegung der Verfahren zur Messung der hochfrequenten Störaussendung (Funkstörungen) und Störfestigkeit - Teil 1-4: Geräte und Einrichtungen zur Messung der hochfrequenten Störaussendung (Funkstörungen) und Störfestigkeit - Antennen und Messplätze für Messungen der gestrahlten Störaussendung
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques - Partie 1-4: Appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques - Antennes et emplacements d'essai pour les mesurages des perturbations rayonnées
Specifikacija merilnih naprav in metod za merjenje radiofrekvenčnih motenj in odpornosti - 1-4. del: Merilne naprave za merjenje radiofrekvenčnih motenj in odpornosti - Antene in preskuševališča za meritve sevalnih motenj
General Information
Relations
Overview
EN IEC 55016-1-4:2025 (aligned with CISPR 16-1-4:2025) is the international/European specification for equipment and test-site requirements used in radiated disturbance measurements. It defines the characteristics and performance of antennas and test sites for measuring radiated electromagnetic disturbances across the frequency range 9 kHz to 18 GHz. The publication is a core EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) reference for product committees, test laboratories, and test-site designers.
Key topics and technical requirements
- Antennas by frequency band
- Requirements for magnetic-loop antennas (9 kHz–150 kHz) and shielding, electric- and magnetic-field antennas (150 kHz–30 MHz), and a range of antennas for 30 MHz–1 000 MHz and 1 GHz–18 GHz.
- Antenna performance characteristics: balance, cross-polar response, VSWR, and low-uncertainty antenna options for dispute resolution.
- Special arrangements, e.g., large-loop antenna systems.
- Test site types and validation
- Specifications for open-area test sites (OATS), semi-anechoic chambers (SAC), and other test sites (including FAR sites as addressed in the standard).
- Validation procedures including Normalized Site Attenuation (NSA) methods, Reference Site Method (RSM), swept and discrete-frequency validation, and acceptance criteria for site performance.
- Requirements for antenna positioners, set-up tables, measurement distances, test volumes, ground planes and obstruction-free areas, and the radio-frequency ambient environment.
- Antenna calibration & measurement linkage
- Guidance on antenna calibration, antenna pair reference-site attenuation, and interaction with measurement procedures in CISPR 16-2-3.
- Complementary topics
- Interoperability with other CISPR/IEC documents (e.g., CISPR 16-1-1, 16-1-2, 16-1-5, 16-1-6, CISPR 16-2-3, and the CISPR 16-4 series covering uncertainties and statistics).
Practical applications - who uses this standard
- EMC test laboratories performing compliance testing and site validation.
- Manufacturers and design engineers conducting pre-compliance radiated disturbance tests.
- Test-site designers and integrators building or validating OATS, SAC or other measurement facilities.
- Accreditation bodies and product committees assessing measurement methods and applicability for product standards.
- Regulatory bodies and certification houses ensuring repeatable, traceable radiated disturbance measurements.
Related standards (for practical context)
- CISPR 16-1-1, 16-1-2, 16-1-5, 16-1-6 (equipment & antenna calibration)
- CISPR 16-2-3 (methods for radiated disturbance measurements)
- CISPR 16-4 series (uncertainties and statistics)
- IEC 61000-4-20 / IEC 61000-4-21 (related EMC measurement practice)
This standard is essential for ensuring reliable, repeatable radiated disturbance measurements and validating EMC test sites across the full 9 kHz–18 GHz measurement range.
Frequently Asked Questions
EN IEC 55016-1-4:2025 is a standard published by CLC. Its full title is "Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 1-4: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - Antennas and test sites for radiated disturbance measurements". This standard covers: This part of CISPR 16 specifies the characteristics and performance of equipment for the measurement of radiated disturbances in the frequency range 9 kHz to 18 GHz. Specifications for antennas and test sites are included. NOTE In accordance with IEC Guide 107 [1], 1 CISPR 16-1-4 is a basic EMC publication for use by product committees of the IEC. As stated in Guide 107, product committees are responsible for determining the applicability of the EMC standard. CISPR and its sub-committees are prepared to cooperate with product committees in the evaluation of the value of particular EMC tests for specific products. The requirements of this publication apply at all frequencies and for all levels of radiated disturbances within the CISPR indicating range of the measuring equipment. Methods of measurement are covered in CISPR 16-2-3, further information on radio disturbance is given in CISPR TR 16-3 [2], and uncertainties, statistics, and limit modelling are covered in CISPR 16-4 series.
