EN ISO 15536-1:2005

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-julij-2005
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Ergonomics - Computer manikins and body templates - Part 1: General requirements
(ISO 15536-1:2005)
Ergonomie - Computer-Manikins und Körperumrissschablonen - Teil 1: Allgemeine
Anforderungen (ISO 15536-1:2005)
Ergonomie - Mannequins informatisés et gabarits humains - Partie 1: Exigences
générales (ISO 15536-1:2005)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 15536-1:2005
ICS:
13.180 Ergonomija Ergonomics
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 15536-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
May 2005
ICS 13.180
English version
Ergonomics - Computer manikins and body templates - Part 1:
General requirements (ISO 15536-1:2005)
Ergonomie - Mannequins informatisés et gabarits humains Ergonomie - Computer-Manikins und
- Partie 1: Exigences générales (ISO 15536-1:2005) Körperumrissschablonen - Teil 1: Allgemeine
Anforderungen (ISO 15536-1:2005)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 29 April 2005.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
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© 2005 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 15536-1:2005: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Foreword
This document (EN ISO 15536-1:2005) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 122
“Ergonomics”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN, in collaboration with Technical Committee ISO/TC 159
“Ergonomics”.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2005, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by November 2005.

This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).

For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document.

According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
and United Kingdom.
Annex ZA
(Informative)
Clauses of this European Standard addressing essential requirements
or other provisions of EU Directives

This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission
and the European Free Trade Association to provide a means of conforming to Essential Requirements of
the New Approach Directive 98/37/EEC, amended by Directive 98/79/EC.

Once this standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Communities under that Directive and has
been implemented as a national standard in at least one Member State, compliance with the Clauses 4, 5
and 6 of this standard confers, within the limits of the scope of this standard, a presumption of conformity
with the relevant Essential Requirements of that Directive and associated EFTA regulations.

WARNING: Other requirements and other EU Directives may be applicable to the products falling within the
scope of this standard.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 15536-1
First edition
2005-05-01
Ergonomics — Computer manikins
and body templates —
Part 1:
General requirements
Ergonomie — Mannequins informatisés et gabarits humains —
Partie 1: Exigences générales
Reference number
ISO 15536-1:2005(E)
©
ISO 2005
ISO 15536-1:2005(E)
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ii © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved

ISO 15536-1:2005(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references. 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 Accuracy. 2
5 Usability. 3
6 Documentation. 4
Annex A (informative) Factors affecting the anthropometric accuracy of manikins and of the
analyses and determinations performed using them . 7
Bibliography . 12

ISO 15536-1:2005(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 15536-1 was prepared by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee
CEN/TC 122, Ergonomics, in collaboration with Technical Committee ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics,
Subcommittee SC 3, Anthropometry and biomechanics, in accordance with the Agreement on technical
cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
ISO 15536 consists of the following parts, under the general title Ergonomics — Computer manikins and body
templates:
— Part 1: General requirements
The following parts are under preparation:
— Part 2: Structures and dimensions
iv © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved

