CEN/TR 13387-3:2015

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2015
1DGRPHãþD
SIST-TP CEN/TR 13387:2005
Izdelki za otroke - Smernice o splošni varnosti - Nevarnosti zaradi mehanskih
lastnosti
Child use and care articles - General safety guidelines - Mechanical hazards
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 13387-3:2015
ICS:
97.190 Otroška oprema Equipment for children
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

TECHNICAL REPORT
CEN/TR 13387-3
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
July 2015
ICS 97.190 Supersedes CEN/TR 13387:2004
English Version
Child use and care articles - General safety guidelines -
Mechanical hazards
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 8 December 2014. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 252.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR 13387-3:2015 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword .5
1 Scope .6
2 Mechanical hazards - Safety philosophy .6
3 Terms and definitions .6
4 Accessibility of mechanical hazards .6
4.1 General .6
4.2 Accessibility areas .7
4.3 Product information.8
5 Entrapment hazards .9
5.1 Introduction .9
5.2 Entrapment of head and neck . 10
5.2.1 Rationale . 10
5.2.2 Terms and definitions related to entrapment hazards . 11
5.3 Requirements . 12
5.4 Test equipment . 12
5.4.1 Probe philosophy. 12
5.4.2 Hip probe . 12
5.4.3 Small head probe . 13
5.4.4 Large head probe . 14
5.4.5 Template for partially bound and V shaped openings . 15
5.4.6 Selection and use of probes . 16
5.5 Test methodology . 17
5.5.1 Feet first openings . 17
5.5.2 Head first openings . 17
5.5.3 Partially bound, V and irregular shaped openings . 17
5.6 Entrapment of fingers . 19
5.6.1 Rationale . 19
5.6.2 Requirements . 20
5.6.3 Test equipment . 20
5.6.4 Test Methodology . 21
5.7 Rationale for entrapment of limbs, feet and hands . 21
6 Hazards from moving parts . 22
6.1 Rationale . 22
6.2 General . 22
6.3 Shearing hazards . 22
6.3.1 Requirements . 22
6.3.2 Test equipment . 23
6.3.3 Test method . 23
6.4 Requirements for crushing hazards . 23
7 Hazards with products designed to fold for storage and transportation. . 23
7.1 Rationale . 23
7.2 Terms and definitions related to hazards with products designed to fold . 23
7.3 Requirements . 24
7.3.1 General . 24
7.3.2 Unintentional release of locking mechanisms . 24
7.3.3 Test methodology . 24
8 Hazards related to attachment mechanisms and opening and closing systems . 24
8.1 Rationale. 24
8.2 Requirement . 25
8.3 Test methodology . 25
9 Entanglement hazards . 25
9.1 Snagging hazards . 25
9.1.1 Rationale. 25
9.1.2 Requirements . 25
9.1.3 Test Equipment . 25
9.1.4 Test Methodology for loop and mass . 27
9.2 Cords, ribbons and parts used as ties . 28
9.2.1 Rationale. 28
9.2.2 Requirements . 28
9.2.3 Test methodology . 29
9.3 Loops . 29
9.3.1 Rationale. 29
9.3.2 Requirements . 29
9.3.3 Test methodology . 29
10 Choking hazards . 30
10.1 Introduction . 30
10.2 Hazard due to small components . 30
10.2.1 Rationale. 30
10.2.2 Requirements . 30
10.2.3 Test equipment (also used in 11.2.3) . 31
10.2.4 Test methodology (also in 11.2.4) . 33
10.3 Accessibility of filling materials . 34
10.3.1 Rationale. 34
10.3.2 Requirement . 34
10.3.3 Test equipment . 34
10.3.4 Test methodology . 35
10.4 Airway obstruction . 36
10.4.1 Rationale. 36
10.4.2 Protective mechanisms of the airway . 38
10.4.3 Requirements . 38
10.4.4 Test equipment . 38
10.4.5 Test methodology . 39
11 Suffocation hazards . 39
11.1 Introduction . 39
11.2 Plastic decals and sheeting . 40
11.2.1 Rationale. 40
11.2.2 Requirements . 40
11.2.3 Determination of hazard . 40
11.2.4 Test equipment . 40
11.2.5 Test methodology . 41
11.3 Non air-permeable packaging . 41
11.3.1 Rationale. 41
11.3.2 Requirements - Packaging . 42
11.3.3 Test equipment . 42
11.3.4 Test methodology . 42
12 Ingestion hazards . 42
12.1 Rationale. 42
12.2 Ingestion of small components . 43
12.2.1 Requirements . 43
12.2.2 Test equipment (Also used in 11.2.3) . 43
12.2.3 Test methodology . 45
13 Hazardous edges and projections . 46
13.1 Introduction . 46
13.2 Edges . 46
13.2.1 Rationale . 46
13.2.2 Requirements - Edges on products and components . 46
13.2.3 Test methodology . 47
13.3 Rigid protruding parts . 47
13.3.1 Rationale . 47
13.3.2 Requirements . 47
13.3.3 Test methodology . 47
13.4 Points and wires . 47
13.4.1 Rationale . 47
13.4.2 Requirement . 47
14 Structural integrity . 47
14.1 Introduction . 47
14.2 Material suitability. 48
14.2.1 Rationale . 48
14.2.2 Requirements . 48
14.3 Strength and durability of the product . 49
14.3.1 Rationale . 49
14.3.2 Requirements . 49
14.3.3 Test methodology . 49
15 Protective function . 49
15.1 Introduction . 49
15.2 Barrier function . 49
15.2.1 Rationale . 49
15.2.2 Requirements . 50
15.2.3 Test equipment - Hip probe . 50
15.2.4 Test methodology . 51
15.3 Restraint systems . 51
15.3.1 Rationale . 51
15.3.2 Terms and definitions related to restraint systems . 52
15.3.3 Requirements . 52
15.3.4 Test equipment . 52
15.3.5 Test methodology . 53
15.4 Footholds . 54
15.4.1 Rationale . 54
15.4.2 Requirements . 54
15.4.3 Test equipment (Templates) . 55
15.4.4 Determination of a foothold . 55
15.4.5 Test methodology . 57
16 Hazard associated with stability . 59
16.1 Rationale . 59
16.2 General requirement . 59
Bibliography . 60

