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ASTM D1746-03

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Transparency of Plastic Sheeting

Standard Test Method for Transparency of Plastic Sheeting

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The attribute of clarity of a sheet, measured by its ability to transmit image-forming light, correlates with its regular transmittance. Sensitivity to differences improves with decreasing incident beam- and receptor-angle. If the angular width of the incident beam and of the receptor aperture (as seen from the specimen position) are of the order of 0.1° or less, sheeting of commercial interest have a range of transparency of about 10 to 90 % as measured by this test. Results obtained by the use of this test method are greatly influenced by the design parameters of the instruments; for example, the resolution is largely determined by the angular width of the receptor aperture. Caution should therefore be exercised in comparing results obtained from different instruments, especially for samples with low regular transmittance.
Regular transmittance data in accordance with this test method correlate with the property commonly known as “see-through,” which is rated subjectively by the effect of a hand-held specimen on an observer’ability to distinguish clearly a relatively distant target. This correlation is poor for highly diffusing materials because of interference of scattered light in the visual test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the transparency of plastic sheeting in terms of regular transmittance ( Tr ). Although generally applicable to any translucent or transparent material, it is principally intended for use with nominally clear and colorless thin sheeting.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. the values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.
Note 2—For additional information, see Terminology E 284 and Practice E 1164.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jul-2003
ICS
83.140.10 - Films and sheets
Technical Committee
D20 - Plastics
Drafting Committee
D20.40 - Optical Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D1746-97 - Standard Test Method for Transparency of Plastic Sheeting
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003
Replaced By
ASTM D1746-09 - Standard Test Method for Transparency of Plastic Sheeting
Effective Date
01-Feb-2009
Referred By
ASTM D2103-15 - Standard Specification for Polyethylene Film and Sheeting
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003
Referred By
ASTM D8065/D8065M-16 - Standard Classification System and Basis for Specification for Specifying Plastic Films
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003
Referred By
ASTM D2673-14(2022) - Standard Specification for Oriented Polypropylene Film
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003
Referred By
ASTM F1742-03(2020) - Standard Specification for PVC Insulating Sheeting
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003
Referred By
ASTM E179-17(2022) - Standard Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of Materials
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003
Referred By
ASTM D4649-20 - Standard Guide for Use of Stretch Films and Wrapping Application
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003

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ASTM D1746-03 - Standard Test Method for Transparency of Plastic Sheeting
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D1746–03
Standard Test Method for
1
Transparency of Plastic Sheeting
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1746; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* E 1348 Test Method for Transmittance and Color by Spec-
3
trophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the trans-
parency of plastic sheeting in terms of regular transmittance
3. Terminology
(T ). Although generally applicable to any translucent or
r
3.1 Definitions:
transparent material, it is principally intended for use with
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer
nominally clear and colorless thin sheeting.
to Terminologies D 883, E 284, and E 1316.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard.Thevaluesgiveninbracketsareforinformationonly.
4. Significance and Use
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 Theattributeofclarityofasheet,measuredbyitsability
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
to transmit image-forming light, correlates with its regular
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
transmittance. Sensitivity to differences improves with de-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
creasing incident beam- and receptor-angle. If the angular
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
widthoftheincidentbeamandofthereceptoraperture(asseen
NOTE 1—There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.
from the specimen position) are of the order of 0.1° or less,
NOTE 2—For additional information, see Terminology E 284 and Prac-
sheetingofcommercialinteresthavearangeoftransparencyof
tice E 1164.
about 10 to 90 % as measured by this test. Results obtained by
the use of this test method are greatly influenced by the design
2. Referenced Documents
parameters of the instruments; for example, the resolution is
2.1 ASTM Standards:
largely determined by the angular width of the receptor
2
D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
aperture. Caution should therefore be exercised in comparing
2
D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
results obtained from different instruments, especially for
D 1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance
samples with low regular transmittance.
2
of Transparent Plastics
4.2 Regular transmittance data in accordance with this test
3
E 284 Terminology of Appearance
method correlate with the property commonly known as
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
“see-through,” which is rated subjectively by the effect of a
4
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
hand-held specimen on an observer’s ability to distinguish
E 1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrophotometric Data for
clearly a relatively distant target. This correlation is poor for
3
Object-Color Evaluation
highly diffusing materials because of interference of scattered
5
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
light in the visual test.
E 1345 Practice for Reducing the Effect of Variability of
3
Color Measurement by Use of Multiple Measurements
5. Apparatus
E 1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-
5.1 The apparatus shall consist of a light source, source
3
surement by Tristimulus (Filter) Colorimetry
aperture, lens system, specimen holder, receptor aperture,
photoelectric detector, and an indicating or recording system,
arranged to measure regular transmittance. The system shall
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plastics
meet the following requirements:
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.40 on Optical Properties.
5.1.1 An incandescent or vapor-arc lamp, with a regulated
Current edition approved July 10, 2003. Published September 2003. Originally
approved in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as D 1746 – 97.
power supply such that fluctuations in light intensity shall be
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
less than 61 %. If an arc lamp is used, an appropriate filter
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
4 shall be used to limit light only to the spectral range from 540
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03. to 560 nm.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1746–03
5.1.2 Asystemofaperturesand
...