ISO 15536-1:2005(E)
Introduction
The structure of safety standards in the field of machinery is as follows.
a) Type-A standards (basis standards) give basic concepts, principle for design, and general aspects that
can be applied to machinery.
b) Type-B standards (generic safety standards) dealing with one or more safety aspect(s) or one or more
type(s) of safeguards that can be used across a wide range of machinery:
 type-B1 standards on particular safety aspects (e.g. safety distances, surface temperature, noise);
 type-B2 standards on safeguards (e.g. two-hand controls, interlocking devices, pressure-sensitive
devices, guards).
c) Type-C standards (machinery safety standards) dealing with detailed safety requirements for a particular
machine or group of machines.
This part of ISO 15536 is a type-B standard as stated in ISO 12100-1.
When provisions of a type-C standard are different from those which are stated in type-A or type-B standards,
the provisions of the type-C standard take precedence over the provisions of the other standards for machines
that have been designed and built according to the provisions of the type-C standard.
This part of ISO 15536 concerns requirements which are, to a great extent, independent both of the state of
the art in the currently rapidly developing field of computer manikins and body templates, and of the
availability of up-to-date, detailed and representative anthropometric data.
The physical characteristics of the human body are one of the starting points in the design of spaces, furniture,
machines and other equipment. Computer technology is advancing rapidly and allows the construction of
computer manikins to model the human body and to simulate human activities. Anthropometrically accurate
manikins or body templates can be used, for example, to visualize the geometric relationship between the
human body and the physical environment. Various functions of evaluation can also be integrated into the
manikin and manikin system, for example, indication of reach zones, visualization of viewing fields,
biomechanical calculation of required strength, and simulation of movements.
Computer manikins are intended to reduce the need for real test persons and the evaluation of physical
models and prototypes. However, real persons provide not only their true physical dimensions but also their
differing functional and perceptual capabilities as well as their assessment of the ease of performance,
comfort and other properties of the design (see ISO 15537).
The computer manikin permits quick, easy and early identification of possible dimensional shortcomings.
Critical dimensions restricting operations, such as fitting into a confined space or reaching objects can be
quickly assessed in relation to extreme body measurements. The dimensioning would otherwise require tests
with a large number of test persons.
In the use of manikins, several ergonomic aspects (e.g. anthropometric, postural, visual, strength-related,
dynamic) are addressed in one and the same test situation. As a universal design tool, the manikin is
particularly useful for entirely novel designs, when no recommendations on the dimensions exist and no
reference situations for full-scale evaluation are available. In the design process, the use of computer
modelling with a manikin facilitates information exchange and collaboration between different specialists and
users.
ISO 15536-1:2005(E)
When used appropriately, computer manikins accelerate the entire design process and reduce the costs of
designing. The ergonomic design process is presented as a whole in EN 614-1.
The use of computer manikins does not ensure appropriate design solutions automatically, and they can even
be misused. The designer may use them inappropriately, for example, by permitting awkward postures, or by
providing too little space for movements. It is possible that he or she is not aware of the inherent limitations of
computer manikins, either in anthropometric, postural or biomechanical respects. As the complexity of the
manikin systems increases, the links to the data on these human characteristics can also become difficult or
impossible to trace.
The manikins and manikin systems available so far vary with respect to the functions and features they afford,
as well as to their accuracy and usability. At the present developmental stage, the most sophisticated manikin
systems may require powerful hardware and specially trained users, and they may be unavailable to many
designers. The most simple ones may be easy to use but are of restricted value for designing. The systems
may also differently emphasise such components as anthropometric accuracy, biomechanical capabilities,
graphical visualisation, geometric design, simulation and animation. The choice of manikin and the associated
design system is, to a great extent, a trade-off between these different features.
Broad experience of the field and a high level of care are necessary when choosing and using the manikin
system, and for controlling the effects of other external parameters, however sophisticated the manikin system
may be.
vi © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 15536-1:2005(E)

