ASTM C1628-06

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Designation: C1628 – 06
Standard Specification for
Joints for Concrete Gravity Flow Sewer Pipe, Using Rubber
Gaskets
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1628; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope C76 Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm
Drain, and Sewer Pipe
1.1 This specification covers flexible leak resistant joints for
C497 TestMethodsforConcretePipe,ManholeSections,or
concrete gravity flow sewer pipe using rubber gaskets for
Tile
sealing the joints, where measurable or defined infiltration or
C655 Specification for Reinforced Concrete D-Load Cul-
exfiltration is a factor of the design. The specification covers
vert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe
the design of joints and the requirements for rubber gaskets to
C822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and Related
be used therewith, for pipe conforming in all other respects to
Products
Specifications C14, C76, C655, C985, and C1417, provided
C985 Specification for Nonreinforced Concrete Specified
that, if there is conflict in permissible variations in dimension,
Strength Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe
the requirements of this specification shall govern for joints.
C1417 Specification for Manufacture of Reinforced Con-
NOTE 1—Infiltration or exfiltration quantities for an installed pipeline
crete Sewer, Storm Drain, and Culvert Pipe for Direct
are dependent upon many factors other than the joints, and allowable
Design
quantities must be covered by other specifications and suitable testing of
C1619 Specification for Elastomeric Seals for Joining Con-
the installed pipeline and system. This specification covers the design,
crete Structures
material, and performance of the rubber gasket joint only. Joints covered
by this specification are for hydrostatic pressures up to 13 psi without
3. Terminology
leakage, when plant tested in accordance with Section 10.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to con-
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
crete pipe, see Terminology C822.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Basis of Acceptance
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.1 The acceptability of the pipe joints and gasket shall be
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
determined by the approved design submittal information,
2. Referenced Documents results of the physical tests prescribed in this specification, and
2 by inspection to determine whether the pipe joints and gaskets
2.1 ASTM Standards:
conform to this specification as to design and freedom from
C14 Specification for Nonreinforced Concrete Sewer,
defects.
Storm Drain, and Culvert Pipe
5. Materials and Manufacture for Gaskets
5.1 The gasket shall be fabricated from a rubber compound.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on
The basic polymer shall be natural rubber, synthetic rubber, or
Concrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.08 on Joints for
ablendofbothmeetingthephysicalrequirementsprescribedin
Precast Concrete Structures.
Specification C1619.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2006. Published December 2006. DOI:
10.1520/C1628-06.
5.1.1 Gaskets for standard use shall meet Class E require-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
ments. Gaskets which require oil resistant properties shall meet
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Class B requirements.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. 5.2 Circular Cross-Section or “O-Ring” Gaskets:
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C1628 – 06
5.2.1 Circular cross-section or “O-ring” gaskets shall be surfaces to be modified with grooves or offsets to properly
extruded or molded to the specified size within a tolerance of contain and seat the gasket.
6 ⁄64 in. or 61.5 % of the cord diameter, whichever is larger.
6.1.6 The gasket shall be the sole element depended upon to
5.2.2 Circular cross-section or “O-ring” gaskets shall have
make the joint flexible and leak resistant. The gasket shall be a
thenominaldesigncutlengthtoleranceof 63.0 %forextruded continuous ring which fits snugly into the annular space
and spliced gaskets.
betweentheoverlappingsurfacesoftheassembledpipejointto
5.2.3 Each gasket shall be manufactured to provide the form a flexible watertight seal.
volume of rubber required by the pipe manufacturer’s joint
6.1.7 Where the particular joint design utilizing a rubber
designwithatoleranceof 63 %forgasketsuptoandincluding
gasket dictates the use of a lubricant to facilitate assembly, the
l- in. in diameter and 6 1 % for gaskets of 1-in. diameter and
lubricant composition shall have no deterioration or detrimen-
larger. The allowable percentage tolerance shall vary linearly
tal swelling effects on the performance of the joint due to
between 63 % and 61 % for gasket diameters between ⁄2 and
prolonged exposure.
1 in.
