ASTM D4014-03(2012)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:D4014 −03 (Reapproved 2012)
Standard Specification for
Plain and Steel-Laminated Elastomeric Bearings for
Bridges
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4014; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1149TestMethodsforRubberDeterioration—Crackingin
an Ozone Controlled Environment
1.1 This specification covers bearings, which consist of all
D1415Test Method for Rubber Property—International
elastomer or of alternate laminates of elastomer and steel,
Hardness
when the function of the bearings is to transfer loads or
D1418 Practice for Rubber and Rubber Latices—
accommodate relative movement between a bridge superstruc-
Nomenclature
ture and its supporting structure, or both.
D2000Classification System for Rubber Products in Auto-
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
motive Applications
standard.
D2137TestMethodsforRubberProperty—BrittlenessPoint
of Flexible Polymers and Coated Fabrics
NOTE 1—The words “elastomer” or “elastomeric” will be used inter-
changeably with the word “rubber” in this specification.
D2240TestMethodforRubberProperty—DurometerHard-
ness
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the
D3183Practice for Rubber—Preparation of Pieces for Test
test methods portion, Section B, of this specification: This
Purposes from Products
standarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,
E4Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuser
of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
3. Terminology
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-
tions prior to use.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 design load—the mean compressive stress applied to
2. Referenced Documents
the area of the steel laminate.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.2 external load plate—a steel plate bonded to the top or
A36/A36MSpecification for Carbon Structural Steel
bottom elastomeric surface of a bearing, or both.
D395Test Methods for Rubber Property—Compression Set
3.1.3 lot—unless otherwise specified in the contract or
D412TestMethodsforVulcanizedRubberandThermoplas-
purchaseorder,alotshallconsistofasingletypeofbearing,of
tic Elastomers—Tension
the same design and material, submitted for inspection at the
D518 Test Method for Rubber Deterioration—Surface
same time.
Cracking (Withdrawn 2007)
3.1.4 plainelastomericbearingpad—abearingthatconsists
D573Test Method for Rubber—Deterioration in an Air
only of elastomeric material.
Oven
D832Practice for Rubber Conditioning For Low Tempera- 3.1.5 plain elastomeric sandwich bearing—a bearing that
consistsofasinglelayerofelastomericmaterialbondedtoone
ture Testing
or two external load plates (3.1.2).
3.1.6 steel-laminated elastomeric bearing—a bearing
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D04 on Road
molded of elastomeric material with one or more steel lami-
and Paving Materialsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.32 on
nates embedded in and bonded to it, and to which one or two
Bridges and Structures.
Current edition approved July 15, 2012. Published July 2012. Originally external load plates (3.1.2) may be bonded.
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D4014–03(2007).
DOI: 10.1520/D4014-03R12.
4. Classification
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4.1 The bearings are furnished in four types as follows:
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
4.1.1 Plain Elastomeric Bearing Pad.
the ASTM website.
4.1.2 Plain Elastomeric Sandwich Bearing.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. 4.1.3 Steel-Laminated Elastomeric Bearing.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4014−03 (2012)
4.1.4 Steel-Laminated Elastomeric Bearing with External 4.3 The elastomer for the manufacture of the bearing is
Load Plate(s). furnished in four grades of low-temperature properties. The
grades and typical operating temperature conditions for each
NOTE2—Examplesofthetypesofelastomericbearingconstructionare
grade are as follows:
given in Fig. 1.
NOTE3—Theadjectiveelastomericisomittedinthisspecificationwhen 4.3.1 Grade 0—Suitable for continuous use down to+5°C.
referring to bearing types.
4.3.2 Grade 2—Sub-zero temperatures occur at night and
4.2 The elastomer for the manufacture of the bearing is occasionally persist for no more than one or two days.
furnished in two types as follows: 4.3.3 Grade 3—Same as Grade 2 but occasional periods of
4.2.1 Type CR—Chloroprene rubber.
up to two weeks continuously below zero.
4.2.2 Type NR—Natural rubber.
4.3.4 Grade 5—Sub-zero temperatures down to−40°C per-
4.2.3 Ifnoneisspecifiedthenthemanufacturershalluseone
sisting for several months each year with up to two months
of those types.
continuously below−15°C.
4.3.5 If a grade is not specified Grade 0 shall be furnished.
NOTE 4—Appendix X1 relates to elastomeric materials which do not
havefullydocumentedin-servicerecordsorsufficientlywidespreaduseor An elastomer of a higher grade number may be substituted for
both.
any lower grade.