European foreword
This document (CEN/TR 13387-3:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 252 “Child use
and care articles”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes CEN/TR 13387:2004.
CEN/TR 13387 comprises the following five parts:
— Part 1: Safety philosophy and safety assessment
— Part 2: Chemical hazards
— Part 3: Mechanical hazards
— Part 4: Thermal hazards
— Part 5: Product information
CEN/TR 13387-3 should be used in conjunction with CEN/TR 13387-1.
This new edition of this Technical Report is a hazard based Technical Report. In comparison with the previous
version, the main changes related to the section on Mechanical hazards are:
— Ageing and wear: Reworded;
— Accessibility of mechanical hazards: Reworded;
— Entrapment Hazards: Addition of a new finger probe and a hip probe;
— Hazards from moving parts: Moving parts separated into two main areas;
— Entanglement hazards: Improvement of the diagram for the ball and chain test; clarification of the clause
for “Cords, ribbons and parts used as ties;
— Suffocation hazards: Clarification of the clause for “Non air-permeable packaging”;
— Hazardous edges and projections: Drawings deleted;
— Protective function: Addition of a hip probe;
— Footholds: Reworded.
1 Scope
This Technical Report provides guidance information on mechnical hazards that should be taken into
consideration when developing safety standards for child use and care articles. In addition, these guidelines
can assist those with a general professional interest in child safety.
2 Mechanical hazards - Safety philosophy
This clause addresses the most widely known mechanical hazards and is intended to provide guidance when
drafting standards for child use and care articles.
Anthropometric data and information on the abilities of children related to risks are given in Annex A of
CEN/TR 13387-1:2015. When using these data for setting requirements, adequate safety margins should be
considered. These data refer to static and not dynamic anthropometric data, therefore care should be taken if
using these data for anything other than static situations when drafting standards.
When drafting standards, conditions of use should be considered, bearing in mind the behaviour of children.
Also, it is to be considered whether the child is attended or unattended when using the product and also the
child’s access to hazardous features.
For each mechanical hazard a rationale is given, explaining the potential hazard to the child. Requirements,
test equipment and test methods are also given. Where appropriate, these can be used when drafting
standards.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions related to mechanical hazards apply.
3.1
mechanical hazards
physical factors which may give rise to injury due to the mechanical properties of products/product parts
3.2
reach envelopes
age related physical data on the reach limits of the limbs of children in different postures, see 4.2
3.3
ageing
change of properties of the material due to exposure to environmental factors such as temperature, humidity,
UV radiation, cleaning agents etc
3.4
mechanical wear
change of mechanical properties due to fatigue or repeated operation of devices, mechanisms and other parts
of the product
4 Accessibility of mechanical hazards
4.1 General
Within the mechanical section no reference is made to specific areas of access, known as access zones. It
would be wrong for this guidance document to specify exact areas of access as these should be determined in
relation to the hazards and risks of individual products and risks when drafting the standard. As a general
guidance to the types of contact associated with mechanical hazards, the following examples are given:
— the hazardous part is in reach of the child from the intended position of use in particular by head, mouth,
hands or feet and there is a high probability for frequent, intensive and/or prolonged contact.
Requirements need to address this primary contact;
— the hazardous part may be reached by the child or any other child beyond the intended position of use.
The product is considered to remain in its intended position(s). Access to hazardous parts is gained by
passing/moving around the product or when proceeding to the intended position. The risk of harm
deriving from frequent, intensive and/or pro-longed contact may be less probable;
— the hazardous part exists, but cannot be reached by any child.
Irrespective of the access category, the reasonably foreseeable conditions of use should always be
considered when designing children‘s products and/or writing product standards.
4.2 Accessibility areas
Information for determination of accessibility areas in connection with age group is given in Table 1 and Figure
1. These reach envelopes are based on a computer simulation, therefore the dimensions should be treated
with care. If in the future experiments with children are undertaken, these figures in the table may be
determined more accurately.
Table 1 — Reach envelopes for guidance in the specification of accessibility areas in standards -
anthropometric data related to Figure 1
Dimension (mm) › Overhead Overhead Span Overhead Arm Buttock- Lower
Reach Reach on Reach Reach Foot Leg