This part of CISPR 16 specifies the characteristics and performance of equipment for the measurement of radiated disturbances in the frequency range 9 kHz to 18 GHz. Specifications for antennas and test sites are included. NOTE In accordance with IEC Guide 107 [1], 1 CISPR 16-1-4 is a basic EMC publication for use by product committees of the IEC. As stated in Guide 107, product committees are responsible for determining the applicability of the EMC standard. CISPR and its sub-committees are prepared to cooperate with product committees in the evaluation of the value of particular EMC tests for specific products. The requirements of this publication apply at all frequencies and for all levels of radiated disturbances within the CISPR indicating range of the measuring equipment. Methods of measurement are covered in CISPR 16-2-3, further information on radio disturbance is given in CISPR TR 16-3 [2], and uncertainties, statistics, and limit modelling are covered in CISPR 16-4 series.
EN IEC 55016-1-4:2025 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 33.100.10 - Emission; 33.100.20 - Immunity. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
EN IEC 55016-1-4:2025 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to EN IEC 55016-1-4:2019, EN IEC 55016-1-4:2019/A2:2023, EN IEC 55016-1-4:2019/A1:2020. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
EN IEC 55016-1-4:2025 is associated with the following European legislation: EU Directives/Regulations: 2014/30/EU. When a standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union, products manufactured in conformity with it benefit from a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of the corresponding EU directive or regulation.
You can purchase EN IEC 55016-1-4:2025 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of CLC standards.
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-januar-2026
Nadomešča:
SIST EN IEC 55016-1-4:2019
SIST EN IEC 55016-1-4:2019/A1:2020
SIST EN IEC 55016-1-4:2019/A2:2023
Specifikacija merilnih naprav in metod za merjenje radiofrekvenčnih motenj in
odpornosti - 1-4. del: Merilne naprave za merjenje radiofrekvenčnih motenj in
odpornosti - Antene in preskuševališča za meritve sevalnih motenj
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods -
Part 1-4: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - Antennas and test sites
for radiated disturbance measurements
Anforderungen an Geräte und Einrichtungen sowie Festlegung der Verfahren zur
Messung der hochfrequenten Störaussendung (Funkstörungen) und Störfestigkeit – Teil
1-4: Geräte und Einrichtungen zur Messung der hochfrequenten Störaussendung
(Funkstörungen) und Störfestigkeit – Antennen und Messplätze für Messungen der
gestrahlten Störaussendung
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations
radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques - Partie 1-4:
Appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux
perturbations radioélectriques - Antennes et emplacements d’essai pour les mesures
des perturbations rayonnées
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN IEC 55016-1-4:2025
ICS:
17.240 Merjenje sevanja Radiation measurements
33.100.20 Imunost Immunity
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN IEC 55016-1-4
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM November 2025
ICS 33.100.10; 33.100.20 Supersedes EN IEC 55016-1-4:2019; EN IEC 55016-1-
4:2019/A1:2020; EN IEC 55016-1-4:2019/A2:2023
English Version
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring
apparatus and methods - Part 1-4: Radio disturbance and
immunity measuring apparatus - Antennas and test sites for
radiated disturbance measurements
(CISPR 16-1-4:2025)
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure Anforderungen an Geräte und Einrichtungen sowie
des perturbations radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux Festlegung der Verfahren zur Messung der hochfrequenten
perturbations radioélectriques - Partie 1-4: Appareils de Störaussendung (Funkstörungen) und Störfestigkeit - Teil 1-
mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de l'immunité 4: Geräte und Einrichtungen zur Messung der
aux perturbations radioélectriques - Antennes et hochfrequenten Störaussendung (Funkstörungen) und
emplacements d'essai pour les mesurages des Störfestigkeit - Antennen und Messplätze für Messungen
perturbations rayonnées der gestrahlten Störaussendung
(CISPR 16-1-4:2025) (CISPR 16-1-4:2025)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2025-11-07. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC
Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Türkiye and the United Kingdom.
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2025 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.
Ref. No. EN IEC 55016-1-4:2025 E
European foreword
The text of document CIS/A/1466/FDIS, future edition 5 of CISPR 16-1-4, prepared by SC CISPR/A
"Radio-interference measurements and statistical methods" of IEC/TC CISPR "International special
committee on radio interference" was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and approved by
CENELEC as EN IEC 55016-1-4:2025.
The following dates are fixed:
• latest date by which the document has to be implemented at national (dop) 2026-11-30
level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement
• latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the (dow) 2028-11-30
document have to be withdrawn
This document supersedes EN IEC 55016-1-4:2019 and all of its amendments and corrigenda (if any).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national committee. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CENELEC website.
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard CISPR 16-1-4:2025 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for the standard indicated:
IEC 61000-4-20 NOTE Approved as EN IEC 61000-4-20
CISPR 16-4-2 NOTE Approved as EN 55016-4-2
IEC 61000-4-21 NOTE Approved as EN 61000-4-21
IEC 61169-8 NOTE Approved as EN 61169-8
CISPR 11 NOTE Approved as EN IEC 55011
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments)
applies.