NOTE 5—The abbreviations for the elastomer types are taken from
Practice D1418. NOTE 6—A discussion of low-temperature properties of elastomeric
FIG. 1Examples of the Construction of Elastomeric Bearings
D4014−03 (2012)
materials is given in Practice D832.
bearing is less than 450 mm or 18 in. In all other cases, the
NOTE 7—The grade numbers for the low-temperature properties corre-
minimum thickness shall be 2 mm or 0.075 in. (14 gage).
spond to those in Table6 of Classification D2000.
7.4 Externalloadplatesshallbeofuniformthicknessunless
5. Ordering Information
otherwise specified in the contract or purchase order.
5.1 Orders for each type of bearing under this specification
7.5 Bearing dimensions and elastomer layer thicknesses
shall include the following:
shallsatisfythetolerancesinTable1,inwhich Disthelength,
5.1.1 Quantity,
width or diameter as appropriate, and T is the total elastomer
5.1.2 Bearing design,
thickness.
NOTE 8—An example of the design information required is given in 7.6 Variation from a plane parallel to a design surface shall
Appendix X2. Working drawings may be substituted.
not exceed an average slope of 0.005 for the upper surface and
0.006 for a side surface.
5.1.3 Design load,
5.1.4 Shear modulus of the elastomer,
8. Test Methods and Acceptance Requirements
5.1.5 Rubber type,
5.1.6 Rubber grade,
8.1 BearingCompressionTests—Allbearingssampledfrom
5.1.7 Ozone test partial pressure, if higher than 50 mPa
a lot shall be subjected to the compression tests. The cost of
(formerlyreferredtoasaconcentrationof50partsperhundred
replacement bearings and of testing them shall be borne by the
million (pphm)).
supplier.
8.1.1 Thebearingsshallbebroughttoatemperatureof23 6
6. Materials and Manufacture
6°C and shall be tested at this temperature.
6.1 Theelastomericcompoundusedintheconstructionofa
8.1.2 CompressionStiffness—Loadthebearingtothedesign
bearing shall contain only either natural rubber or chloroprene
load (3.1.1) by increments of one fifth of the design load. For
rubber as the raw polymer. No reclaimed rubber shall be used.
eachloadincrement,theloadingtimeshallbewithintherange
of 1.4 to 2.6 min. When the increment has been applied the
6.2 Internal steel laminates shall be of rolled mild steel.
load or deflection (depending on the type of testing machine)
6.3 External load plates shall conform to the requirements
shall be maintained constant for 30 s then the load and
of Specification A36/A36M unless otherwise specified in the
deflectionmeasured.Fromaplotofloadagainstdeflection,the
contract or purchase order.
compression stiffness shall be determined as the slope of the
6.4 Plain bearing pads shall be molded individually, or cut
best straight line through the points, ignoring the first point at
from previously molded strips or slabs, or extruded and cut to
zero load. Record the compressive stiffness for each bearing.
length. Cutting shall produce a smooth surface and no heating
8.1.3 Visual Inspection—Increase the load to 1.5 times the
of the elastomer.
design load then maintain either load or deflection constant
while the bearing is inspected for visual faults, as follows:
6.5 A steel-laminated bearing or a plain sandwich bearing
8.1.3.1 If lack of elastomer to steel bond is indicated, the
shall be molded as a single unit under pressure and heat.
bearing shall be rejected.
6.6 All bonding of elastomer to steel laminates and to
8.1.3.2 If laminate placement faults are observed which
external load plates shall be carried out during molding. The
resultinelastomerlayerthicknessthatexceedthetolerancesin
elastomer at the outer edges of bonds to external load plates
7.5, the bearing shall be rejected.
shall be shaped to avoid serious stress concentrations (see Fig.
8.1.3.3 If there are at least three separate surface cracks
1).
whichareeachatleast2mmwideand2mmdeep,thebearing
6.7 Internal steel laminates shall be free of sharp edges.
shall be rejected.
8.1.4 Record the median compressive stiffness (K)ofthe
6.8 External load plates shall be protected from rusting
bearing of median stiffness. The compressive stiffness of each
when supplied by the manufacturer.
bearing tested shall not differ from (K) by more than 10%.
6.9 All molds shall have a standard shop-practice mold
finish.
7. Dimensions and Permissible Variations
TABLE 1 Tolerances for Bearing Dimensions and Elastomer
Layer Thicknesses
7.1 All elastomeric layers, for example, plain-bearing pads,
laminates, and covers, shall be of uniform thickness unless Tolerance
Dimension
otherwise specified in the contract or purchase order. Minimum Maximum
Length, width or diameter of 0 5 (0.2) + 0.005D
7.2 All internal steel laminates shall be of uniform thick-
bearing, mm (in.)
ness. When specified in the contract or purchase order, the
Height of bearing, mm (in.) 0 2 (0.1) + 0.04T
Thickness of elastomer 0 3 (0.1)
thickness of the outer steel laminates may differ if not adjacent
cover
to an external load plate (see Fig. 1).
at top, bottom or side,
mm (in.)
