ASTM D4580/D4580M-12(2018)

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4580/D4580M − 12 D4580/D4580M − 12 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Practice for
Measuring Delaminations in Concrete Bridge Decks by
Sounding
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4580/D4580M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers procedures for surveying concrete bridge decks by sounding to determine delaminations in the concrete.
It is not intended that the procedures described herein are to be used on bridge decks that have been overlaid with bituminous
mixtures. The procedures may be used on bridge decks that have been overlaid with portland cement concrete mixtures; however,
areas indicated to be delaminated may have a lack of bond between the overlay and the underlying bridge deck (Note 1).
NOTE 1—The influence of variable field conditions such as traffic noise, vibration, moisture content of the concrete, and the like, are not completely
known and additional investigation may be needed. It is generally agreed that the practice should not be used on frozen concrete.
1.2 The following three procedures are covered in this practice:
1.2.1 Procedure A, Electro-Mechanical Sounding Device—This procedure uses an electric powered electric-powered tapping
device, sonic receiver, and recorder mounted on a cart. The cart is pushed across the bridge deck and delaminations are recorded
on the recorder.
1.2.2 Procedure B, Chain Drag—This procedure consists of dragging a chain over the bridge deck surface. The detection of
delaminations is accomplished by the operator noting dull or hollow sounds. Tapping the bridge deck surface with a steel rod or
hammer may be substituted for the chain drag.
1.2.3 Procedure C, Rotary Percussion —This procedure consists of rolling a dual-wheel, multi-toothed apparatus attached to
an extension pole over the bridge deck surface. The percussive force caused by the tapping wheels will create either a dull or
hollow sound, indicating any delamination.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformancenonconformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of whoever uses the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Significance and Use
2.1 This practice may be used in conjunction with other methods in determining the general condition of concrete bridge decks.
2.2 This practice may be used in determining specific areas of delamination requiring repair.
PROCEDURE A—ELECTRO-MECHANICAL A – ELECTRO-MECHANICAL SOUNDING DEVICE
3. Summary of Procedure
3.1 Longitudinal lines at a predetermined spacing are established on the bridge deck.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.32 on Bridges and
Structures.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2012April 1, 2018. Published May 2013April 2018. Originally approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D4580 – 03
(2012).D4580/D4580M – 12. DOI: 10.1520/D4580_D4580M-12.10.1520/D4580_D4580M-12R18.
The rotary sound detecting device for concrete and procedure are patent pending in the US Patent and Trademark Office by Philip K. Clark Company, Inc., 503 Central
Drive, Suite 102, Virginia Beach, VA 23454. Interested parties are invited to submit information regarding the identification of an alternative(s) to this patent pending item
to ASTM International Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a
meeting of the responsible technical subcommittee, which you may attend.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4580/D4580M − 12 (2018)
3.2 After calibration, the sounding device is pushed along the established lines. Electrically powered tapping wheels emit
vibrations into the deck that are sensed by sonic receivers. Areas of delamination are indicated by deflections on a strip chart
recorder.
3.3 All portions on the strip chart indicating delaminations are plotted on a scaled map of the bridge deck. An outline is made
showing the areas of delamination.
4. Apparatus
NOTE 2—The apparatus described here has been found suitable and is the most common type commercially available. Other apparatuses that do not
exactly conform to these requirements, such as sounding device, tapping rate, or sonic receivers, may also be accepted.
4.1 Electro-Mechanical Sounding Device—A small, three-wheeled cart upon which is mounted a 12-V battery, two tapping
wheels, two sonic receivers, a two-channel-strip recorder, and associated connectors and cables.
4.1.1 Tapping Wheels—Two rigid-steel-tapping rigid steel tapping wheels capable of tapping the bridge deck surface at the rate
of 33 times/s. The tapping wheels shall be located approximately 152 mm 152 mm [6 in.] apart.
4.1.2 Sonic Receivers—Two sonic receivers consisting of oil-filled soft tires, inside each of which a receiving transducer is
mounted in nonrotating proximity to the concrete surface. The transducers shall be piezo-electric hydrophones that are coupled to
the concrete surface through the soft tires and the oil within the wheels. Each receiving wheel shall be located approximately 76
mm [3 in.] outside of and parallel to its corresponding tapping wheel.
4.1.3 Strip Chart Recorder—A two-channel-strip two-channel strip chart recorder shall be capable of receiving the signals from
the sonic receivers. The electronics unit shall accept only those portions of the signal that occur during the first 3 ms after the
occurrence of a tap and further limit the recorder to respond only to those frequency components of the signal that lies in the range
of 300 to 1200 Hz. The processed signals shall be rectified and integrated to produce a visual record on the respective channels
of the record chart. The chart shall be driven in proportion to the distance traveled so that the length of the record represents a
predetermined length of travel. The recording pen on one channel shall be capable of acting as an event marker.
4.1.4 Cables and Connectors—There shall be sufficient cables and connectors for connection of the left-tapping wheel
sonic-receiver left tapping wheel sonic receiver system to the left channel of the strip chart recorder and the right-tapping wheel
sonic-receiver right tapping wheel sonic receiver system to the right channel of the strip chart recorder.
4.2 Measuring Tape, Markers, Stringline—A measuring tape, markers, and stringline shall be provided for establishing lines on
the bridge deck that will serve to keep the sounding device positioned properly while making the survey.
4.3 Calibrator—A solid aluminum bar capable of checking the operational system of the sounding device.
5. Calibration
5.1 Place the device on the calibrator bar in the onON position with the chart drive operating. This will establish the electrical
zero line.
5.2 With the calibration switch in the calibrateCALIBRATE position, turn on the power, transmitter, and chart drive switches.
Each of the recorder pens should trace a rather erratic line approximately half way half-way between the maximum pen movement
and the electrical zero line. This line may vary one or two major divisions as a result of normal variations in the response of the
system to the aluminum bar. If the response line does not fall as described, then each channel shall be adjusted with the appropriate
calibration adjustment control.
6. Bridge Deck Layout
6.1 Any accumulation of debris on the deck shall be removed.
6.2 Beginning at a curb face, mark each end of the bridge at the interval chosen for making the survey.
NOTE 3—Various spacing intervals such as 38.1 cm [15 in.], 45.7 cm [18 in.], and 91.4 cm [3 ft] have been used. The closer spacings are recommended
for an in-depth analysis of the bridge deck. The wider spacing intervals are suitable for general-condition surveys of bridge decks.
7.
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