EN ISO 10414-2:2011

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-november-2011
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Petroleum and natural gas industries - Field testing of drilling fluids - Part 2: Oil-based
fluids (ISO 10414-2:2011)
Erdöl- und Erdgasindustrie - Feldprüfung von Bohrflüssigkeiten - Teil 2: Flüssigkeiten auf
Ölbasis (ISO 10414-2:2011)
Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel - Essais in situ des fluides de forage - Partie 2:
Fluides à base d'huiles (ISO 10414-2:2011)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 10414-2:2011
ICS:
75.180.10 Oprema za raziskovanje in Exploratory and extraction
odkopavanje equipment
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 10414-2
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
June 2011
ICS 75.180.10
English Version
Petroleum and natural gas industries - Field testing of drilling
fluids - Part 2: Oil-based fluids (ISO 10414-2:2011)
Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel - Essais in situ des Erdöl- und Erdgasindustrie - Feldprüfung von
fluides de forage - Partie 2: Fluides à base d'huiles (ISO Bohrflüssigkeiten - Teil 2: Flüssigkeiten auf Ölbasis (ISO
10414-2:2011) 10414-2:2011)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 28 April 2011.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 10414-2:2011: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
Foreword .3

Foreword
This document (EN ISO 10414-2:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67 “Materials,
equipment and offshore structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries” in collaboration
with Technical Committee CEN/TC 12 “Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum,
petrochemical and natural gas industries” the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2011, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn
at the latest by December 2011.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 10414-2:2011 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 10414-2:2011 without any
modification.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10414-2
Second edition
2011-06-15
Petroleum and natural gas industries —
Field testing of drilling fluids —
Part 2:
Oil-based fluids
Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel — Essais in situ des fluides de
forage —
Partie 2: Fluides à base d'huiles

Reference number
ISO 10414-2:2011(E)
©
ISO 2011
ISO 10414-2:2011(E)
©  ISO 2011
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved

ISO 10414-2:2011(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction.vi
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.2
3 Terms and definitions .2
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms .3
4.1 Symbols.3
4.2 Abbreviated terms .9
5 Determination of drilling fluid density (mud weight) .10
5.1 Principle.10
5.2 Apparatus.10
5.3 Procedure.10
5.4 Calculation .10
6 Alternative method for determination of drilling fluid density .12
6.1 Principle.12
6.2 Apparatus.12
6.3 Procedure.13
6.4 Calculation .14
7 Viscosity and gel strength.14
7.1 Principle.14
7.2 Determination of viscosity using the Marsh funnel.14
7.3 Determination of viscosity and gel strength using a direct-reading viscometer .15
8 Static filtration .18
8.1 Principle.18
8.2 High-temperature/high-pressure test up to 175 °C (350 °F).18
8.3 High-temperature/high-pressure test 175 °C (350 °F) up to and including 230 °C (450 °F) .21
9 Retort test for oil, water and solids concentrations .23
9.1 Principle.23
9.2 Apparatus.24
9.3 Procedure — Volumetric method .25
9.4 Calculation — Volumetric method.26
9.5 Procedure — Gravimetric method .27
9.6 Calculation — Gravimetric method .29
9.7 Calculation — Volume fractions of oil, water and solids .30
10 Chemical analysis of oil-based drilling fluids .32
10.1 Principle.32
10.2 Reagents and apparatus.33
10.3 Base alkalinity demand, V .34
B
10.4 Whole-drilling-fluid alkalinity, V .35
K
10.5 Whole-drilling-fluid chloride concentration.37
10.6 Whole-drilling-fluid calcium concentration .38
11 Electrical stability test.39
11.1 Principle.39
11.2 Apparatus.39
11.3 Equipment calibration/performance test .40
11.4 Procedure.40
ISO 10414-2:2011(E)
12 Lime, salinity and solids calculations .41
12.1 Principle.41
12.2 Apparatus .42
12.3 Whole-drilling-fluid calculations .42
12.4 Aqueous phase calculations .44
12.5 Soluble and insoluble whole-drilling-fluid sodium chloride calculations .48
12.6 Calculation — Solids in the whole drilling fluid .49
Annex A (informative) Measurement of shear strength using shearometer tube .54
Annex B (informative) Determination of oil and water retained on cuttings.56
Annex C (informative) Determination of aqueous-phase activity of emulsified water using an
electrohygrometer .61
Annex D (informative) Determination of aniline point .64
Annex E (informative) Lime, salinity and solids calculations.67
Annex F (informative) Sampling, inspection and rejection of drilling materials .88
Annex G (informative) Rig-site sampling.90
Annex H (informative) Determination of cutting activity by the Chenevert method .93
Annex I (informative) Chemical analysis of active sulfides by the Garrett gas train method .97
Annex J (informative) Calibration and verification of glassware, thermometers, viscometers,
retort kit cup and drilling fluid balances .102
Annex K (informative) High-temperature/high-pressure filtration testing of oil-based drilling fluids
using the permeability plugging apparatus and cells equipped with set-screw secured
end caps .107
Annex L (informative) High-temperature/high-pressure filtration testing of oil-based drilling fluids
using the permeability plugging apparatus and cells equipped with threaded end caps .117
Annex M (informative) Compatibility of elastomeric materials with non-aqueous-based drilling
fluids .127
Annex N (informative) Sand content procedure for non-aqueous fluids .131
Annex O (informative) Identification and monitoring of weight-material sag.132
Annex P (informative) Oil-based drilling fluid report form.155
Bibliography .156