NOTE 1 Where an International Publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod),
the relevant EN/HD applies.
NOTE 2 Up-to-date information on the latest versions of the European Standards listed in this annex is available
here: www.cencenelec.eu.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
CISPR 16-1-1 2019 Specification for radio disturbance and EN IEC 55016-1-1 2019
immunity measuring apparatus and
methods - Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and
immunity measuring apparatus -
Measuring apparatus
CISPR 16-1-2 2014 Specification for radio disturbance and EN 55016-1-2 2014
immunity measuring apparatus and
methods - Part 1-2: Radio disturbance and
immunity measuring apparatus - Coupling
devices for conducted disturbance
measurements
+ A1 2017 + A1 2018
CISPR 16-1-5 2014 Specification for radio disturbance and EN 55016-1-5 2015
immunity measuring apparatus and
methods - Part 1-5: Radio disturbance and
immunity measuring apparatus - Antenna
calibration sites and reference test sites for
5 MHz to 18 GHz
+ A1 2016 + A1 2017
CISPR 16-1-6 2014 Specification for radio disturbance and EN 55016-1-6 2015
immunity measuring apparatus and
methods - Part 1-6: Radio disturbance and
immunity measuring apparatus - EMC
antenna calibration
+ A1 2017 + A1 2017
+ A2 2022 + A2 2022
CISPR 16-2-3 2016 Specification for radio disturbance and EN 55016-2-3 2017
immunity measuring apparatus and
methods - Part 2-3: Methods of
measurement of disturbances and
immunity - Radiated disturbance
measurements
+ A1 2019 + A1 2019
+ A2 2023 + A2 2023
IEC 60050-161 2014 International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - -
(IEV) - Part 161: Electromagnetic
compatibility
IEC 60050-195 2021 International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - -
(IEV) - Part 195: Earthing and protection
against electric shock
CISPR 16-1-4 ®
Edition 5.0 2025-10
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBATIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods -
Part 1-4: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - Antennas and
test sites for radiated disturbance measurements
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations
radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques -
Partie 1-4: Appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de
l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques - Antennes et emplacements
d'essai pour les mesurages des perturbations rayonnées
ICS 33.100.10, 33.100.20 ISBN 978-2-8327-0736-4
CISPR 16-1-4:2025-10(en-fr)
CISPR 16-1-4:2025 © IEC 2025
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 9
1 Scope . 11
2 Normative references . 11
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 12
3.1 Terms and definitions. 12
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 18
4 Antennas for measurement of radiated radio disturbance . 18
4.1 General . 18
4.2 Physical parameter (measurand) for radiated disturbance measurements . 19
4.3 Antennas for the frequency range 9 kHz to 150 kHz . 19
4.3.1 General . 19
4.3.2 Magnetic field antenna. 19
4.3.3 Shielding of loop antenna . 21
4.4 Antennas for the frequency range 150 kHz to 30 MHz . 21
4.4.1 Electric field antenna . 21
4.4.2 Magnetic field antenna. 21
4.4.3 Balance and electric field discrimination of antennas . 21
4.5 Antennas for the frequency range 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz . 21
4.5.1 General . 21
4.5.2 Low-uncertainty antenna for use if there is an alleged non-compliance
to the electric disturbance field strength limit . 22
4.5.3 Antenna characteristics . 22
4.5.4 Balance of antenna . 24
4.5.5 Cross-polar response of antenna . 25
4.6 Antennas for the frequency range 1 GHz to 18 GHz . 26
4.6.1 General . 26
4.6.2 Receive antenna . 27
4.7 Special antenna arrangements – large-loop antenna system . 29
5 Test sites for measurement of radio disturbance field strength for the frequency
range of 9 kHz to 30 MHz . 30
5.1 General . 30
5.2 Radio-frequency ambient environment of a test site . 30
5.3 Measurement distance and test volume . 30
5.4 Set-up table and antenna positioner . 30
5.5 Validation procedure of test site . 31
5.5.1 General . 31
5.5.2 Normalized site insertion loss (NSIL) . 35
5.5.3 Reference site method . 35
5.5.4 Acceptance criterion . 36
6 Test sites for measurement of radio disturbance field strength for the frequency
range of 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz . 36
6.1 General . 36
6.2 OATS . 37
6.2.1 General . 37
6.2.2 Weather-protection enclosure . 37
6.2.3 Obstruction-free area . 37
