CEN/TS 12390-11:2010

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-junij-2010
Preskušanje strjenega betona - 11. del: Ugotavljanje odpornosti betona proti
kloridom, enosmerna difuzija
Testing hardened concrete - Part 11: Determination of the chloride resistance of
concrete, unidirectional diffusion
Prüfung von Festbeton -Teil 11: Bestimmung des Chloridwiderstandes von Beton,
einseitig gerichtete Diffusion
Essai sur béton durci - Partie 11: Détermination de la résistance du béton à la
pénétration des chlorures, diffusion unidirectionnelle
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TS 12390-11:2010
ICS:
91.100.30 Beton in betonski izdelki Concrete and concrete
products
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
CEN/TS 12390-11
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
January 2010
ICS 91.100.30
English Version
Testing hardened concrete - Part 11: Determination of the
chloride resistance of concrete, unidirectional diffusion
Essai sur béton durci - Partie 11: Détermination de la Prüfung von Festbeton - Teil 11: Bestimmung des
résistance du béton à la pénétration des chlorures, Chloridwiderstandes von Beton - Einseitig gerichtete
diffusion unidirectionnelle Diffusion
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 20 June 2009 for provisional application.

The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their
comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.

CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available
promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS)
until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

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COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

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© 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 12390-11:2010: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
Foreword .3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .5
3 Terms and definitions .5
4 Principle .6
5 Reagents and apparatus .7
5.1 Reagents .7
5.2 Apparatus .7
6 Preparation of specimens .8
6.1 Preparing sub-specimens .8
6.2 Conditioning and preparation of profile specimen for chloride testing .9
6.2.1 Vacuum saturation of the profile specimens .9
6.2.2 Sealing surfaces other than the surface to be exposed .9
6.2.3 Profile specimen for immersion . 10
6.2.4 Profile specimen for ponding . 10
6.2.5 Profile specimen for inversion . 11
7 Procedure . 12
7.1 Exposure conditions . 12
7.1.1 Chloride exposure solution . 12
7.1.2 Exposure temperature . 12
7.2 Exposure method. 12
7.2.1 General . 12
7.2.2 Immersion . 12
7.2.3 Ponding . 12
7.2.4 Inversion . 13
7.3 Exposure period. 13
7.4 Determination of initial chloride content (C ) . 13
i
7.5 Profile grinding . 13
7.6 Chloride Analysis. 14
8 Regression procedure and expression of results . 14
9 Test report . 16
10 Precision . 17
Annex A (informative) Diffusion Coefficients . 18
Annex B (informative) Core test specimen . 19
Annex C (informative) Typical equipment and procedure for vacuum saturation . 20
C.1 Apparatus . 20
C.2 Procedure . 21
Annex D (normative) Immersion method for large specimens. 22
Bibliography . 23

Foreword
This document (CEN/TS 12390-11:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 104 “Concrete
and related products”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
The drafting of this Technical Specification was delegated to CEN/TC 51/WG 12/TG 5.
This test method is one of a series concerned with testing concrete. At the behest of CEN, RILEM reviewed
chloride testing methods [1] and this Technical Specification is based on their recommendations. In addition,
th
this Technical Specification draws on recommendations from the EU-project “Chlortest” 5 Framework
Programme (GRD1-2002-71808/G6RD-CT-2002-00855) [2] immersion test recommendation as well as the
Nordtest Method NT Build 443 Concrete hardened: Accelerated Chloride penetration [3].
EN 12390, Testing hardened concrete, consists of the following parts:
 Part 1: Shape, dimensions and other requirements for specimens and moulds
 Part 2: Making and curing specimens for strength tests
 Part 3: Compressive strength of test specimens
 Part 4: Compressive strength ― Specification for testing machines
 Part 5: Flexural strength of test specimens
 Part 6: Tensile splitting strength of test specimens
 Part 7: Density of hardened concrete
 Part 8: Depth of penetration of water under pressure
1)
 Part 9: Freeze-thaw resistance  Scaling
1)
 Part 10: Determination of the relative carbonation resistance of concrete
1)
 Part 11: Determination of the chloride resistance of concrete, unidirectional diffusion
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

