EN ISO 21404:2020

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-april-2020
Nadomešča:
SIST-TS CEN/TS 15370-1:2006
Trdna biogoriva - Določanje taljenja pepela (ISO 21404:2020)
Solid biofuels - Determination of ash melting behaviour (ISO 21404:2020)
Biogene Festbrennstoffe - Bestimmung des Asche-Schmelzverhaltens (ISO 21404:2020)
Biocombustibles solides - Methode de détermination de la fusibilité des cendres (ISO
21404:2020)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 21404:2020
ICS:
75.160.40 Biogoriva Biofuels
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN ISO 21404
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
February 2020
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 75.160.40; 27.190 Supersedes CEN/TS 15370-1:2006
English Version
Solid biofuels - Determination of ash melting behaviour
(ISO 21404:2020)
Biocombustibles solides - Methode de détermination Biogene Festbrennstoffe - Bestimmung des Asche-
de la fusibilité des cendres (ISO 21404:2020) Schmelzverhaltens (ISO 21404:2020)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 7 January 2020.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2020 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 21404:2020 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 3

European foreword
This document (EN ISO 21404:2020) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 238 "Solid
biofuels" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid biofuels” the secretariat of
which is held by SIS.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2020, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by August 2020.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes CEN/TS 15370-1:2006.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 21404:2020 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 21404:2020 without any modification.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 21404
First edition
2020-01
Solid biofuels — Determination of ash
melting behaviour
Biocombustibles solides — Méthode de détermination de la fusibilité
des cendres
Reference number
ISO 21404:2020(E)
©
ISO 2020
ISO 21404:2020(E)
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

ISO 21404:2020(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 2
5 Reagents . 3
6 Apparatus . 3
7 Test atmosphere. 4
8 Calibration check . 5
9 Procedure. 5
9.1 Preparation of ash . 5
9.2 Preparation of test pieces . 6
9.3 Determination of characteristic temperatures. 6
10 Precision of the method . 7
11 Test report . 7
Annex A (informative) Definition of shape factor . 8
Annex B (informative) Performance data . 9
Annex C (informative) Examples of the characteristic temperatures .11
Bibliography .13
ISO 21404:2020(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
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electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
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URL: www .iso .org/ iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 238, Solid biofuels.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

ISO 21404:2020(E)
Introduction
The test method described in this document provides information about fusion and melting behaviour
of the composite inorganic constituents of the solid biofuel ash at high temperatures.
Ash melting is a complex process where also sintering, shrinkage and expansion or swelling can occur.
The test method is empirical. The ash used for the test is a homogeneous material, prepared from
the fuel by ashing at 550 °C (alternatively, ashing temperatures of 710 °C or 815 °C may be used). The
determination is performed at a controlled rate of heating in a controlled atmosphere. In contrast,
under full-scale conditions, the complex processes of combustion and fusion involve heterogeneous
mixtures of particles, variable heating rates and gas compositions.
The determined characteristic temperatures in the test can be used for comparison of the tendency
of the ashes from different types and qualities of solid biofuels to form fused deposits or to cause bed
agglomeration on heating.
[1] [2]
The method is based on the methods described in DIN 51730:1998 , ISO 540:2008 and CEN/TS
[3]
15370-1 . The terms ash fusibility and ash softening are synonyms to ash melting.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 21404:2020(E)
Solid biofuels — Determination of ash melting behaviour
1 Scope
This document specifies a method for the determination of the characteristic temperatures for the ash
melting behaviour of solid biofuels.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 16559, Solid biofuels — Terminology, definitions and descriptions
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 16559 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
shrinkage starting temperature
SST
temperature is defined as when the area of the test piece falls below 95 % of the original test piece area
at 550 °C (or other ashing tem
...