iv © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved

ISO 10414-2:2011(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 10414-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67, Materials, equipment and offshore structures
for the petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries, Subcommittee SC 3, Drilling and completion
fluids, and well cements.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 10414-2:2002), which has been technically
revised.
ISO 10414 consists of the following parts, under the general title Petroleum and natural gas industries — Field
testing of drilling fluids:
⎯ Part 1: Water-based fluids
⎯ Part 2: Oil-based fluids
ISO 10414-2:2011(E)
Introduction
This part of ISO 10414 is based on API RP 13B-2:2005, Recommended practice for field testing of oil-based
drilling fluids.
As with any laboratory procedure requiring the use of potentially hazardous chemicals and equipment, the
user is expected to have received proper training and knowledge in the use and disposal of these potentially
hazardous materials. The user is responsible for compliance with all applicable local, regional and national
requirements for worker and local health, safety and environmental liability.
In this part of ISO 10414, quantities expressed in the International System (SI) of units are also, where
practical, expressed in United States Customary (USC) units in parentheses for information. The units do not
necessarily represent a direct conversion of SI units to USC units, or USC units to SI units. Consideration has
been given to the precision of the instrument making the measurement. For example, thermometers are
typically marked in one degree increments, thus temperature values have been rounded to the nearest degree.
Calibrating an instrument refers to ensuring the accuracy of the measurement. Accuracy is the degree of
conformity of a measurement of a quantity to its actual or true value. Accuracy is related to precision, or
reproducibility, of a measurement. Precision is the degree to which further measurements or calculations will
show the same or similar results. Precision is characterized in terms of the standard deviation of the
measurement. The results of calculations or a measurement can be accurate but not precise, precise but not
accurate, neither accurate nor precise, or both accurate and precise. A result is valid if it is both accurate and
precise.
vi © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10414-2:2011(E)