1) For the time being, status of Technical Specification (CEN/TS).
Introduction
Steel reinforced concrete structures exposed to the ingress of chloride, either from seawater or other sources,
need to be durable for at least the intended working life. The possibility of reinforcement corrosion is
significantly increased as the chloride level at the embedded reinforcement increases. For this reason, the
chloride diffusivity or penetrability of the concrete is an important property to measure and this Technical
Specification sets out a test method that may be applied to specimens cast to assess the potential chloride
resistance properties of a concrete mix.
NOTE This test method takes a minimum of 119 days comprising a minimum age of the specimen prior to testing of
28 days, a minimum of one day to prepare and condition the specimen and then 90 days to expose the specimen to the
chloride solution.
1 Scope
This Technical Specification is a method for determining the unidirectional non-steady state chloride
penetration parameters of conditioned specimens of hardened concrete. The test method enables the
determination of the chloride penetration at a specified age, e.g. for ranking of concrete quality by comparative
testing. Since resistance to chloride penetration depends on the ageing, including the effects of continual
hydration, then the ranking may also change with age.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 12390-2, Testing hardened concrete — Part 2: Making and curing specimens for strength tests
EN 12504-1, Testing concrete in structures — Part 1: Cored specimens — Taking, examining and testing in
compression
EN 14629, Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures — Test methods —
Determination of chloride content in hardened concrete
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
as-cast surface
surface of a concrete element exposed in the construction works to a chloride environment
3.2
chloride content
amount of acid-soluble chloride expressed in percent by mass of concrete
3.3
chloride penetration
ingress of chlorides into concrete due to exposure to external chloride sources
3.4
diffusion
movement of molecules or ions under a concentration gradient, that is movement from a zone of high
concentration to a zone with a lower concentration
3.5
diffusion coefficient
proportionality between the molecular flux (e.g. rate of flow of chloride ions) and the concentration gradient in
the diffusion equation
NOTE 1 In this Technical Specification Fick’s Law is adopted.
NOTE 2 See Annex A.
3.6
initial chloride content
C
i
chloride content at a distance sufficiently remote from the surface as to not have been influenced by
penetration of the chloride exposure solution
NOTE It reflects the initial chloride content that came from the constituents when the concrete was mixed.
3.7
non-steady state diffusion coefficient
D
nss
diffusion coefficient that takes into account simultaneous chloride binding
NOTE 1 This reflects the rate of diffusion of chloride into a concrete when part of the chloride is being bound by the
cement.
NOTE 2 See Annex A.
NOTE 3 The steady-state chloride diffusion coefficient is measured on water saturated samples where chloride diffuses
through a thin specimen between two reservoirs of chloride solution, where one reservoir is at a higher concentration than
the other. This steady state chloride diffusion is not covered by this test method. The steady-state chloride diffusion
coefficient only reflects the ionic transport diffusion through concrete, as the concrete is unable to bind any more chloride
ion.
3.8
profile grinding
dry process grinding a concrete specimen in thin successive layers
3.9
vacuum saturated condition
specimen that is vacuum saturated with water
4 Principle
A specimen, either a cylinder or cube, is cast and cured in accordance with EN 12390-2, with a minimum
curing period of not less than 28 days.
Annex B gives guidance on the testing of core specimens, where the core may be sampled from a test
element, a precast concrete element or a structure.
The specimen is divided into two sub-specimens, a "profile specimen" that is used to determine the chloride
profile after exposure to unidirectional chloride ingress, and an initial chloride sub-specimen that is used to
determine the initial chloride level, C . This initial figure is taken as the chloride level of the cast concrete.
i
The profile specimen is vacuum saturated with distilled or demineralised water, coated on all sides but one
and then the uncoated face is exposed to a chloride exposure solution. The exposure is achieved by complete
immersion, ponding the uncoated face or inverting the specimen and having the uncoated face immersed in
the chloride exposure solution. The reference solution is a 3 % by mass sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, for a
period of 90 days (other concentrations or solutions, e.g. artificial seawater, are permitted as are different
exposure periods). The use of large fully immersed specimens is described in Annex D.
After 90 days of exposure, at least eight parallel layers of the chloride exposed surface are ground off the
profile specimen. The acid-soluble chloride content of each layer and the average depth of the layer from the
surface of the concrete exposed to the chloride solution are determined. The initial chloride content is
determined by grinding a sample from the other sub-specimen and the acid-soluble chloride content
determined.
By non-linear regression analysis by least squares curve fitting, the surface chloride content (C ) and the non-
s
steady state chloride diffusion coefficient (D ) are determined.
nss
Because of the high coefficient of variation, ~ 15 % for D for the test, it is required to test at least two
nss
specimens and report the results separately.
NOTE 1 The chloride diffusion coefficient varies with the age of the concrete and the period of exposure.
NOTE 2 The diffusion test described in this Technical Specification is only valid for a constant initial chloride content.
NOTE 3 When precision information is available for this test, a check on the validity of the two or more results will be
introduced plus the determination of the average value.
5 Reagents and apparatus
5.1 Reagents
Reagents of analytical quality shall be used.
NOTE Unless otherwise stated "percent" means percent by mass.
5.1.1 Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)
2.
5.1.2 Chloride Exposure Solution

5.1.2.1 Reference solution
Dissolve 30 g of analytical quality NaCl in 970 g of distilled or demineralised water having an electrical
-1
conductivity ≤ 0,5 mSm at 20 °C to produce a 3 % by mass NaCl solution. Store it in a clean container.