6.2 Confined Circular Cross-Section Gasket Joint Design:
5.3 Non-Circular Cross-Section or “ Profile” Gaskets:
6.2.1 In joints that utilize spigot grooves and solid gaskets
5.3.1 Non-circular cross-section or “profile” gaskets shall
of circular cross-section, the smallest potential volume of the
be extruded or molded to the design size within a tolerance of
annular space provided for the gasket, with the engaged joint
6 ⁄64 in. or 6 3.0 % on any dimension, measured at any cross
design closure in concentric position, shall be not less than the
section, whichever is larger.
design volume of the gasket furnished. The smallest potential
5.3.2 Non-circular cross-section or “profile” gaskets shall
cross-sectional area of the annular space shall be calculated
have the nominal design cut length tolerance of 63 % for
using the minimum bell diameter, maximum spigot diameter,
extruded and spliced gaskets.
minimum width of groove at surface of spigot, and minimum
depth of groove. The smallest potential volume of the annular
6. Design of Joints
space shall be calculated considering the centroid of the
cross-sectional area to be at the midpoint between the inside
6.1 When requested at time of purchase, the pipe manufac-
bell surface and the surface of the groove on which the gasket
turer shall furnish the owner with a detailed design of the joint
is seated at the centerline of the groove.
or joints to be furnished under this specification. Included
6.2.2 The gasket shall be of such diameter that when the
within this submittal shall be gasket shape, dimensions, toler-
outer surface of the spigot and the inner surface of the bell
ance, and hardness, joint geometry, pipe, and joint dimension
come into contact at some point in their periphery (off-center
tolerances, gasket deformation analysis including manufactur-
position), the deformation in the gasket shall not exceed 50 %
ing tolerances, proof of design; hydrostatic and structural test
atthepointofcontactnorbelessthan15 %atanypoint.When
information, manufacturer’s quality assurance testing, and
determining the maximum percent deformation of the gasket,
documentation procedures. The manufacturing tolerances re-
the minimum depth of groove and the stretched gasket diam-
quired in joint design shall be specified by the manufacturer
eter shall be used and calculations made at the centerline of the
and verified by the manufacturer’s written quality assurance
groove. When determining the minimum percent deformation
testing procedures and documentation.
of the gasket, the minimum groove width, the maximum bell
6.1.1 The joint shall consist of a bell on one end of a unit
diameter, the minimum spigot diameter, the maximum depth of
of pipe and a spigot on the adjacent end of the joining pipe.
groove, and the stretched gasket diameter shall be used and
6.1.2 All surfaces of the joint, upon or against which the
calculations made at the centerline of the groove. For gasket
gasket shall bear, including the bell entrance slope taper, shall
deformation calculations, stretched gasket diameter shall be
be free of imperfections that would adversely affect the
determined as being the design diameter of the gasket divided
performance of the joint.
by the square root of (1 + x) where x equals the design percent
6.1.3 The joint shall be designed to provide a minimum
of gasket stretch divided by 100.
distance when measured between the nearest end of spigot
6.2.3 In joints that utilize spigot grooves described in 6.2.1
groove or spigot offset and end of bell, excluding bell entrance
1 and 6.2.2, the gasket shall not be stretched more than 30 % of
chamfer, at the design closure position of ⁄2-in. for pipe 12 to
its original circumference, except that gaskets meeting Class E
27 in. diameters and ⁄4 in. for pipe 30-in. diameter and larger.
requirements used on pipe 96-in. diameter and larger shall not
NOTE 2—See joint data form in Appendix, dimension 9A9.
be stretched more than 35% %.