6.2.4 Radio-frequency ambient environment of a test site . 38
CISPR 16-1-4:2025 © IEC 2025
6.2.5 Ground plane . 39
6.3 Suitability of other test sites . 39
6.3.1 Other ground-plane test sites . 39
6.3.2 Test sites without ground plane (FAR) . 39
6.4 Test site validations . 40
6.4.1 General . 40
6.4.2 Overview of test site validations . 40
6.5 Basic parameters of the NSA method for OATS and SAC . 41
6.5.1 General equation and table of theoretical NSA values . 41
6.5.2 Antenna calibration . 45
6.6 Reference site method for OATS and SAC . 45
6.6.1 General . 45
6.6.2 Antennas not permitted for RSM measurements . 46
6.6.3 Determination of the antenna pair reference site attenuation on a
REFTS . 46
6.6.4 Determination of the antenna pair reference site attenuation using an
averaging technique on a large OATS . 47
6.7 Validation of an OATS by the NSA method . 50
6.7.1 Discrete frequency method . 50
6.7.2 Swept frequency method . 51
6.8 Validation of a weather-protection-enclosed OATS or a SAC . 52
6.9 Possible causes for exceeding site acceptability limits . 55
6.10 Site validation for FAR sites . 55
6.10.1 General . 55
6.10.2 RSM for FAR sites . 59
6.10.3 NSA method for FAR sites . 61
6.10.4 Site validation criteria for FAR sites . 63
6.11 Evaluation of set-up table and antenna tower . 63
6.11.1 General . 63
6.11.2 Evaluation procedure for set-up table influences. 64
7 Test sites for measurement of radio disturbance field strength for the frequency
range 1 GHz to 18 GHz . 66
7.1 General . 66
7.2 Reference test site . 66
7.3 Test site validation . 66
7.3.1 General . 66
7.3.2 Acceptance criterion for site validation . 68
7.4 Antenna requirements for S standard test procedure . 68
VSWR
7.4.1 General . 68
7.4.2 Transmit antenna . 68
7.4.3 Antennas and test equipment for the S reciprocal test procedure . 71
VSWR
7.5 Required positions for site validation testing . 72
7.5.1 General . 72
7.5.2 Descriptions of S measurement positions in a horizontal plane
VSWR
(Figure 27). 73
7.5.3 Descriptions of S additional measurement positions (Figure 28) . 74
VSWR
7.5.4 Summary of S measurement positions . 74
VSWR
7.6 S site validation – standard test procedure . 77
VSWR
CISPR 16-1-4:2025 © IEC 2025
7.7 S site validation – reciprocal test procedure using an isotropic field
VSWR
probe . 78
7.8 S conditional measurement position requirements . 79
VSWR
7.9 S site validation test report . 80
VSWR
7.10 Limitations of the S site validation method . 81
VSWR
7.11 Alternative test sites . 81
8 Cable termination devices used in radiated emission testing . 81
8.1 Common-mode absorption devices . 81
8.1.1 General . 81
8.1.2 CMAD S-parameter measurements . 82
8.1.3 CMAD test jig . 82
8.1.4 Measurement method using the TRL calibration . 83
8.1.5 Specification of ferrite clamp-type CMAD . 85
8.1.6 CMAD performance (degradation) check using spectrum analyzer and
tracking generator . 86
8.2 VHF-LISN cable termination devices . 88
8.2.1 General . 88
8.2.2 Balanced VHF-LISN . 89
8.2.3 Unbalanced VHF-LISN . 90
8.2.4 Measurement of the VHF-LISN impedance . 92
9 Reverberating chamber for total radiated power measurement . 98
10 TEM waveguides for radiated disturbance measurements . 98
Annex A (normative) Parameters of antennas . 99
A.1 General . 99
A.2 Preferred antennas . 99
A.2.1 General . 99
A.2.2 Calculable antenna . 99
A.2.3 Low-uncertainty antennas . 100
A.3 Simple dipole antennas . 101
A.3.1 General . 101
A.3.2 Tuned dipole. 101
A.3.3 Shortened dipole . 101
A.4 Broadband antenna parameters . 103
A.4.1 General . 103
A.4.2 Antenna type . 103
A.4.3 Specification of the antenna . 103
A.4.4 Antenna calibration . 104
A.4.5 Antenna user information . 104
Annex B (normative) Large-loop antenna system for magnetic field induced-current
measurements in the frequency range of 9 kHz to 30 MHz . 106
B.1 General . 106
B.2 Construction of an LLAS . 106
B.3 Construction of a large-loop antenna (LLA) . 106
B.4 Validation of an LLAS . 111
B.5 Construction of the LLAS verification dipole antenna . 113
B.6 Conversion factors . 114
B.6.1 General . 114
B.6.2 Current conversion factors for an LLAS with non-standard diameter . 115
CISPR 16-1-4:2025 © IEC 2025
B.6.3 Conversion of LLAS measured current to magnetic field strength . 116
B.7 Examples . 118
Annex C (normative) Construction details for open area test sites in the frequency
range of 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz (see Clause 6) . 119
C.1 General . 119
C.2 Ground plane construction . 119
C.2.1 Material . 119
C.2.2 Roughness . 119
C.3 Services to EUT . 120
C.4 Weather-protection enclosure construction . 120