tiptoes
Sitting Length
Age group L1 L1' L2 L3 L4 R1 R2
0 to 6 months 760 - 660 550 250 300 150
6 to 12 months 880 960 770 610 290 380 190
12 to 36 months 1 160 1 260 1 020 770 420 550 275
36 to 48 months 1 270 1 370 1 070 810 460 630 315
All dimensions are based on P95 values. L1, L1', L2, L3, L4, have been assessed with the computer program
ADAPS (© 79-93 TU-Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering). R1 = buttock -
foot length (Annex A, Table 3). R2 = 0,5 x R1.
©79-93 TU-Delft University of Technology Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering
Figure 1 — Reach envelopes for determination of accessibility areas
4.3 Product information
In order to ensure mechanical safety, the information for the carer should include appropriate instructions and
warnings. For example:
— the need for restraint system and its adjustment;
— the opening and closing of products;
— the operation of safety locks for foldable parts;
— the method of attachment to fixed structures or to other products.
Instructions should also inform the carer of the need to inspect the product regularly and also to use only
replacement parts that are approved by the manufacturer/supplier.
CEN/TR 13387-5:2015 "Product information" gives detailed advice concerning the presentation of product
information.
5 Entrapment hazards
5.1 Introduction
To avoid entrapment of head, neck, fingers, feet, and hands, safety distances are recommended in relation to
the anthropometric data (see Annex A of CEN/TR 13387-1:2015) of the growing child. It is important to take
into account the intended age and/or development level of the child. As a priority, those parts of a product
which are accessible when a child is using the product as foreseeable should be considered. It may also be
appropriate for gaps and openings beyond these accessible areas to be addressed. Gaps and openings which
are inaccessible need not to be considered. However, V-shaped openings or V-shaped arrangements of
structural members should be avoided.
Important entrapment hazards are:
— entrapment of the neck in situations where the child is incapable of raising its body weight to relieve the
pressure (e.g.: crawling child on the outside of play pen, V shapes, etc.);
— entrapment of the neck in situations where the child slips through a gap feet first (e.g.: child slipping
between bars/slats);
— entrapment of fingers, which may cause loss of blood supply to the tips.
If it is possible to position a child use and care article next to other furniture or a wall and create an
entrapment hazard between them, an instruction should be included to warn carers of this possible
entrapment hazard.When considering entrapment hazards dynamic situations should be considered as well
as static hazards. The dynamic situation will increase the force being applied to a trapped torso or finger
through the weight, movement or momentum of the child which will increase the risk of injury.
To assist with this an entrapment matrix has been included, see Figure 2, which was based on work done in
ISO/IEC Guide 50. This entrapment matrix does not impart any hierarchy in the severity of the hazards shown
and the specific hazard clause should be referred to.

