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ASTM E2536-06

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Assessment of Measurement Uncertainty in Fire Tests

Standard Guide for Assessment of Measurement Uncertainty in Fire Tests

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Users of fire test data often need a quantitative indication of the quality of the data presented in a test report. This quantitative indication is referred to as the “measurement uncertainty”. There are two primary reasons for estimating the uncertainty of fire test results.
5.1.1 ISO/IEC 17025 requires that competent testing and calibration laboratories include uncertainty estimates for the results that are presented in a report.
5.1.2 Fire safety engineers need to know the quality of the input data used in an analysis to determine the uncertainty of the outcome of the analysis.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the evaluation and expression of uncertainty of measurements of fire test methods developed and maintained by ASTM International, based on the approach presented in the GUM. The use in this process of precision data obtained from a round robin is also discussed.
1.2 Application of this guide is limited to tests that provide quantitative results in engineering units. This includes, for example, methods for measuring the heat release rate of burning specimens based on oxygen consumption calorimetry, such as Test Method E 1354.
1.3 This guide does not apply to tests that provide results in the form of indices or binary results (for example, pass/fail). For example, the uncertainty of the Flame Spread Index obtained according to Test Method E 84 cannot be determined.
1.4 In some cases additional guidance is required to supplement this standard. For example, the expression of uncertainty of heat release rate measurements at low levels requires additional guidance and uncertainties associated with sampling are not explicitly addressed.
1.5 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2006
ICS
13.220.40 - Ignitability and burning behaviour of materials and products
Technical Committee
E05 - Fire Standards
Drafting Committee
E05.31 - Terminology and Services / Functions
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E2536-09 - Standard Guide for Assessment of Measurement Uncertainty in Fire Tests
Effective Date
01-Oct-2009
Referred By
ASTM E176-21ae1 - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM E535-19 - Standard Practice for Preparation of Fire-Test-Response Standards
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM E2989-19a - Standard Guide for Assessment of Continued Applicability of Reaction to Fire Test Reports Used in Building Regulation
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006

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ASTM E2536-06 - Standard Guide for Assessment of Measurement Uncertainty in Fire Tests
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2536 – 06
Standard Guide for
1
Assessment of Measurement Uncertainty in Fire Tests
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2536; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The objective of a measurement is to determine the value of the measurand, that is, the physical
quantity that needs to be measured. Every measurement is subject to error, no matter how carefully
it is conducted. The (absolute) error of a measurement is defined in Eq 1.
All terms in Eq 1 have the units of the physical quantity that is measured. This equation cannot be
used to determine the error of a measurement because the true value is unknown, otherwise a
measurement would not be needed. In fact, the true value of a measurand is unknowable because it
cannot be measured without error. However, it is possible to estimate, with some confidence, the
expected limits of error. This estimate is referred to as the uncertainty of the measurement and
provides a quantitative indication of its quality.
Errors of measurement have two components, a random component and a systematic component.
The former is due to a number of sources that affect a measurement in a random and uncontrolled
manner. Random errors cannot be eliminated, but their effect on uncertainty is reduced by increasing
the number of repeat measurements and by applying a statistical analysis to the results. Systematic
errors remain unchanged when a measurement is repeated under the same conditions. Their effect on
uncertainty cannot be completely eliminated either, but is reduced by applying corrections to account
for the error contribution due to recognized systematic effects. The residual systematic error is
unknown and shall be treated as a random error for the purpose of this standard.
General principles for evaluating and reporting measurement uncertainties are described in the
Guide on Uncertainty of Measurements (GUM). Application of the GUM to fire test data presents
some unique challenges. This standard shows how these challenges can be overcome.
´[ y 2 Y (1)
1.2 Application of this guide is limited to tests that provide
quantitative results in engineering units. This includes, for
where:
example, methods for measuring the heat release rate of
´ = measurement error;
burning specimens based on oxygen consumption calorimetry,
y = measured value of the measurand; and
such as Test Method E1354.
Y = true value of the measurand.
1.3 This guide does not apply to tests that provide results in
the form of indices or binary results (for example, pass/fail).
1. Scope
For example, the uncertainty of the Flame Spread Index
1.1 This guide covers the evaluation and expression of
obtained according to Test Method E84 cannot be determined.
uncertainty of measurements of fire test methods developed
1.4 In some cases additional guidance is required to supple-
andmaintainedbyASTMInternational,basedontheapproach
ment this standard. For example, the expression of uncertainty
presentedintheGUM.Theuseinthisprocessofprecisiondata
of heat release rate measurements at low levels requires
obtained from a round robin is also discussed.
additionalguidanceanduncertaintiesassociatedwithsampling
are not explicitly addressed.
1
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE05onFireStandards
1.5 Thisfirestandardcannotbeusedtoprovidequantitative
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.31 on Terminology and
measures.
Editorial.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2006. Published January 2007. DOI: 10.1520/
E2536-06.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2536 – 06
2. Referenced Documents 3.2.9 repeatability (of results of measurements),
2
n—closeness of the agreement between the results of succes-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
siveindependentmeasurementsofthesamemeasurandcarried
E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of
out under repeatability conditions.
Building Materials
3.2.10 repeatability conditions, n—onidenticaltestmaterial
E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
using the same measurement procedure, observer(s), and
E230 Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force
measuring instrument(s) and performed in the same laboratory
(EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
during a short period of time.
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
3.2.11 reproducibility (of results of measurements), n—
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
closeness of the agreement between the results of measure-
...