C.4.1 Materials and fasteners . 120
C.4.2 Internal arrangements . 121
C.4.3 Size . 121
C.4.4 Uniformity with time and weather . 121
C.5 Turntable and set-up table . 121
C.6 Receive antenna mast installation . 122
Annex D (informative) Basis for the ±4 dB site acceptability criterion (see Clause 6) . 123
D.1 General . 123
D.2 Error analysis . 123
Annex E (informative) Examples of uncertainty budgets for site validation of a COMTS
using RSM with a calibrated antenna pair (see 6.6) . 125
E.1 Quantities to be considered for antenna pair reference site attenuation
calibration using the averaging technique . 125
E.2 Quantities to be considered for antenna pair reference site attenuation
calibration using a REFTS . 126
E.3 Quantities to be considered for COMTS validation using an antenna pair
reference site attenuation . 126
Annex F (informative) Definition of uncertainty in cross-polar response measurement . 128
F.1 General . 128
F.2 Example uncertainty estimate . 131
F.3 Rationale for the estimates of input quantities in Table F.1 and Table F.3 . 132
F.4 Measurement of XPR below 100 MHz at an OATS . 134
Annex G (informative) Measurement uncertainties of COMTS validation results in the
frequency range 9 kHz to 30 MHz . 135
G.1 Quantities to be considered for COMTS validation using the NSIL method . 135
G.2 Quantities to be considered for COMTS validation using the RSM method . 137
Annex H (normative) Derivation of NSIL values in the frequency range 9 kHz to
30 MHz . 140
H.1 General . 140
H.2 Magnetic field antenna factor . 141
H.3 Site insertion loss . 142
H.4 Normalized site insertion loss . 144
H.5 NSIL tables . 147
Annex I (informative) Recommendations for the design of test sites in the frequency
range 9 kHz to 30 MHz . 152
I.1 General . 152
I.2 Dimensions and quality of the ground plane . 152
I.3 Obstruction free area . 153
I.4 Resonance-free area . 153
CISPR 16-1-4:2025 © IEC 2025
Annex J (informative) Accuracy of NSIL values in the frequency range of 9 kHz to
30 MHz . 155
J.1 General . 155
J.2 Cross-check of NEC with analytic formulas . 155
J.3 Recommended NEC versions . 156
J.4 Instabilities at the lower frequency end . 157
J.5 Extrapolation methods to solve instabilities . 157
J.6 Reducing the number of segments to solve instabilities . 158
Annex K (informative) Example calculation for 10 m SAC sites that do not fulfil the
±4 dB criterion within 9 kHz to 30 MHz . 159
Annex L (normative) Calibration of the sum of magnetic field antenna factors in the
frequency range of 9 kHz to 30 MHz . 162
L.1 General . 162
L.2 Calibration procedure. 162
L.3 Measurement uncertainties . 163
Bibliography . 165
Figure 1 – Example of size-compliant loop antenna . 20
Figure 2 – Schematic of radiation from EUT reaching an LPDA antenna directly and via
ground reflection at a 3 m site, showing the beamwidth half-angle, ϕ,
at the reflected ray . 24
Figure 3 – RX antenna E-plane radiation pattern example, with limit area shaded for 3
m distance and 2 m EUT width . 28
Figure 4 – Determination of maximum useable EUT width using half-power beamwidth . 29
Figure 5 – General arrangement of the three measurement orientations H , H and H ,
x y z
where d is the measurement distance and h is the height of the reference point . 32
Figure 6 – Antenna positions (top view) . 33
Figure 7 – Antenna positions (3D view) . 34
Figure 8 – Test set-up for V with power amplifier and attenuator . 35
DIRECT
Figure 9 – Obstruction-free area of a test site with a turntable . 38
Figure 10 – Obstruction-free area with stationary EUT . 38
Figure 11 – Test point locations for 3 m and 10 m test distances . 47
Figure 12 – Paired test point locations for all test distances . 49
Figure 13 – Example of paired test point selection for a test distance of 10 m . 49
Figure 14 – Illustration of an investigation of influence of antenna mast on A . 50
APR
Figure 15 – Typical antenna positions for a weather-protected OATS or a SAC –
vertical polarization validation measurements . 53
Figure 16 – Typical antenna positions for a weather-protected OATS or a SAC –
horizontal polarization validation measurements . 53
Figure 17 – Typical antenna positions for a weather-protected OATS or a SAC –
vertical polarization validation measurements for a smaller EUT . 54
Figure 18 – Typical antenna positions for a weather-protected OATS or a SAC –
horizontal polarization validation measurements for a smaller EUT . 54
Figure 19 – Measurement positions for FAR site validation . 57
Figure 20 – Example of one measurement position and antenna tilt for FAR site