Petroleum and natural gas industries — Field testing of drilling
fluids —
Part 2:
Oil-based fluids
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10414 provides standard procedures for determining the following characteristics of oil-based
drilling fluids:
a) drilling fluid density (mud weight);
b) viscosity and gel strength;
c) filtration;
d) oil, water and solids concentrations;
e) alkalinity, chloride concentration and calcium concentration;
f) electrical stability;
g) lime and calcium concentrations, calcium chloride and sodium chloride concentrations;
h) low-gravity solids and weighting material concentrations.
The annexes provide additional test methods or examples that can optionally be used for the determination of:
⎯ shear strength (Annex A);
⎯ oil and water concentrations from cuttings (Annex B);
⎯ drilling fluid activity (Annex C);
⎯ aniline point (Annex D);
⎯ lime, salinity and solids concentration (Annex E);
⎯ sampling, inspection and rejection (Annex F);
⎯ rig-site sampling (Annex G);
⎯ cuttings activity (Annex H);
⎯ active sulphides (Annex I);
⎯ calibration and verification of glassware, thermometers, viscometers, retort kit cups and drilling fluid
balances (Annex J);
ISO 10414-2:2011(E)
⎯ permeability plugging apparatus with set-screw secured end cap (Annex K);
⎯ permeability plugging apparatus with threaded end cap (Annex L);
⎯ elastomer compatibility (Annex M);
⎯ sand content of oil-based fluid (Annex N);
⎯ identification and monitoring of weight-material sag (Annex O);
⎯ oil-based drilling fluid test report form (Annex P).
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
1)
ISO 10414-1:2008 , Petroleum and natural gas industries — Field testing of drilling fluids — Part 1: Water-
based fluids
2)
ISO 13501 , Petroleum and natural gas industries — Drilling fluids — Processing equipment evaluation
API RP 13D:2010, Recommended practice on the rheology and hydraulics of oil-well drilling fluids
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
ACS reagent grade
grade of chemical meeting the purity standards specified by the American Chemical Society (ACS) and listed
in the Chemical Abstracting Service (CAS)
3.2
density of water
density of 1 g/ml (8,334 lb/gal) for deionized or distilled water and 1 g/ml (8,345 lb/gal) for clean tap water
NOTE Deionized or distilled water is used for all equipment calibration. The volume of 1 kg of water is 1 l for the
purposes of this part of ISO 10414, and the volume of water is numerically equivalent to the volume of the water measured
in cubic centimetres or millilitres, i.e. 1 g = 1 ml.
3.3
spurt loss
volume of fluid that passes through the filtration medium before a filter cake is formed
3.4
pound
U.S. customary unit used to indicate pound-mass (weight), as opposed to pound-force (shear stress)

1) For the purposes of this part of ISO 10414, API RP 13B-1:2009, Recommended practice for field testing water-based
drilling fluids, is equivalent.
2) For the purposes of this part of ISO 10414, API RP 13C, Recommended practice on drilling fluids processing systems
evaluation, is equivalent.
2 © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved

ISO 10414-2:2011(E)
3.5
volumic mass
dimensionless ratio of the mass of a volume of an object substance to the mass of the same volume of a
reference substance, i.e. the ratio of their respective mass densities
NOTE 1 Generally speaking, the reference substance is pure water.
NOTE 2 Volumic mass is commonly known as specific gravity.
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
4.1 Symbols
a measure of the chemical potential or reaction availability of drilling fluid
DF
a measure of the chemical potential or reaction availability of water solutions of standard
W
salts
a measure of the chemical potential or reaction availability of drilled cuttings
C
b slope of the annular velocity and shear stress at the wall in laminar flow, as defined in
O.7.2.8
3)
B amount of weight-material sag, expressed in pounds-mass per gallon
VSST
C correction value to add to thermometer reading
c whole-drilling-fluid calcium concentration, expressed in milligrams per litre
+2
Ca ,DF
c aqueous-phase calcium concentration per volume of pure water, expressed in milligrams
+2
Ca ,H O
per litre
c aqueous-phase calcium chloride concentration, expressed in milligrams per litre
CaCl ,AQ
c whole-drilling-fluid calcium chloride concentration, expressed in milligrams per litre
CaCl ,DF,A
c whole-drilling-fluid calcium chloride concentration, expressed in pounds per barrel
CaCl ,DF,B
c whole-drilling-fluid calcium chloride concentration, expressed in kilograms per cubic metre
CaCl ,DF,C
c lime assay value, expressed as a weight fraction
Ca(OH) ,%
c whole-drilling-fluid total lime concentration, expressed in pounds per barrel
Ca(OH) ,DF,B
c whole-drilling-fluid total lime concentration, expressed in kilograms per cubic metre
Ca(OH) ,DF,C
c lime concentration of field lime, expressed in kilograms per cubic metre or pounds per
Ca(OH) ,F
barrel
3) Gallon as used throughout this part of ISO 10414 refers to the U.S. gallon of 3,785 4 litres.
ISO 10414-2:2011(E)
c whole-drilling-fluid chloride concentration, expressed in milligrams per litre
−
Cl ,DF
c whole-drilling-fluid chloride concentration as calcium chloride, expressed in milligrams per
−
Cl()CaCl ,DF
litre
c whole-drilling-fluid chloride concentration from sodium chloride, expressed in milligrams
−
Cl()NaCl ,DF
per litre
c aqueous-phase sodium chloride concentration, expressed in milligrams per litre
NaCl,AQ
c low-gravity solids concentration, expressed in pounds per barrel
LG,B
c low-gravity solids concentration, expressed in kilograms per cubic metre
LG,C
c whole-drilling-fluid sodium chloride concentration, expressed in milligrams per litre
NaCl,DF,A
c whole-drilling-fluid sodium chloride concentration, expressed in pounds per barrel