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This specification establishes the dimensional (length and width, thickness, and weight) requirements for biaxially oriented polyethylene terephthalate film and sheeting, both virgin and recycled. For this specification, polyethylene terephthalate film and sheeting shall be defined as the material derived from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol and shall consist of at least 90 % polyethylene terephthalate homopolymer. The film or sheeting shall be furnished flat or in rolls in the dimensions specified. This specification does not apply to coated, coextruded, tinted, pigmented, or metallized film or sheeting.
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This specification covers polyethylene sheeting with a determined thickness intended for construction, industrial and agricultural applications. The sheeting shall be made from polyethylene or modified polyethylene, such as an ethylene copolymer consisting of a major portion of ethylene in combination with a minor portion of some other monomer, or a mixture of polyethylene with a lesser amount of other polymers. General requirements for the material are also observed according to their appearance, dimensions in size and tolerance and minimum net weight. The sheeting may be natural, color-tinted, translucent or opaque. The tests given are intended primarily for use as production tests in conjunction with manufacturing processes and inspection methods to insure conformity of sheeting with the requirements of this specification. These tests shall be done in order to determine the following properties: thickness, length and width, weight, impact resistance, tensile properties, reflectance, luminous transmittance, water vapor transmission, and heat sealability.
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ASTM D4272/D4272M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Total Energy Impact of Plastic Films by Dart Drop

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Evaluation of the impact toughness of film is important in predicting the performance of a material in applications such as packaging, construction, and other uses. The test simulates the action encountered in applications where moderate-velocity blunt impacts occur in relatively small areas of film.  
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1.1 This test method describes the determination of the total energy impact of plastic films by measuring the kinetic energy lost by a free-falling dart that passes through the film.  
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Note 1: Film has been arbitrarily defined as sheeting having nominal thickness not greater than 0.25 mm [0.010 in.].
Note 2: This test method and ISO 7765–2 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content (and results cannot be directly compared between the two test methods). The ISO test method calls for a direct readout of energy by using a load cell as part of the impactor head, while Test Method D4272 calls for a constant weight impactor, then measuring the time of travel through a given distance to get energy values.
FIG. 1 Elements of an Instrumented Dart Drop System
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Standard Test Method for Transparency of Plastic Sheeting

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4.1 The attribute of clarity of a sheet, measured by its ability to transmit image-forming light, correlates with its regular transmittance. Sensitivity to differences improves with decreasing incident beam- and receptor-angle. If the angular width of the incident beam and of the receptor aperture (as seen from the specimen position) are of the order of 0.1° or less, sheeting of commercial interest have a range of transparency of about 10 to 90 % as measured by this test. Results obtained by the use of this test method are greatly influenced by the design parameters of the instruments; for example, the resolution is largely determined by the angular width of the receptor aperture. Caution should therefore be exercised in comparing results obtained from different instruments, especially for samples with low regular transmittance.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is of value in ranking relative tearing resistance of various plastic films and thin sheeting of comparable thickness. Experience has shown the test to have its best reliability on relatively less extensible films and sheeting. Variable elongation and oblique tearing effects on the more extensible films preclude its use as a precise production-control tool for these types of plastics. This test method should be used for specification acceptance testing only after it has been demonstrated that the data for the particular material are acceptably reproducible. This test method should be used for service evaluation only after its usefulness for the particular application has been demonstrated with a number of different films.  
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5.1 When a drop of liquid rests on the surface of a solid, and a gas is in contact with both, the forces acting at the interfaces must balance. These forces can be represented by surface energies acting in the direction of the surfaces and it follows that:
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5.1.2 When the gas is air saturated with vapors of the liquid, γGL will be the surface tension of the liquid. If the angle of contact is 0° the liquid is said to just wet the surface of the solid, and in this particular case (since cos θ = 1) the wetting tension of the solid will be equal to the surface tension of the liquid.  
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the wetting tension of a polyethylene or polypropylene film surface in contact with drops of specific test solutions in the presence of air.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
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Note 2: This test method is equivalent to ISO 8296.  
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Standard Practice for Fabrication of Ring Test Specimens for Glass-Resin Composites

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SCOPE
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1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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ASTM D4551-22(Specification)
Standard Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Flexible Concealed Water-Containment Membrane

ABSTRACT
This specification covers poly(vinyl chloride) flexible sheeting which is used without mastic, bedding, or coating for construction of concealed water containment membranes that include fountains, pools, planters, shower and safe pans, tile tubs, or similar wet installations where the membrane is inaccessible once the construction is complete. The plastic materials shall meet the inherent viscosity and compound density requirements and shall be subjected to tests that have been selected to be conducted primarily with liquids that simulate the environment to which the membrane will be subjected during actual use. Qualification tests shall be performed wherein the sheeting shall conform to the following physical property requirements: thickness; stress-strain properties such as tensile strength, tensile stress at elongation, and elongation at break; tear resistance; pinholes; microorganism resistance; puncture resistance; indentation resistance; folding resistance; chemical resistance to distilled water, soapy water, or alkali; hydrostatic pressure resistance; shrinkage; and volatile loss.
SCOPE
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1.2 Recycled materials may be used in this product in accordance with the requirements in Section 5.  
1.3 The tests are intended to ensure quality and performance and are not intended for design purposes. Tests have been selected to be conducted primarily with liquids that simulate the environment to which the membrane will be subjected during actual use.  
1.4 This specification does not cover water-containment membranes exposed to ultraviolet light.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.7 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 11, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    9 pages
    English language
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  • Technical specification
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off