Completely
Partially
V
bound openings
Body part bound
shapes
openings
Rigid Non-rigid
Head neck,
head first
Finger
Head neck,
feet first
Figure 2 — Entrapment matrix
5.2 Entrapment of head and neck
5.2.1 Rationale
Head and neck hazards occur when the child is in a position where its body weight is supported by its neck
and the child is incapable of lifting its body weight to relieve pressure on its neck. When this occurs it will
cause airways to close and restrict the blood flow leading to brain damage.
The risk of head and neck entrapment increases as the child’s mobility and ability increases, enabling the
child to access a wider range of hazards and products. The hazard is directly related to the size of the child’s
head and hip.
The hazard can be avoided by limiting the size and shape of completely bound, partially bound and ‘V’ shaped
openings (see definitions in 5.2.2).
5.2.2 Terms and definitions related to entrapment hazards
5.2.2.1
completely bound opening
an opening that is continuously surrounded on all sides by the material of the product, see Figure 3

Figure 3 — Examples of completely bound openings
5.2.2.2
partially bound opening
an opening that is partially surrounded by the material of the product, see Figure 4

Figure 4 — Examples of partially bound openings
5.2.2.3
V shaped opening
an opening where there is a slot that narrows towards the bottom, see Figure 5

Figure 5 — Examples of V shaped openings
5.2.2.4
irregular shaped opening
an opening that does not have a symmetrical shape, see Figure 6.