NaCl,DF,B
c whole-drilling-fluid sodium chloride concentration, expressed in kilograms per cubic metre
NaCl,DF,C
c whole-drilling fluid insoluble sodium chloride concentration, expressed in milligrams per
NaCl,DF,INSOL,A
litre
c whole-drilling-fluid insoluble sodium chloride concentration, expressed in pounds per barrel
NaCl,DF,INSOL,B
c whole-drilling-fluid soluble sodium chloride concentration, expressed in milligrams per litre

NaCl,DF,SOL,A
c whole-drilling-fluid soluble sodium chloride concentration, expressed in pounds per barrel
NaCl,DF,SOL,B
c whole-drilling-fluid soluble sodium chloride concentration, expressed in kilograms per cubic
NaCl,DF,SOL,C
metre
c concentration of active sulfides, expressed in milligrams per litre
S−2
c weighting material concentration, expressed in pounds per barrel
WM,B
c weighting material concentration, expressed in kilograms per cubic metre
WM,C
d distance from the outer wall, expressed in inches
D outer pipe diameter or inner diameter of open hole, expressed in inches
d inner pipe diameter, expressed in inches
D true vertical depth, expressed in feet
TVD
E pump efficiency, expressed as percentage
f tube factor, taken from Table I.2
G′ storage modulus, expressed in Newtons per square metre
G″ loss modulus, expressed in Newtons per square metre
k consistency factor, expressed in pounds-force per second
C
4 © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved

ISO 10414-2:2011(E)
L length of the hydraulic section, expressed in feet
L length, expressed in feet
A
l submerged length of shear tube, expressed in centimetres
l submerged length of shear tube, expressed in inches
A
l Dräger tube darkened length (stained length), marked in units on the tube
D
m mass of the empty retort assembly (cup, lid and body packed with steel wool), expressed
in grams
m mass of the filled retort assembly (cup with sample, lid and body packed with steel wool),
expressed in grams
m mass of the empty, dry liquid receiver, expressed in grams
m mass of the cooled liquid receiver with condensed liquids, expressed in grams
m mass of the cooled retort assembly (body packed with steel wool), expressed in grams;
m mass of the dried retort cuttings, expressed in grams
d
m mass of drilling fluid following shear at 100 r/min, expressed in grams
F1
m mass of drilling fluid taken from Sag Shoe following shear at 100 r/min, expressed in grams
F2
m mass of drilling fluid taken from Sag Shoe following shear at 600 r/min, expressed in grams
F3
m mass of the liquid condensed (oil and water), expressed in grams
L
m mass of the oil, expressed in grams
O
m mass of the liquid drilling fluid sample, expressed in grams
S
m mass of shear tube, expressed in grams
st
m total shear mass (sum of platform and weights), expressed in grams
tot
m mass of the wet cuttings, expressed in grams
WC
m mass of water, expressed in grams
W
P measured pressure, expressed in pounds-gauge per square inch
∆P anticipated pressure increase, expressed in pounds-gauge per square inch
∆P
pressure gradient, expressed in pounds-gauge per square inch per foot
∆L
A
Q pump rate, expressed in gallons per minute
R average reading for the standard thermometer, expressed in degrees
ISO 10414-2:2011(E)
R average reading for the working thermometer, expressed in degrees
R dial reading at 600 revolutions per minute, expressed in degrees deflection
R dial reading at 300 revolutions per minute, expressed in degrees deflection
R calculated bed pickup measurement ratio, expressed as a percentage
BPU
R ratio of the volume fraction of oil to the sum of the volume fractions of oil and pure water
O
from the retort analysis, expressed as a percentage
R ratio of the volume fraction of oil to the sum of the volume fractions of oil and brine,
B
expressed as a percentage
R ratio of the volume fraction of water to the sum of the volume fractions of oil and pure water
W
from the retort analysis, expressed as a percentage
ROC retained oil on cuttings, expressed in grams per kilogram of cuttings (either wet or dry)
S Sag Register
t time, expressed in minutes
V spurt loss, expressed in millilitres
V filtrate volume after 7,5 min, expressed in millilitres
7,5
V filtrate volume after 30 min, expressed in millilitres
V annular volume, expressed in barrels
A
V volume of 0,282 mol/l (0,282 N) silver nitrate reagent, expressed in millilitres
AgNO
V base alkalinity demand
B
V volume of 0,1 mol/l EDTA solution, expressed in millilitres
EDTA
V filtrate volume
F
V volume of 0,05 mol/l (0,1 N) sulfuric acid, expressed in millilitres
H SO
2 4
V whole-drilling-fluid alkalinity, expressed in millilitres of 0,05 mol/l sulfuric acid
K
V receiver volume at specific mark, expressed in millilitres
M
V volume of 0,1 mol/l (0,1 N) NaOH, expressed in millilitres
NaOH
V volume of oil, expressed in millilitres
O
V volume of filtrate from PPT, expressed in millilitres
PPT
V total volume of condensed liquids (oil and water), expressed in millilitres
R
V volume of retort cup, expressed in millilitres
RC
6 © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved

