ASTM C295-08
(Guide)Standard Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for Concrete
Standard Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for Concrete
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Petrographic examinations are made for the following purposes:
To determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the material that may be observed by petrographic methods and that have a bearing on the performance of the material in its intended use.
To describe and classify the constituents of the sample,
To determine the relative amounts of the constituents of the sample that are essential for proper evaluation of the sample when the constituents differ significantly in properties that have a bearing on the performance of the material in its intended use, and
To compare samples of aggregate from new sources with samples of aggregate from one or more sources, for which test data or performance records are available.
This guide may be used by a petrographer employed directly by those for whom the examination is made. The employer should tell the petrographer, in as much detail as necessary, the purposes and objectives of the examination, the kind of information needed, and the extent of examination desired. Pertinent background information, including results of prior testing, should be made available. The petrographer's advice and judgment should be sought regarding the extent of the examination.
This guide may form the basis for establishing arrangements between a purchaser of consulting petrographic service and the petrographer. In such a case, the purchaser and the consultant should together determine the kind, extent, and objectives of the examination and analyses to be made, and should record their agreement in writing. The agreement may stipulate specific determinations to be made, observations to be reported, funds to be obligated, or a combination of these or other conditions.
Petrographic examination of aggregate considered for use in hydraulic-cement concrete is one aspect of the evaluation of aggregate, but petrographic examination is also used for many other purposes. Petrographic examinations provide identification of types and var...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide outlines procedures for the petrographic examination of samples representative of materials proposed for use as aggregates in cementitious mixtures or as raw materials for use in production of such aggregates. This guide is based on Ref (1).
1.2 This guide outlines the extent to which petrographic techniques should be used, the selection of properties that should be looked for, and the manner in which such techniques may be employed in the examination of samples of aggregates for concrete.
1.3 The rock and mineral names given in Descriptive Nomenclature C 294 should be used, insofar as they are appropriate, in reports prepared in accordance with this guide.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information purposes only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:C295–08
Standard Guide for
1
Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C295; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* C136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse
Aggregates
1.1 This guide outlines procedures for the petrographic
C294 Descriptive Nomenclature for Constituents of Con-
examination of samples representative of materials proposed
crete Aggregates
for use as aggregates in cementitious mixtures or as raw
C702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Test-
materials for use in production of such aggregates. This guide
2 ing Size
is based on Ref (1).
D75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates
1.2 This guide outlines the extent to which petrographic
E11 SpecificationforWovenWireTestSieveClothandTest
techniques should be used, the selection of properties that
Sieves
shouldbelookedfor,andthemannerinwhichsuchtechniques
E883 Guide for Reflected−Light Photomicrography
may be employed in the examination of samples of aggregates
for concrete.
3. Qualifications of Petrographers
1.3 The rock and mineral names given in Descriptive
3.1 All petrographic examinations of aggregate for use in
Nomenclature C294 should be used, insofar as they are
concrete as described in this guide should be performed by a
appropriate, in reports prepared in accordance with this guide.
petrographer with at least 5 years experience in petrographic
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
examination of concrete or concrete-making materials. The
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
petrographershouldhavecompletedcollege-levelcoursework
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-
pertaining to basic geology, mineralogy, petrography, and
tion purposes only and are not considered standard.
optical mineralogy or have obtained equivalent knowledge
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
through experience and on-the-job training. Completion of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
course work in concrete materials is also advantageous. The
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
petrographer should have experience evaluating the effects of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
aggregatesonthephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofhardened
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
concrete. Identification of individual minerals in aggregate
2. Referenced Documents particles, classification of rock types, and categorizing the
3 physical and chemical properties of rocks and minerals should
2.1 ASTM Standards:
also be included in the petrographer’s experience. The petrog-
C33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates
raphershouldhaveexpertisetoproperlyusetheequipmentand
C117 TestMethodforMaterialsFinerthan75-µm(No.200)
apparatus described in Section 6 and provide detailed interpre-
Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by Washing
tations of the petrographic examination. If the petrographer
does not meet these qualifications, the individual may perform
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and
such examinations under the technical direction of a full-time
Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.65 on
supervising petrographer who meets these qualifications. A
Petrography.
resume of the professional experience and education of the
Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published December 2008. Originally
approved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C295–03. DOI:
petrographer shall be available.
10.1520/C0295-08.
3.1.1 Licensing, certification, or other accreditation by a
2
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof
governmental agency or other organization stating the indi-
this standard.
3
vidual is a professional geologist should not, by itself, consti-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
tute sufficient qualification for examination of aggregates for
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
concrete.
the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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C295–08
4. Summary of Method pri
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This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C295–03 Designation:C295–08
Standard Guide for
1
Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 295; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This guide outlines procedures for the petrographic examination of samples representative of materials proposed for use as
2
aggregates in cementitious mixtures or as raw materials for use in production of such aggregates. This guide is based on Ref (1).
1.2 This guide outlines the extent to which petrographic techniques should be used, the selection of properties that should be
looked for, and the manner in which such techniques may be employed in the examination of samples of aggregates for concrete.
1.3 The rock and mineral names given in Descriptive Nomenclature C 294 should be used, insofar as they are appropriate, in
reports prepared in accordance with this guide.
1.4The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information
purposes only.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information purposes only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C 33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates
C 117 Test Method for Materials Finer than 75-µm75-m (No. 200) Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by Washing
C 136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
C 294 Descriptive Nomenclature for Constituents of Concrete Aggregates
C 702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Testing Size
D 75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates
E 11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for Testing Purposes
E 883Guide for Reflected-Light Photomicrography
3.Summary of Method
3.1Thespecificproceduresemployedinthepetrographicexaminationofanysamplewilldependtoalargeextentonthepurpose
oftheexaminationandthenatureofthesample.Inmostcasestheexaminationwillrequiretheuseofopticalmicroscopy.Complete
petrographic examinations for particular purposes and to investigate particular problems may require examination of aggregates
or of selected constituents by means of additional procedures, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, differential thermal
analysis (DTA), infrared spectroscopy, or other scanning electron microscopy (SEM) energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX). In
some instances, such procedures are more rapid and more definitive than are microscopical methods.
3.2Identification of the constituents of a sample is usually a necessary step towards recognition of the properties that may be
expected to influence the behavior of the material in its intended use, but identification is not an end in itself. The value of any
petrographic examination will depend to a large extent on the representativeness of the samples examined, the completeness and
accuracy of the information provided to the petrographer concerning the source and proposed use of the material, and the
petrographer’s ability to correlate these data with the findings of the examination.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.65on
Petrography.
Current edition approved Jan. 10, 2003. Published March 2003. Originally approved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as C295-98.
Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published December 2008. Originally approved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C 295 – 03.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards
, Vol 04.02.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM web
...
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