NOTE This NaCl solution has a similar chloride concentration to that of Atlantic seawater.
5.1.2.2 Other exposure solutions
Where the concentration of the chloride exposure solution is other than that in 5.1.2.1, the concentration shall
be recorded and reported. Where a different solution is used, the composition of the solution shall be recorded
and reported.
NOTE 1 Natural and artificial seawater have been used to reflect the exposure of the construction works.
NOTE 2 Higher concentrations of NaCl, such as 16,5 %, and shorter exposure periods (e.g. 35 days) have been used
to accelerate the development of a chloride profile.
5.1.3 Chloride ion diffusion proof two-component polyurethane or epoxy-based paint or other
equivalent barrier system
5.1.4 Chemicals for chloride analysis, to EN 14629.

-1
5.1.5 Distilled or demineralised water, having an electrical conductivity ≤ 0,5 mSm .

5.2 Apparatus
5.2.1 Water cooled diamond saw

5.2.2 Balance for weighing NaCl and water, capable of weighing to an accuracy of ± 0,1 g.

5.2.3 Thermometer, capable of measuring to an accuracy of ± 1 °C.
5.2.4 Temperature controlled chamber, capable of keeping a temperature of (20 ± 2) °C.

5.2.5 Where used, a polyethylene container with airtight lid for immersion of the profile specimen. The
volume of the exposure solution shall exceed the volume of the specimen by not less than 12,5 millilitres per
square centimetre of exposed surface. A container may contain more than one sample provided the ratio of
exposure solution to exposed surface shall be recorded and reported.
NOTE During the test, the chloride concentration of the chloride exposure solution reduces and if the ratio of the
volume of chloride exposure solution to exposure surface varies, the rate of reduction will vary with nominally identical
concrete. For this reason if a direct comparison of results from different specimens is required, the ratio of the volume of
chloride exposure solution to exposed surface should be constant.
5.2.6 Where used, pond to be attached to profile specimen. The ponds shall have a constant diameter and
initial depth not less than 125 mm.

5.2.7 Equipment for grinding off and collecting concrete powder in layers 1 mm or more deep, capable
of grinding a surface area of at least 40 cm and not grinding within 10 mm of the edge of the test area.

5.2.8 Compressed air or air blower, to clean dust from specimen and equipment between grinding layers.

5.2.9 Dust collecting bags
5.2.10 Equipment for chloride content testing, in accordance with EN 14629.

5.2.11 Calliper, measuring to an accuracy of ± 0,1 mm.

5.2.12 Vacuum container, capable of containing at least three specimens.

5.2.13 Vacuum pump, capable of maintaining an absolute pressure of less than 50 mbar (5 kPa) in the
container, e.g. a water-jet pump.
6 Preparation of specimens
6.1 Preparing sub-specimens
A specimen size shall be selected such that after cutting, the minimum dimension of the sub-specimens used
to determine a chloride profile are at least three times the nominal maximum aggregate size. At least two
specimens, either 100 mm diameter or more cylinders or 100 mm or more cubes, are cast and cured in a
water filled bath with a temperature of (20 ± 2) °C in accordance with EN 12390-2, where the curing period is
not less than 28 days.
NOTE 1 The aim of the test will normally be to assess the potential resistance to chloride ingress for a concrete mix.
Where the concrete contains secondary cementing materials, such as fly ash or ggbs, then it may be appropriate to
increase the minimum age at testing as it is known that chloride resistance may increase significantly at ages greater than
28 days.
After at least 28 days of standard curing, each cylinder or cube is cut into two sub-specimens using the water
cooled diamond saw. Cylindrical specimens are cut in the direction parallel to the flat surface and cubical
specimens are cut in the direction parallel to the top (trowelled) surface as shown in Figure 1. No dimension of
the sub-specimens used to determine a chloride profile shall be less than three times the nominal maximum
aggregate size. One sub-specimen (called the "profile specimen") is used to determine the chloride profile,
and the initial chloride sub-specimen is used to determine the initial chloride content. This initial chloride
content is taken as being the chloride content of the cast concrete. The adjacent sawn faces are used to
determine these values.
NOTE 2 Where a chloride profile is required that incorporates the effect of a formed surface then a formed surface from
a cube specimen may be specified as the surface for chloride exposure. However, the results from such a procedure are
difficult to interpret due to concentrations of cement paste and chloride at the formed surface. The use of this approach
should be reported under Clause 9, m), as it is a non-standard test condition.

Key
1 trowelled surface
2 cut to separate specimens and produce exposure surface
Figure 1 — Specimen preparation
After sawing, the sub-specimen to be used to determine the initial chloride content shall be placed in a close
fitting sealed plastic bag or tested immediately.
Where needed, the sub-specimens may be cut to reduce their size to aid handling, but the sub-specimen for
determining the chloride profile shall not have a dimension less than three times the nominal maximum
aggregate size.
6.2 Conditioning and preparation of profile specimen for chloride testing
6.2.1 Vacuum saturation of the profile specimens
After sawing the specimens, vac
...