ISO 10414-2:2011(E)
V drilling fluid sample volume, expressed in millilitres;
S
V water volume, expressed in millilitres, or water mass, expressed in grams (1 ml = 1 g)
W
(see 3.2)
∆v change in annular velocity, expressed in feet per minute
a
v annular velocity, expressed in feet per minute.
a
1/2
v static filtration rate (velocity of flow), expressed in millilitres per minute
f
w aqueous-phase mass fraction of calcium chloride, expressed as a percentage of the total
CaCl
aqueous-phase mass
w aqueous-phase mass fraction of calcium chloride of a super-saturated fluid, expressed as
CaCl ,SAT
a percentage of the total aqueous-phase mass
w aqueous-phase mass fraction of sodium chloride, expressed as a percentage of the total
NaCl
aqueous phase mass
w maximum aqueous-phase mass fraction of soluble sodium chloride that can exist for a

NaCl,MAX
given mass fraction of calcium chloride, expressed as a percentage of the total aqueous
phase mass
w recalculated maximum aqueous-phase mass fraction of soluble sodium chloride that can
NaCl,MAX-C
exist for a given mass fraction of calcium chloride, expressed as a percentage of the total
aqueous phase mass
Y yield point, expressed in pascals
PA
Y yield point, expressed in pounds per one hundred square feet, often expressed as YP
PB
β gel strength at 10 min, expressed in pounds per one hundred square feet
10m
β gel strength at 10 s, expressed in pounds per one hundred square feet
10s
Γ drilling fluid gradient, expressed in kilopascals per metre
DFG,A
Γ drilling fluid gradient, expressed in pounds per square inch per foot
DFG,B
γ shear strength of the drilling fluid, expressed in pounds per square inch per foot
A
γ shear strength of the drilling fluid, expressed in pascals
B
γ fluid shear rate, expressed in reciprocal seconds
i
η drillpipe rotation, expressed in revolutions per minute
η apparent viscosity, expressed in millipascal seconds (centipoises)
AV
η plastic viscosity, expressed in millipascal seconds (centipoises)
PV
ϕ volume fraction of brine, expressed as a percentage of the whole drilling fluid
B
ISO 10414-2:2011(E)
ϕ corrected volume fraction of solids, expressed as a percentage of the whole drilling fluid
D
ϕ volume fraction of dried retort solids, expressed as a percentage of the total sample
d
volume
ϕ volume fraction of the low-gravity solids, expressed as a percentage of the total suspended
LG
solids
ϕ volume fraction of oil, expressed as a percentage of the whole drilling fluid
O
ϕ volume fraction of pure water, expressed as a percentage of the whole drilling fluid
W
ϕ volume fraction of the weighting material solids, expressed as a percentage of the total