validation . 58
Figure 21 – Typical quasi free-space test site reference SA measurement set-up . 60
CISPR 16-1-4:2025 © IEC 2025
Figure 22 – Theoretical free-space NSA as a function of frequency for different
measurement distances [see Equation (18)]. 63
Figure 23 – Position of the antenna relative to the edge above a rectangle set-up table
(top view) . 66
Figure 24 – Antenna position above the set-up table (side view) . 66
Figure 25 – Transmit antenna E-plane radiation pattern example (this example is for
informative purposes only) . 69
Figure 26 – Transmit antenna H-plane radiation pattern (this example is for informative
purposes only) . 71
Figure 27 – S measurement positions in a horizontal plane (see 7.5.2 for
VSWR
description) . 72
Figure 28 – S positions (height requirements) . 74
VSWR
Figure 29 – S conditional measurement position requirements . 80
VSWR
Figure 30 – Definition of the reference planes inside the test jig . 83
Figure 31 – The four configurations for the TRL calibration . 85
Figure 32 – Limits for the magnitude of S , measured according to the provisions of
8.1.1 to 8.1.3 . 86
Figure 33 – Example of a 50 Ω adaptor construction in the vertical flange of the jig . 87
Figure 34 – Example of a matching adaptor with balun or transformer . 87
Figure 35 – Example of a matching adaptor with resistive matching network . 88
Figure 36 – Example circuit diagram of a balanced VHF-LISN . 90
Figure 37 – Example circuit diagram of an unbalanced VHF-LISN . 91
Figure 38 – Terminal-to-reference ground impedances of the VHF-LISN at the EUT
mains port . 93
Figure 39 – Example VHF-LISN impedance measurement set-up geometry . 95
Figure 40 – Example IMA . 96
Figure 41 – Connection between the IMA and the VHF-LISN . 97
Figure A.1 – Short dipole antenna factors for R = 50 Ω . 102
L
Figure B.1 – The LLAS, consisting of three mutually perpendicular large-loop antennas . 108
Figure B.2 – An LLA containing two opposite slits, positioned symmetrically with
respect to the current probe C . 109
Figure B.3 – Construction of an LLA slit . 109
Figure B.4 – Example of an LLA slit construction using a strap of printed circuit board
to obtain a rigid construction . 110
Figure B.5 – Construction of the metal box containing the current probe . 110
Figure B.6 – Example showing the routing of several cables from an EUT to minimize
capacitive coupling from the leads to the LLAS . 111
Figure B.7 – The eight positions of the LLAS verification dipole during validation
of an LLA . 112
Figure B.8 – Reference validation factors for loops of 2 m, 3 m, and 4 m diameters . 112
Figure B.9 – Construction of the LLAS verification dipole antenna . 114
Figure B.10 – Sensitivity S of an LLA with diameter D relative to an LLA with 2 m
D
diameter . 116
Figure B.11 – Conversion factor C [for conversion into dB(μA/m)] for three standard
dA
measurement distances d . 117
Figure C.1 – The Rayleigh criterion for roughness in the ground plane . 120
CISPR 16-1-4:2025 © IEC 2025
Figure H.1 – Investigation of wire radius, normalized to 0,001 m . 144
Figure H.2 – Investigation of feed point location (not to scale) . 145
Figure H.3 – Variation of NSIL values for various set-ups, for a distance of 3 m, h = 1,3 . 147
Figure H.4 – Specification of feed point location for tabular values (not to scale) . 148
Figure H.5 – Calculation examples, loop diameter 60 cm, feed point location per
Figure H.4 . 150
Figure I.1 – Recommended minimum dimensions of the ground plane (top view) . 152
Figure I.2 – Recommended obstruction free area (top view) . 153
Figure J.1 – Comparison of NSIL values by analytic formulas and computer simulation . 156
Figure K.1 – Example site validation result . 160
Figure K.2 – U calculated from site validation result . 161
lab
Figure K.3 – Frequency-dependent correction factor . 161
Figure L.1 – Antenna arrangement for the sum of antenna factors method . 163
Table 1 – Maximum frequency step size . 32
Table 2 – Acceptance criterion . 36
Table 3 – Site validation methods applicable for OATS, OATS-based, SAC, and FAR
site types . 40
Table 4 – Theoretical normalized site attenuation, A – recommended geometries for
N
a
broadband antennas . 43
Table 5 – Example template for A data sets . 46
APR
Table 6 – RSM frequency steps . 46
Table 7 – Maximum dimensions of test volume versus test distance . 55
Table 8 – Frequency ranges and step sizes for FAR site validation . 57
Table 9 – S measurement position designations . 75
VSWR
Table 10 – S reporting requirements . 80
VSWR
Table 11 – Specifications for the EUT mains port of the balanced VHF-LISN .
