ASTM D4014-23
(Specification)Standard Specification for Plain and Steel-Laminated Elastomeric Bearings for Bridges
Standard Specification for Plain and Steel-Laminated Elastomeric Bearings for Bridges
ABSTRACT
This specification covers bearings, which consist of all elastomer or of alternate laminates of elastomer and steel, when the function of the bearings is to transfer loads or accommodate relative movement between a bridge superstructure and its supporting structure, or both. The bearings are furnished in four types as follows: plain elastomeric bearing pad; plain elastomeric sandwich bearing; steel-laminated elastomeric bearing; and steel-laminated elastomeric bearing with external load plate. The elastomer for the manufacture of the bearing is furnished in two types: Type CR and Type NR. The elastomer for the manufacture of the bearing is furnished in four grades of low-temperature properties: Grade 0; Grade 2; Grade 3; and Grade 5. The elastomeric compound used in the construction of a bearing shall contain only either natural rubber or chloroprene rubber as the raw polymer. Internal steel laminates shall be of rolled mild steel. Plain bearing pads shall be molded individually, or cut from previously molded strips or slabs, or extruded and cut to length. A steel-laminated bearing or a plain sandwich bearing shall be molded as a single unit under pressure and heat. All bonding of elastomer to steel laminates and to external load plates shall be carried out during molding. Bearing compression tests, compression stiffness, visual inspection, quality control properties, shear modulus, ozone resistance, and low-temperature grade tests shall be performed to conform to the specified requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers bearings which consist of all elastomer or of alternate laminates of elastomer and steel, when the function of the bearings is to transfer loads or accommodate relative movement between a bridge superstructure and its supporting structure, or both.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
Note 1: The words “elastomer” or “elastomeric” will be used interchangeably with the word “rubber” in this specification.
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 8, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4014 − 23
Standard Specification for
Plain and Steel-Laminated Elastomeric Bearings for
1
Bridges
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4014; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplas-
tic Elastomers—Tension
1.1 This specification covers bearings which consist of all
D518 Test Method for Rubber Deterioration—Surface
elastomer or of alternate laminates of elastomer and steel,
3
Cracking (Withdrawn 2007)
when the function of the bearings is to transfer loads or
D573 Test Method for Rubber—Deterioration in an Air
accommodate relative movement between a bridge superstruc-
Oven
ture and its supporting structure, or both.
D832 Practice for Rubber Conditioning For Low Tempera-
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
ture Testing
standard.
D1149 Test Methods for Rubber Deterioration—Cracking in
NOTE 1—The words “elastomer” or “elastomeric” will be used inter-
an Ozone Controlled Environment
changeably with the word “rubber” in this specification.
D1415 Test Method for Rubber Property—International
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the
Hardness
test methods portion, Section 8, of this specification: This
D1418 Practice for Rubber and Rubber Latices—
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,
Nomenclature
if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
D2000 Classification System for Rubber Products in Auto-
of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and
motive Applications
environmental practices and determine the applicability of
D2137 Test Methods for Rubber Property—Brittleness Point
regulatory limitations prior to use.
of Flexible Polymers and Coated Fabrics
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
D2240 Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hard-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ness
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
D3183 Practice for Rubber—Preparation of Pieces for Test
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Purposes from Products
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
E4 Practices for Force Calibration and Verification of Test-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ing Machines
4
2. Referenced Documents
2.2 AASHTO Standards:
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: M 251 Standard Specification for Plain and Laminated
A36/A36M Specification for Carbon Structural Steel Elastomeric Bridge Bearings
A1011/A1011M Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip,
Hot-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low- 3. Terminology
Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved
3.1 Definitions:
Formability, and Ultra-High Strength
3.1.1 design load—the mean compressive stress applied to
D395 Test Methods for Rubber Property—Compression Set
the area of the steel laminate.
3.1.2 external load plate—a steel plate bonded to the top or
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road
bottom elastomeric surface of a bearing, or both.
and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.32 on
Bridges and Structures.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2023. Published November 2023. Originally
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as D4014 – 03 (2018).
3
DOI: 10.1520/D4014-23. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or www.astm.org.
4
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,
the ASTM website. http://www.transportation.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D4014 − 23
3.1.3 lot—unless otherwise specified in the contract or 4.1.2 Plain elastomeric sandwich bearing.
purchase order, a lot shall consist of a single type of bearing, of
4.1.3 Steel-laminated elastomeric bearing.
the same design and material, submitted for inspection at the
4.1.4 Steel-laminated elastomeric bearing with external load
same time.
plate(s).
3.1.4 plain elastomeric be
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4014 − 03 (Reapproved 2018) D4014 − 23
Standard Specification for
Plain and Steel-Laminated Elastomeric Bearings for
1
Bridges
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4014; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers bearings,bearings which consist of all elastomer or of alternate laminates of elastomer and steel,
when the function of the bearings is to transfer loads or accommodate relative movement between a bridge superstructure and its
supporting structure, or both.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
NOTE 1—The words “elastomer” or “elastomeric” will be used interchangeably with the word “rubber” in this specification.
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 8, of this specification: This standard
does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this
standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A36/A36M Specification for Carbon Structural Steel
A1011/A1011M Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Hot-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-
Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, and Ultra-High Strength
D395 Test Methods for Rubber Property—Compression Set
D412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers—Tension
3
D518 Test Method for Rubber Deterioration—Surface Cracking (Withdrawn 2007)
D573 Test Method for Rubber—Deterioration in an Air Oven
D832 Practice for Rubber Conditioning For Low Temperature Testing
D1149 Test Methods for Rubber Deterioration—Cracking in an Ozone Controlled Environment
D1415 Test Method for Rubber Property—International Hardness
D1418 Practice for Rubber and Rubber Latices—Nomenclature
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.32 on Bridges
and Structures.
Current edition approved April 1, 2018Nov. 1, 2023. Published April 2018November 2023. Originally approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 20122018 as
D4014 – 03 (2012).(2018). DOI: 10.1520/D4014-03R18.10.1520/D4014-23.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4014 − 23
D2000 Classification System for Rubber Products in Automotive Applications
D2137 Test Methods for Rubber Property—Brittleness Point of Flexible Polymers and Coated Fabrics
D2240 Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hardness
D3183 Practice for Rubber—Preparation of Pieces for Test Purposes from Products
E4 Practices for Force Calibration and Verification of Testing Machines
4
2.2 AASHTO Standards:
M 251 Standard Specification for Plain and Laminated Elastomeric Bridge Bearings
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 design load—the mean compressive stress applied to the area of the steel laminate.
3.1.2 external load plate—a steel plate bonded to the top or bottom elastomeric surface of a bearing, or both.
3.1.3 lot—unless otherwise specified in the contract or purchase order, a lot shall consist of a single type of bearing, of the same
design and material, submitted for inspection at the same time.
3.1.4 plain elastomeric bearing pad—a bearing that consists only of elastomeric material.
3.1.5 plain elastomeric sandwich bearing—a bearing that consists of a single laye
...
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