WM
suspended solids
ρ drilling fluid density, expressed in pounds per gallon
ρ aqueous-phase density, expressed in grams per millilitre
B
ρ drilling fluid density, expressed in kilograms per cubic metre
C
ρ drilling fluid density, expressed in pounds per gallon
B1
ρ drilling fluid density, expressed in pounds per cubic foot
B2
ρ average density (volumic mass) of the suspended solids.
d
ρ pressure drop and extra density effects of drilled cuttings
ECD-hyd
ρ total predicted equivalent circulating density
ECD-tot
∆ρ change in pressure due to rotation
ECD-rot
ρ density of the low-gravity solids, expressed in grams per millilitre
LG
ρ maximum recorded drilling fluid density, expressed in pounds per gallon

max
ρ nominal drilling fluid density, expressed in pounds per gallon
nom
ρ density of the oil being used, expressed in grams per millilitre
O
ρ drilling fluid density, expressed in grams per millilitre
S
ρ water density, expressed in grams per millilitre, at the test temperature (see Table J.1)
w
ρ density of the weighting material solids, expressed in grams per millilitre

WM
τ wall shear stress, expressed in pounds-force per hundred square feet
W
τ drilling fluid yield stress, expressed in pounds-force per hundred square feet
Y
8 © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved

ISO 10414-2:2011(E)
4.2 Abbreviated terms
ACS American Chemical Society
API American Petroleum Institute
ASTM American Society of Testing Materials
AV apparent viscosity
CAS Chemical Abstracting Services
ECD equivalent circulating density [expressed in kilograms per cubic metre (pounds per gallon)]
EDTA sodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid dihydrate
ERD extended reach drilling
ES electrical stability
ESD equivalent static density [expressed in kilograms per cubic metre (pounds per gallon)]
HTHP high temperature, high pressure
OCMA Oil Company Materials Association
OBR oil-to-brine ratio
OWR oil-to-water ratio
PNP propylene glycol normal-propyl ether
PPA permeability plugging apparatus
PPT permeability plugging test
PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene (e.g. Teflon®)
PV plastic viscosity
PVT pressure, volume and temperature relationship
SI International System of units
TC to contain
TD to deliver
TVD true vertical depth [expressed in metres (feet)]
USC United States Customary units
VSST Viscometer Sag Shoe Test
YP yield point
ISO 10414-2:2011(E)
5 Determination of drilling fluid density (mud weight)
5.1 Principle
A procedure is given for determining the mass of a given volume of liquid (i.e. density). The density of drilling
fluid is expressed as grams per millilitre, or kilograms per cubic metre (pounds per gallon or pounds per cubic
foot).
5.2 Apparatus
5.2.1 Any density-measuring instrument having an accuracy of ±0,01 g/ml or ±10 kg/m (0,1 lb/gal or
0,5 lb/ft ).
The mud balance is the instrument generally used for drilling fluid density determinations. The mud balance is
designed such that the drilling fluid holding cup, at one end of the beam, is balanced by a fixed counterweight
at the other end, with a sliding-weight rider free to move along a graduated scale. A level-bubble is mounted
on the beam to allow for accurate balancing. Attachments for extending the range of the balance may be used
when necessary.
The instrument should be calibrated frequently with fresh water, e.g. bi-weekly or weekly. Fresh water should
3 3
give a reading of 1,00 g/ml or 1 000 kg/m (8,345 lb/gal or 62,4 lb/ft ) at 21 °C (70 °F). If it does not, adjust the
balancing screw or the amount of lead shot in the well at the end of the graduated arm, as required. A
calibration of the upper density should be performed as specified by the manufacturer, and done on a less
frequent basis, e.g. annually.
5.2.2 Thermometer, with a range of 0 °C to 105 °C (32 °F to 220 °F) and an accuracy of ±0,1 °C (±0,2 °F).
5.3 Procedure
5.3.1 The mud balance instrument shall be set on a flat, level surface.
5.3.2 Measure the temperature of the drilling fluid and record.
5.3.3 Fill the clean, dry cup with drilling fluid to be tested. Put the cap on the filled drilling-fluid holding cup
and rotate the cap until it is firmly seated. Ensure that some of the drilling fluid is expelled through the hole in
the cap in order to free any trapped air or gas.
5.3.4 Holding the cap firmly on the drilling-fluid holding cup (with cap hole covered by a finger), wash or
wipe the outside of the cup clean and dry.
5.3.5 Place the beam on the base support and balance it by moving the rider along the graduated scale.
Balance is achieved when the bubble is under the centreline.
5.3.6 Read the drilling fluid density from one of the four calibrated scales on the arrow side of the sliding
weight. As it is considered that the water density is 1 g/ml (see definitions 3.2 and 3.5), the density can be
read directly in units of grams per millilitre using specific gravity scale, pounds per gallon and pounds per
cubic foot, or as a drilling fluid gradient in pounds per square inch per 1 000 ft.
5.4 Calculation
3 3
5.4.1 Report the drilling fluid density to the nearest 0,01 g/ml or 10 kg/m (0,1 lb/gal or 0,5 lb/ft ).
5.4.2 To convert the reading, ρ, to other units, use Equations (1) to (7) and Tables 1 and 2.
Equations (1) to (3) are used to convert the density, ρ , expressed in grams per millilitre, to other units:
S
ρρ= ×1000 (1)
CS
10 © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved

ISO 10414-2:2011(E)
where ρ is the drilling fluid density, expressed in kilograms per cubic metre.
C
ρρ=×8,345 (2)
B1 S
where ρ is the drilling fluid density, expressed in pounds per gallon.
B1
ρρ=×62,4 (3)
B2 S
where ρ is the drilling fluid density, expressed in pounds per cubic foot.
B2
Table 1 provides the multiplication factor for conversion from one density unit to another.
Table 1 — Conversion of density units
Multiply to get
Measured in
3 3
g/ml kg/m lb/gal lb/ft
g/ml 1 1 000 8,345 62,43
kg/m 0,001 1 0,008 3 0,062 43
lb/gal 0,120 120 1 7,480 5
lb/ft 0,016 0 16,02 0,133 7 1
Equations (4) to (7) are used to convert the density to the drilling fluid gradient, Γ , expressed in kilopascals
DFG
per metre (pounds per square inch per foot):
Γ = 9,81 × g/ml (4)
DFG,A
Γ = 0,022 6 × psi/ft (5)
DFG,A
Γ = 0,052 0 × lb/gal (6)
DFG,B
Γ = 0,006 94 × lb/ft (7)
DFG,B
where
Γ is the drilling fluid gradient, expressed in kilopascals per metre;
DFG,A
Γ is the drilling fluid gradient, expressed in pounds per square inch per foot.
DFG,B
A list of density conversions is given in Table 2.
ISO 10414-2:2011(E)
Table 2 — Density conversion
Grams Kilograms Pounds Pounds per
a
per cubic centimetre per cubic metre per gallon cubic foot
3 3
g/ml kg/m (lb/gal) (lb/ft )
0,70 700 5,8 43,7
0,80 800 6,7 49,9
0,90 900 7,5 56,1
b
1,00 1 000 8,345 62,4
1,10 1 100 9,2 68,7
1,20 1 200 10,0 74,9
1,30 1 300 10,9 81,1
1,40 1 400 11,7 87,4
1,50 1 500 12,5 93,6
1,60 1 600 13,4 99,9
1,70 1 700 14,2 106,1
1,80 1 800 15,0 112,4
1,90 1 900 15.9 118,6
2,00 2 000 16,7 124,8
2,10 2 100 17,5 131,1
2,20 2 200 18,4 137,3
2,30 2 300 19,2 143,6
2,40 2 400 20,0 149,8
2,50 2 500 20,9 156,1
2,60 2 600 21,7 162,3
2,70 2 700 22,5 168,5
2,80 2 800 23,4 174,8
2,90 2 900 24,2 181,0
a
Same value as relative density as specific gravity in grams per cubic centimetre or kilogram per litre.
b
Accurate conversion factor.
6 Alternative method for determination of drilling fluid density
6.1 Principle
6.1.1 The pressurized mud balance provides a more accurate method for determining the density of a
drilling fluid containing entrained air or gas than does the conventional mud balance. The pressurized mud
balance is similar in operation to the conventional mud balance, the difference being that the drilling fluid
sample is placed in a fixed-volume sample cup under pressure.
6.1.2 The purpose of placing the sample under pressure is to minimize the effect of entrained air or gas
upon drilling fluid density measurements. By pressurizing the sample cup, any entrained air or gas is
decreased to a negligible volume, thus providing a drilling fluid density measurement more closely in
agreement with that obtained under downhole conditions.
6.2 Apparatus
6.2.1 Any density-measuring instrument having an accuracy of ±0,01 g/ml or 10 kg/m (0,1 lb/gal or
0,5 lb/ft ).
12 © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved

ISO 10414-2:2011(E)
A pressurized mud balance is the instrument generally used for density determinations of pressurized drilling
fluids. The pressurized mud balance is designed such tha
...