...
Die Norm EN IEC 55016-1-4:2025 bietet eine umfassende Spezifikation für Messgeräte und -methoden zur Erfassung radiativer Störungen und Immunität. Der Fokus liegt auf der Definition von Eigenschaften und Leistung der für die Messung von radiativen Störungen im Frequenzbereich von 9 kHz bis 18 GHz erforderlichen Geräte. Die Norm enthält detaillierte Anforderungen an Antennen und Teststandorte, die für präzise Messungen unerlässlich sind. Ein herausragendes Merkmal dieser Norm ist ihre allgemeine Anwendbarkeit auf alle Frequenzen und Störpegel, die innerhalb des CISPR-Indikatorbereichs des Messgeräts liegen. Dies bedeutet, dass die Norm nicht nur für eine spezifische Art von Produkt gilt, sondern auch über verschiedene Produktkategorien hinweg Anwendung findet, was ihre Flexibilität und Relevanz unterstreicht. Darüber hinaus ist die EN IEC 55016-1-4:2025 als grundlegende EMC-Publikation konzipiert, die den Produktkomitees der IEC dabei hilft, die Anwendbarkeit von EMC-Normen zu bestimmen. Dies schafft eine enge Zusammenarbeit zwischen CISPR und den Produktkomitees, wodurch die Norm eine Schlüsselrolle in der Evaluierung relevanter EMC-Tests spielt. Die Norm verweist zudem auf weiterführende Dokumente, wie CISPR 16-2-3, das die Messmethoden beschreibt, und die CISPR 16-4-Serie, die Unsicherheiten, Statistiken und Grenzmodellierung behandelt. So wird ein umfassendes Bild der notwendigen Aspekte für die Durchführung von Messungen gegeben. Insgesamt ist die EN IEC 55016-1-4:2025 eine bedeutende Norm, die die Grundlage für zuverlässige und konsistente Messungen von radiativen Störungen bildet und sich somit als unverzichtbar für die Entwicklung und Überprüfung von Produkten im Hinblick auf elektromagnetische Verträglichkeit erweist.
La norme EN IEC 55016-1-4:2025 constitue un ouvrage essentiel dans le domaine de la mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de l'immunité. Son champ d'application couvre un large éventail de fréquences, allant de 9 kHz à 18 GHz, et spécifie les caractéristiques et performances des équipements relatifs à la mesure des perturbations radiées. Cette norme inclut également des spécifications cruciales concernant les antennes et les sites d'essai, garantissant ainsi que les mesures effectuées soient précises et répétables. Parmi les points forts de cette norme, on notera son approche systématique qui permet d'évaluer de manière fiable les niveaux de perturbations radiées dans toute la gamme de fréquences mentionnée. Cela est particulièrement pertinent pour les comités de produits de l'IEC, qui bénéficieront grandement des lignes directrices fournies pour déterminer l'applicabilité des tests d'EMC. La possibilité de coopération entre CISPR et ses sous-comités avec ces comités de produits renforce la pertinence de cette norme pour les défis actuels liés à la compatibilité électromagnétique. De plus, la norme met en avant des méthodes de mesure clairement définies, comme celles reprises dans CISPR 16-2-3, gracieusement complétées par des informations supplémentaires sur les perturbations radio dans CISPR TR 16-3. Les aspects liés aux incertitudes, aux statistiques et à la modélisation des limites, traités dans la série CISPR 16-4, apportent également une valeur ajoutée en offrant des repères pour évaluer la fiabilité des mesures. En résumé, la norme EN IEC 55016-1-4:2025 se positionne comme une référence incontournable dans le domaine des mesures de perturbations radiées, alliant précision technique et pertinence pour les futures applications dans l'évaluation de l'EMC. Les organisations désireuses de se conformer aux normes EMI bénéficieront d'une base solide pour leurs pratiques de mesure en suivant cette spécification.