6.1.4 The joints of the pipe shall be of such design that they 6.3 Non-Circular Cross-Section Gasket Joint Design:
will withstand the forces caused by the deformation of the 6.3.1 In joints that utilize gaskets of non-circular cross-
gasketwhenjoinedandwhentestedinaccordancewithSection
section placed on a single offset spigot configuration, the
10. annular space between the gasket contact surfaces of the
6.1.5 The angle of taper on the conic surfaces of the inside assembled joint shall have the rubber gasket deformed not less
ofthebellendandtheoutersurfaceofthespigotendwherethe than 15 % or more than 60 % when the pipe is joined with
gasket seats shall not be more than 2°, measured from the pipe maximum joint surface eccentricity (off-center) with all manu-
axis. Tapers up to 3° are not prohibited if proven adequate by facturing and gasket tolerances being considered. When deter-
plant tests as specified in Section 9 and approved by the owner mining the maximum percent deformation of the gasket, the
under the provisions of 6.4. It is not prohibited for the conic minimum bell diameter, the maximum spigot diameter, and the
C1628 – 06
stretched gasket height shall be used at design closure. When ments with a calibrated instrument accurate within 60.005 in.,
determining the minimum percent deformation of the gasket, all of which shall be within the minimum and maximum limits
the maximum bell diameter, the minimum spigot diameter, and used in Section 6.
the stretched gasket height shall be used at design closure. For 7.1.1 Specific methods, frequency, and record keeping of
gasket deformation calculations the stretched height shall be joint measurements shall be included in the manufacturer’s
determined by 8.1.2. written quality assurance testing procedures and documenta-
6.3.2 In lieu of the deformation limit design method de- tion.
scribed in 6.3.1, the manufacturer is not prohibited from
8. Test Methods for Gaskets
submitting a gasket force analysis. This design method shall
8.1 In addition to Specification C1619, the physical proper-
analyze the annular space between the gasket contact surfaces
ties of the gaskets shall be determined in accordance with the
of the assembled joint and compare it to the compression
following methods:
versus force characteristics for the proposed non-circular
8.1.1 Gasket Volume Determination—Determine the vol-
gasket as described in gasket compression curves as furnished
ume of gasket sections in accordance to Test Method C497.
by the gasket manufacturer, pipe joint manufacturer, or an
8.1.2 Non-Circular Shape Gasket Stretch Height—
independent testing laboratory. The joint design analysis shall
have the rubber gasket deformed within the limits of the Determine the stretch height of gasket sections in accordance
to Test Method C497.
specified design force limits when the pipe is joined off-center
with all manufacturing and gasket tolerances being considered. 8.1.3 Gasket Length—Determine the stretch length of gas-
ket sections in accordance to Test Method C497.
When determining the maximum deformation of the gasket,
the minimum bell diameter, the maximum spigot diameter, and
9. Performance Requirements for Joints
the stretched gasket height shall be used. When determining
9.1 The hydrostatic and structural tests are conducted to
the minimum deformation of the gasket, the maximum bell
serve as a proof-of-design test and the results shall be included
diameter, the minimum spigot diameter, and the stretched
within the joint submittal documents to the owner. The
gasket height shall be used.
hydrostatic and structural tests and results shall be witnessed
6.3.3 In joints that utilize offsets on the bell and spigot to
and certified by an independent testing agency, an owner’s
confine a non-circular cross-section gasket, the gasket shall be
representative, or manufacturer’s employee who is identified
of such height that when the outer surface of the spigot and the
within the manufacturer’s quality assurance program.
inner surface of the bell come into contact at some point in
9.1.1 At or before the time of placing an order the owner is
their periphery, the deformation in the gasket shall not exceed
permitted to require an additional proof-of-design test to verify
55 % at the point of contact nor be less than 15 % at any point.
compliance to this specification.
When determining the maximum percent deformation of the
9.1.2 Any modifications to a previously proof tested and
gasket, the minimum bell diameter, the maximum spigot
approved joint which met this specification such as, but not
diameter and the maximum stretched gasket height shall be
limited to; gasket profile or hardness, manufacturing tolerance
used. When determining the minimum percent deformation of
revision, a reduction of concrete compressive strength or
thegasket,themaximumdepthofshoulders,themaximumbell
reinforcement which affect the joint design or performance
diameter, the minimum spigot diameter, and the minimum
shall require a new proof-of design tests described in the
stretched gasket height shall be used. For gasket deformation
appropriate sections of 9.2, 9.3, or both.
calculations, the stretched height shall be determined as de-
9.2 Hydrostatic Tests for Joints—The manufacturer shall
scribed in 8.1.2.
conduct off-center hydrostatic joint tests described in Test
6.3.4 The gasket for joints described in 6.3 shall n
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