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ASTM E2579-23b(Practice)
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1.4.3 An evaluation of the ampacity of the electrical system within the fire-resistive barrier system.  
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1.4.9 Environmental conditions in the area of service.  
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ASTM E2748-23(Guide)
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4.1 The methods and procedures set forth in this guide relate to the conduct and reporting of fire-resistance tests obtained from particular fire-resistance tested specimens tested using conditions different than those addressed by Test Methods E119.  
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5.1 This test method provides a means of measuring a variety of fire-test-response characteristics resulting from burning a test specimen, mattress or mattress with foundation. After ignition using a propane gas burner, the test specimen is permitted to burn freely under well-ventilated conditions. The most important fire-test-response characteristic measured in this test method is the rate of heat release, which quantifies the intensity of the fire generated.  
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5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the time to burn-through and the time to ignition of materials, products, and assemblies.  
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5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the heat evolved in, or contributed to, a fire involving materials or products that emit low levels of heat release. The recommended use for this test method is for materials with a total heat release rate measured of less than 10 MJ over the first 20 min test period, and which do not give peak heat release rates of more than 200 kW/m2 for periods extending more than 10 s. Also included is a determination of the effective heat of combustion, mass loss rate, the time to sustained flaming, and (optionally) smoke production. These properties are determined on small size test specimens that are representative of those in the intended end use.  
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1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides a procedure for measuring the response of materials that emit low levels of heat release when exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating with or without an external igniter.  
1.2 This test method differs from Test Method E1354 in that it prescribes a different specific test specimen size, specimen holder, test specimen orientation, a direct connection between the plenum and the top plate of the cone heater assembly to ensure complete collection of all the combustion gases (Fig. 1), and a lower volumetric flow rate for analyses via oxygen consumption calorimetry. It is intended for use on materials and products that contain only small amounts of combustible ingredients or components, such as test specimens that yield a peak heat release of 2 and total heat release of 2.
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1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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1.1 This fire-test-response test method can be used to determine the ignitability and heat release from the composites of contract, institutional, or high-risk occupancy upholstered furniture or mattresses using a bench scale oxygen consumption calorimeter.  
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1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.  
1.8 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furniture

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means to measure a variety of fire-test-response characteristics resulting from burning a specimen of upholstered furniture. The upholstered furniture specimen is allowed to burn freely under well-ventilated conditions after ignition using a propane gas burner. The most important fire-test-response characteristic measured is the rate of heat release, which quantifies the intensity of the fire generated.  
5.2 The rate of heat release is measured by the principle of oxygen consumption. The assumptions and limitations of oxygen depletion calorimetry are discussed in Annex A4, and in particular in A4.1.2.  
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5.4 The most important gaseous components of smoke are the carbon oxides, present in all fires. They are indicators of the toxicity of the atmosphere and of the completeness of combustion. Measurement of concentrations of carbon oxides are useful for two purposes: as part of fire hazard assessment calculations and to improve the accuracy of heat release measurements. Other toxic combustion gases, which are specific to certain materials, are less crucial for determining combustion completeness and are optional measures, but fire hazard assessment often requires their measurement.  
5.5 The type of ignition chosen (a flaming source) is common in both accidental and intentional fires in public occupancies. This test method is thus applicable to upholstered furniture in public occupancies. Such facilities include, but are not limited to, jails, prisons, nursing care homes, health care facilities, public auditoriums, hotels, and motels.  
5.6 It has been shown that if the gas burner is used at a flow rate of 13 L/min for 80 s (equivalent to 19.3 kW), as is the case in California Technical Bulletin (CA TB) 133, it approximates the ignition propensity of five cru...
SCOPE
1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.  
1.2 The purpose of this test method is to determine the burning behavior of upholstered furniture used in public occupancies by measuring specific fire-test responses when the specimen of furniture is subjected to a specified flaming ignition source under well-ventilated conditions.  
1.3 Data are obtained describing the burning behavior from a specific ignition source until all burning has ceased, a period of 1 h has elapsed, or flashover appears inevitable.  
1.4 This test method does not provide information on the fire performance of upholstered furniture in fire conditions other than those conditions specified. In particular, this test method does not apply to smoldering ignition by cigarettes. See X1.6 for further information.  
1.5 The rate of heat release of the burning specimen is measured by an oxygen consumption method. See X1.6.4 for further information.  
1.6 The production of light obscuring smoke is measured and the concentrations of certain toxic gas species in the combustion gases are determined. See X1.6.5 for further information.  
1.7 The burning behavior is visually documented by photographic or video recordings, whenever possible.  
1.8 The system of units to be used in referee decisions is the SI system of units, see IEEE/ASTM SI-10 only. The units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.9 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.10 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its us...