EN IEC 55016-1-4:2025は、無線妨害および免疫測定装置と方法に関する重要な規格であり、その適用範囲は非常に広範です。特に、周波数範囲9 kHzから18 GHzにおける放射妨害の測定装置の特性と性能に焦点を当てており、アンテナおよび試験場の仕様が含まれています。この標準は、無線妨害測定のための重要な基盤を提供し、機器の設計、検証、および認証において必須のリファレンスとなります。 この規格の強みは、測定の一貫性を保証する詳細な要件を提示している点です。CISPR 16に基づいて構築されており、無線妨害の測定装置が必要とする確かな性能基準を確立しています。こうした基準は、無線機器が規制される環境での性能を強化するために不可欠であり、製品委員会がEMC標準の適用可能性を評価する際の信頼できる指針となります。 さらに、CISPR 16-2-3において測定方法が詳述されており、測定結果の解釈や無線妨害に関するさらなる情報はCISPR TR 16-3に提供されています。測定に関する不確かさ、統計、および制限モデリングに関してはCISPR 16-4シリーズでカバーされています。このように、EN IEC 55016-1-4は複数の関連規格と連携し、広範な基準を設定している点でも非常に重要です。 したがって、EN IEC 55016-1-4:2025は、無線妨害の測定における基準を確立し、その測定装置および測定環境に対する具体的な要求事項を明示することで、業界全体に対し高い信頼性を提供しています。妨害の測定に関する正確性を向上させるために、この標準の適切な適用が求められています。
SIST EN IEC 55016-1-4:2026 표준은 전파 방해 및 내성 측정 장비와 방법에 대한 사양을 정의하고 있으며, 특히 9 kHz에서 18 GHz 범위의 방사 방해 측정을 위한 장비의 특성과 성능을 상세히 규명합니다. 이 표준은 CISPR 16의 일환으로, 방사 방해 측정에 필요한 안테나와 테스트 사이트의 사양을 포함하고 있어, 측정 장비의 신뢰성을 높이는 데 기여합니다. 이 문서의 강점 중 하나는 다양한 주파수 범위에서 방사 방해를 평가할 수 있는 요구 사항을 명확히 정립하고 있다는 점입니다. 이는 제품 개발자와 제조업체가 EMC(전자기 호환성) 검사의 적합성을 판단하는 데 있어 중요한 지침이 됩니다. 또한, 표준은 IEC 가이드 107에 따라 제품 위원회와의 긴밀한 협력을 바탕으로 하여, 특정 제품에 대한 EMC 테스트의 가치를 평가할 수 있도록 지원합니다. SIST EN IEC 55016-1-4:2026은 방사 방해 측정에 대한 포괄적인 접근 방식을 제공하며, CISPR 16-2-3에서 다룬 측정 방법과 CISPR TR 16-3에서 제공하는 방사 방해에 대한 추가 정보, CISPR 16-4 시리즈에서 규명된 불확실성 및 통계, 한계 모델링에 대한 내용과 함께 하여, 사용자가 필요한 자료와 정보를 가용하게 합니다. 이를 통해 측정 장비는 물론, 전자기 반응을 고려한 제품 설계 및 평가의 정확성을 더욱 높일 수 있습니다. 결론적으로, SIST EN IEC 55016-1-4:2026은 전파 방해 및 내성 측정 분야에서 필수적인 기준을 제시하고 있으며, 각종 전자 제품의 호환성을 보장하는 데 있어 중요한 역할을 하게 될 것입니다.
The standard EN IEC 55016-1-4:2025 is a vital specification for measuring radio disturbances and immunity, specifically focusing on antennas and test sites used in radiated disturbance measurements. Its defined scope encompasses the measurement of radiated disturbances within the frequency range of 9 kHz to 18 GHz, making it a crucial reference point for manufacturers and testing laboratories seeking compliance in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). One of the significant strengths of this standard lies in its comprehensive specifications for antennas and test sites, which are critical for ensuring accurate and reliable measurements of radiated disturbances. By detailing performance characteristics, the standard facilitates consistency in testing methodologies across the industry. This is particularly relevant as product committees are tasked with determining the applicability of EMC standards to various products, thereby ensuring that the measurements adhere to a universally accepted framework. The standard also emphasizes cooperation between CISPR and product committees in evaluating the relevance of particular EMC tests for different products. This collaborative approach enriches the standard's utility, allowing for adaptability and real-world application, which is crucial in a rapidly evolving technological environment. Furthermore, with the detailed methods of measurement addressed in CISPR 16-2-3, additional resources regarding radio disturbances in CISPR TR 16-3, and the handling of uncertainties and limit modeling in the CISPR 16-4 series, the standard provides an extensive foundational guide for professionals engaged in EMC testing. Overall, EN IEC 55016-1-4:2025 is a relevant and robust standard that not only supports the measurement of radiated disturbances across a wide frequency range but also enhances the integrity of EMC testing practices through its thorough methodological guidance. Its significance is underscored by its alignment with IEC Guide 107, ensuring that it remains a key publication for product committees involved in compliance testing.
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