Figure 6 — Example of an irregular shaped opening
5.3 Requirements
When tested in accordance with 5.5.1 or 5.5.2, if openings allow passage of the small probe, the large probe
should pass through. The opening that allows the large probe to pass completely through should comply with
the requirement for partially bound, V and irregular shaped openings when tested in accordance with 5.5.3.
Partially bound, V and irregular shaped openings should be constructed so that:
a) portion B of the template does not enter the opening when tested in accordance with 5.5.3, see Figure 11
and Figure 12; or
b) the apex of portion A of the template contacts the base of the opening when tested in accordance
with 5.5.3, see Figure 13.
5.4 Test equipment
5.4.1 Probe philosophy
To cover all aspects of head and neck entrapment four types of probes are required, the hip probe, the small
head probe, the large head probe and the template for partially bound and V-shaped openings. The size of
individual probes is determined to meet the age range of the child, see the figures and tables for the various
probes.
5.4.2 Hip probe
The hip probe, Figure 7, represents the hip of the smallest child in each age range. The probe size
corresponds to the size of the child as follows:
— dimension ‘A’ represents the hip breadth;
— dimension ‘B’ represents hip depth;
— dimension ‘C’ represents the radius C after calculation based on hip circumference.
The dimensions of the hip probe are based on the anthropometric data, see Table 2.
Table 2 — Hip probe corresponding to smallest child
Age A B C
Months
0 to 2 101 42 10
3 to 5 105 65 23
6 to 8 124 67 23
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 handle
2 Hip probe
Figure 7 — Hip probe
5.4.3 Small head probe
The small head probe, Figure 8, represents the head of the smallest child in each age range. The probe size
corresponds to the child size as follows:
— dimension ‘a’ represents head breadth;
— dimension ‘b’ represents head length;
— dimension ‘c’ represents head height;
The dimensions of the small head probe are based on anthropometric data, see Table 3.
Table 3 — Head probe corresponding to smallest child
Age
a b c Re Rd
Months
0 to 3 96 124 112 48 40
3 to 6 101 137 119 50,5 40
6 to 9 106 145 126 53 40
9 to 12 111 150 138 55,5 40
12 to 18 115 155 144 57,5 40
18 to 24 118 158 149 59 40
24 to 36 120 159 154 60 40
36 to 48 123 161 156 61,5 40
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 Handle
Re/Rd Radii
Figure 8 — Small head probe
5.4.4 Large head probe
The large head probe, Figure 9, represents the head of the largest child in the age range. The probe size
corresponds to the child size as follows:
— dimension ‘a’ represents chin to crown length.
The dimensions of the large head probe are based on the anthropometric data, see Table 4:
Table 4 — Head probe corresponding to largest child
Age months Diameter a
0 to 3 175
3 to 6 191
6 to 9 196
9 to12 205
12 to 18 210
18 to 24 215
24 to 36 223
36 to 48 229
Dimensions in millimetres
Figure 9 — Large head probe
Key
1 handle
5.4.5 Template for partially bound and V shaped openings
The template shown in Figure 10 represents head and neck dimensions:
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 B Portion
2 A Portion
Figure 10 — Template for partially bound and V shaped openings
5.4.6 Selection and use of probes
5.4.6.1 Probe size
The correct size of probe should be selected from the ranges shown in Table 2 to Table 4, to suit the age
range of the child most at risk when considering the hazard.
By checking the opening with the large head probe, Figure 9 it is possible to ascertain whether the opening is
small enough to be a hazard to a child. If the opening is found to be hazardous the opening should be tested
to determine if it is large enough for the child to enter either feet first or head first by using one of the
appropriate small probes, Figure 7 or Figure 8, as indicated below.
5.4.6.2 Feet first openings
The hip probe, Figure 7 should be used to check if the opening is small enough to prevent passage of a child’s
hip. If it does not pass through the opening the risk of entrapment is reduced.
5.4.6.3 Head first openings
The small head probe, Figure 8, should be used to check if the opening is small enough to prevent passage of
a child’s head. If the small head probe does not pass through the opening the risk of head first entrapment is
reduced.
If the small head probe passes completely through the opening, the large head probe should be used to check
if the opening is large enough to allow the head of the largest child to pass through the opening. If the large
head probe passes completely through the opening, the risk of entrapment is reduced.
5.4.6.4 Irregular shaped openings
The irregular shaped opening should be assessed in accordance with 5.4.6.3. If the large head probe passes
completely through the opening, the template for V and irregular shaped openings, Figure 10 should be used
to check for the risk of neck entrapment.
5.4.6.5 Partially bound openings
For all partially bound openings the template for V and irregular shaped openings, Figure 10 should be used
to check for the risk of neck entrapment.
5.5 Test methodology
5.5.1 Feet first openings
Push the hip probe, Figure 7, with the highest force possible up to 30 N into the opening. If the hip probe
passes completely through the opening, then the large head probe, Figure 9, should pass completely through
the opening with a force of up to 5 N. The probes shall be inserted along the longitudinal axis of the probe. If
openings contain V or irregular shaped openings, these should be assessed in accordance with 5.5.3.
5.5.2 Head first openings
Push the small head probe, Figure 8, with the highest force possible up to 30 N into the opening. If the small
head probe passes completely through the opening, then the large head probe, Figure 9, should pass
completely through the opening with a force of up to 5 N. The probes shall be inserted along the longitudinal
axis of the probe. If openings contain V or irregular shaped openings, these should be assessed in
accordance with 5.5.3.
5.5.3 Partially bound, V and irregular shaped openings
Position the ‘B’ portion of the test template, Figure 10, between and perpendicular to the boundaries of the
opening, as shown in Figure 11 or Figure 12 as appropriate. If the full thickness of the template cannot be
inserted there is no hazard, but if it can continue with the test, see Figure 11 and Figure 12.
If the test template can be inserted to a depth greater than the thickness of the template (45 mm), apply the ‘A’
portion of the test template, so that its centre line is in line with the centre line of the opening. Ensure that the
plane of the test template is parallel and applied in line with the opening, as shown in Figure 13. Insert the test
template along the centre line of the opening until its motion is arrested by contact with the boundaries of the
opening. If the template touches the bottom of the opening there is no hazard, but if the sides of the template
touch the side of the opening there is a hazard, see Figure 13.
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 Is not a hazard
2 Is not a hazard
3 Is a hazard
4 Is a hazard
Figure 11 — Method of insertion of portion B

Key
1 Is not a hazard
2 Is a hazard
Figure 12 — Method of insertion of portion B
Key
1 Is not a hazard
2 Is a hazard
Figure 13 — Method of insertion of portion A
5.6 Entrapment of fingers
5.6.1 Rationale
This clause deals with the entrapment of fingers in static openings and gaps. Hazards to fingers associated
with moving parts, which result in crushing and shearing are covered in Clause 6.
This hazard occurs when a child’s finger becomes stuck in openings and gaps and the flow of blood to the
finger is reduced. Additionally the weight or movement of the child may cause dislocation or displacement of a
finger joint.
These hazards increase as the child’s desire to explore its environment increases. Even when a child is
mobile, it
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