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ASTM
ASTM E3020-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Ignition Sources

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A variety of standard test methods, specifications, and regulations have been issued by a number of different standards developing organizations and regulatory authorities that contain ignition sources used to assess fire-test-response characteristics associated with flaming and non-flaming ignition. This practice describes such ignition sources and provides information on the standard method in which they are described.  
5.2 The ignition source to be chosen for any specific use needs to be relevant to the fire hazard associated with the intended application. Neither the scope of the standard containing the ignition source nor any other aspect of the standard has any bearing on the use of the ignition source for another application.  
5.3 This practice is not expected to be a fully comprehensive list of ignition sources. If additional ignition sources are identified they can be added to the practice.  
5.4 This practice does not describe test specimen preparation or detailed testing procedures for the materials or products.  
5.5 This practice does not address limitations associated with the ignition sources described in this practice.  
5.6 This practice does not necessarily address the latest edition of any standard referenced.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a series of ignition sources that have been used and that are potentially applicable to assessing fire-test-response characteristics resulting from the ignition of materials, products, or assemblies.  
1.2 This practice does not identify which of the ignition sources described is applicable to any specific use since that is a function of the associated fire hazard (see also 5.2).  
1.3 This practice is not necessarily comprehensive and it is possible that other applicable ignition sources exist (see also 5.3).  
1.4 This practice describes both flaming and non-flaming ignition sources, since the outcome of a non-flaming ignition can be the eventual flaming ignition of these materials or products (see also 4.2).  
1.5 This practice does not provide pass/fail criteria that can be used as a regulatory tool.  
1.6 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.7 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.9 This practice contains notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered requirements of the standard.  
1.10 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard in referee decisions. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. See IEEE/ASTM SI 10 for further details.  
1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.12 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2032-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Extension of Data From Fire Resistance Tests Conducted in Accordance with ASTM E 119

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The methods and procedures set forth in this practice relate to the extension of the fire resistance ratings obtained from particular fire tested specimens to constructions that have not been tested.  
4.2 Users of this practice must have knowledge and understanding of the provisions of Test Method E119 including those pertaining to conditions of acceptance.  
4.3 In order to apply some of the principles described in this practice, reference to the original fire test report will be necessary.  
4.4 In Test Method E119, the specimens are subjected to specific laboratory fire test exposure conditions. Substitution of different test conditions or changes in the end use conditions have the ability to change the measured fire-test-response characteristics. Therefore, the extensions of data are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in Test Method E119,.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the extension of fire resistance ratings obtained from fire tests performed in accordance with Test Method E119 to constructions that have not been tested. Test Method E119 evaluates the duration for which test specimens will contain a fire, retain their standard integrity, or both during a predetermined test exposure.  
1.2 This practice is based on principles involving the extension of test data using simple considerations. The acceptance of these principles and their application is based substantially on an analogous worst case proposition.  
1.3 These principles are only applicable to temperature conditions represented by the standard time-temperature curve described in Test Method E119. Test Method E119 is a fire-test-response standard.  
1.4 The types of building constructions which are the subject of this practice are categorized as follows: beams; floor and roof assemblies; columns; and walls and partitions. Floor and roof assemblies include such assemblies with ceiling protective membranes.  
1.5 The extension of test data using numerical calculations based on empirical data or theoretical models is not covered in this practice.  
1.6 This practice does not cover the substitution of one proprietary material for another proprietary material, or materials for which fire test data are not presently available.  
1.7 This practice does not purport to be comprehensive in its treatment of non-proprietary modifications of tested constructions. Engineering evaluation or tests are recommended for assessing modifications not specifically covered in this practice.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.9 This standard is used to determine certain fire-test responses of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions by using results obtained from fire-test-response standards. The results obtained from using this standard do not by themselves constitute measures of fire hazard or fire risk.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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