Ergonomics — Computer manikins and body templates —
Part 1:
General requirements
IMPORTANT — The application of this part of ISO 15536 should be verified by practical tests with real
persons.
1 Scope
This part of ISO 15536 establishes the general requirements for the design and development of computer
manikins, body templates and manikin systems. It addresses their anthropometric and biomechanical
properties, taking into account their usability and restrictions for structural complexity and functional versatility,
and is also intended as a guide for the selection of manikins and manikin systems and for the evaluation of
their accuracy and usability for the specified use. It specifies the documentation of the characteristics of
manikins and manikin systems and their intended use, for the guidance of their users. It provides means for
ensuring that computer manikins and body templates for the design of work space are appropriately accurate
and reliable in their anthropometric and biomechanical aspects. It aims to ensure that users of manikins are
able to choose an appropriate manikin system for particular design tasks and use it in an appropriate way. It
sets requirements only on the static accuracy of the manikin, but provides recommendations on the other
factors that can influence the accuracy of the analyses and determinations performed using them.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 7250, Basic human body measurements for technological design
ISO 9241-11, Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs) — Part 11:
Guidance on usability
ISO 12100-1, Safety of machinery — Basic concepts, general principles for design — Part 1: Basic
terminology, methodology
EN 614-1, Safety of machinery — Ergonomic design principles — Part 1: Terminology and general principles
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 12100-1 and the following apply.
3.1
computer manikin
two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) graphical computer representation of the human body based
on anthropometric measurements, link and joint structure, and movement characteristics
ISO 15536-1:2005(E)
3.2
computer manikin system
computer modelling system consisting of a computer manikin, tools for controlling and manipulating the
manikin (e.g. posture, anthropometric measurements), functions for mimicking human characteristics and
behaviour (e.g. biomechanical, strength, movements), and means to position the manikin in relation to the
computer model of the physical environment
3.3
body template
physical two-dimensional, usually articulated, contour model of the human body based on anthropometric
measurements
4 Accuracy
4.1 General
Several factors affect the accuracy of the analysis and determinations performed with the help of a manikin.
Some depend on the anthropometric, structural, functional and biomechanical accuracy of the manikin itself;
some on the knowledge and experience of the user of the manikin, for example, how appropriately the fine
adjustments of the posture are done, or how deep the manikin is set in a cushioned seat surface. The required
accuracy depends on the work tasks and the criticality of the dimensions (e.g. access, reach).
This part of ISO 15536 sets requirements only on the static accuracy of the manikin (see 4.2 to 4.3), but
provides recommendations on the other factors which can influence the accuracy of the analyses and
determinations performed with their help. These factors are described and discussed in Annex A.
4.2 Static accuracy of manikins
The structure and shape of the manikin shall conform with the shape and anthropometric measurements of
the human body (see 6.4). Particular attention should be given to the design of a manikin so that the
measurements of a manikin match the measurement of a human being in corresponding postures (e.g.
standing and sitting).
The conformity of a computer manikin with the available population data on anthropometric measurements
shall be checked by measuring the manikin in accordance with ISO 7250. By measuring horizontal or vertical
distances between selected points, the measurements of the manikin can be compared with population data
(or those presented for the European population in ISO 15534-3), and the accuracy in standard positions can
be determined (see 6.5).
4.3 Specific issues of anthropometric accuracy
4.3.1 Effect of slump
The standardised postures in which the anthropometric measurements are taken are erect, whereas in natural
postures the body is slightly slumped. The variation of the relevant measurements in standing and sitting
postures should be considered by allowing the relevant fine adjustment in the posture of the trunk, or by a
relevant slump factor (in upright postures this varies normally from 10 mm to 60 mm).
4.3.2 Soft tissue deformation
The body consists of both hard tissues such as bones which are rigid, and soft ones such as muscles and fat
which deform when the posture is changed, or when subjected to pressure. The manikin should have
provisions for taking account of deformable tissue, for example, in the area of the buttocks so that the height
of the trunk remains correct when changing from standing to sitting.
2 © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved

ISO 15536-1:2005(E)
4.3.3 Joint movement
Joint mobility affects anthropometric accuracy. For example, the shoulder and the centre of rotation of the
shoulder joint are mobile, which greatly affects forward and upward reach. The user of the manikin should be
made aware of the type of reach of the manikin (e.g. convenient/maximal reach). Consideration of the
shoulder movement should be realized by the appropriate function of the manikin, or by providing the user of
the possibility to adjust the location of the joint rotation centre within the range of its movement. For more
information on joint movement, see A.3.3.
5 Usability
5.1 General
Computer manikin software systems shall be easy to use in order to be accepted and implemented into the
design process according to EN 614-1. The usability of the manikin systems also affects the accuracy of the
analysis performed with their help. Usability features of manikin systems are described in 5.2 to 5.8. General
requirements on the usability of software applications shall be according to ISO 9241-11.
5.2 Clarity
The structure and interface of the manikin system shall be clearly understandable to allow quick learning and
ease of use.
5.3 Consistency
The interface of the software, for example, dialogues and menus, should be as far as possible consistent with
other computer programs that are used by the designer, such as the design software (CAD), animation
software, and ergonomic/human factors application programs for evaluation.
5.4 Effectiveness
The software routines of computer systems should be short and simple. These include access routines
needed to move from one software application to another, or to transfer the manikin or the environment from
one application to another. Also, the number of steps in the user procedures should be limited and the
difficulty of choice in each step should be kept as low as possible.
5.5 Versatility
It has to be possible to manipulate the manikin (size, posture) and modify the environment within the same
software application. It is necessary that the manikin system also allows the user to specify and illustrate the
viewing fields, reach and angular limits, e.g.
...