7.3 The minimum thickness of internal steel laminates shall
Thickness of internal elas- ±20 % of design
be1.5mmor0.060in.(16gage)whenthegreaterofthelength
tomer laminate, % value
or width of a rectangular bearing or the diameter of a circular
D4014−03 (2012)
TABLE 2 Quality Control Properties of Elastomer
8.1.5 For each bearing that fails to meet the requirements in
8.1,twoadditionalbearingsmaybesampledandshallmeetall Rubber NR CR
the requirements in 8.1 or the lot shall be rejected. Hardness limits (Test 45 to 75 45 to 75
Method D1415 or Test
8.1.6 If the lot is not rejected, the bearing of median
Method D2240)
stiffness(K)shallbesubjectedtotheelastomericmaterialtests
Physical properties
(Test Methods D412):
in 8.2.
Tensile strength, 15.5 (2250) 15.5 (2250)
8.2 Elastomeric Material Tests:
min, MPa (psi)
Ultimate elongation:
8.2.1 All test specimens used for the determination of the
45 to 55 400 400
propertiesofthevulcanizedelastomericmaterialshallbetaken
hardness, min, %
from bearings (see Practice D3183). Tensile and hardness
56 to 65 400 350
hardness, min, %
specimens for the quality control tests in 8.2.3, specimens for
66 to 75 300 300
the ozone resistance test in 8.2.5, and strips for the low-
hardness, min, %
temperature brittleness test in 8.2.6.1, if applicable, shall
High-temperature re-
sistance (Test
includeanoutersurfaceofabearing.Allotherspecimensshall
Method D573)
be taken from within the middle one third of a bearing.
Aging time, h 168 70
Compression set specimens shall be as specified in Test
Aging tempera- 70 100
ture, °C
Methods D395, Method B, Type 1.
Change in +10 +15
8.2.2 The temperature at which the tests shall be carried out
hardness, max, %
shall be 23 6 2°C except where otherwise specified in this Change in tensile −25 −15
strength, max, %
specification.
Change in ultimate −25 −40
8.2.3 Quality Control Properties—Thequalitycontrolprop-
elongation, max, %
erties of the elastomer shall meet the requirements of Table 2 Compression set (Test
Methods D395,
for the hardness and type of rubber used.
Method B)
8.2.4 Shear Modulus—The shear modulus of the elastomer
After 22 h at 70°C, 25 .
max, %
determined in accordance with Annex A1 shall not differ by
After 22 h at 100°C, . 35
more than 615% from the required shear modulus of the
max, %
elastomer.
8.2.5 Ozone Resistance—An ozone resistance test shall be
9.1.1 For acceptance purposes, bearing from within the lot
carriedoutonteststripsmountedinaccordancewithprocedure
shall be selected at random as samples for inspection and
A of Test Method D518. The test shall be carried out in
testing.
accordance with Test Methods D1149 at 20% strain and at 40
9.1.2 Aminimum of three bearings shall be taken from the
6 2°C for 100 h.The ozone test partial pressure shall be 50 6
lot for testing. If the number of bearings in the lot exceeds 50
5 mPa formerly referred to as a concentration of 50 6 5 pphm
thenforeach50,orpartthereof,oneadditionalbearingshallbe
unlessahighertestpartialpressurehasbeenspecified.Thetest
strips shall be examined for cracks using a 7× magnification taken for testing.
lens. The elastomer has adequate ozone resistance if no
10. Product Marking
perpendicular cracks are observed on that surface of the strip
10.1 Every bearing shall be marked in indelible ink or
corresponding to the outer surface of the bearing.
flexible paint. The marking shall consist of the order number,
8.2.6 Low-Temperature Grade Tests:
lot number, bearing identification number and elastomer type
8.2.6.1 When Low-Temperature Grade 2, 3, or 5 is
and grade reference number.
specified,alow-temperaturebrittlenesstestshallbecarriedout
in accordance with Test Methods D2137, MethodAusing five
10.2 Unless otherwise specified in the contract or purchase
test strips. The temperature at which the strips shall be
order, the marking should be on a side face visible after
conditioned and tested shall be−10°C for Grade 2,−25°C for
erection of the bridge.
Grade 3, and−40°C for Grade 5. To meet the requirements of
11. Precision and Bias
this specification, none shall fail.
11.1 No user is currently interested in participating in a
9. Samp
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