Name: ASTM E1474-07 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate of Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components or Composites Using a Benc
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Abstract

Standard Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate of Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components or Composites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is used to determine the time to sustained flaming and heat release of materials and composites exposed to a prescribed heat flux in the cone calorimeter apparatus.
Quantitative heat release measurements provide information that can be used for upholstery and mattress product designs and product development.
Heat release measurements provide useful information for product development by yielding a quantitative measure of specific changes in fire performance caused by component and composite modifications. Heat release data from this test method will not be predictive of product behavior if the product does not spread flame over its surface under the fire exposure conditions of interest.
Test Limitations—The test data are invalid if either of the following conditions occur: (1) explosive spalling; or (2) the specimen swells sufficiently prior to ignition to touch the spark plug, or the specimen swells up to the plane of the heater base during combustion.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response test method can be used to determine the ignitability and heat release from the composites of contract, institutional, or high-risk occupancy upholstered furniture or mattresses using a bench scale oxygen consumption calorimeter.
1.2 This test method provides for measurement of the time to sustained flaming, heat release rate, peak and total heat release, and effective heat of combustion at a constant radiant heat flux of 35 kW/m 2. This test method is also suitable to obtain heat release data at different heating fluxes. The specimen is oriented horizontally, and a spark ignition source is used.
1.3 The times to sustained flaming, heat release, and effective heat of combustion are determined using the apparatus and procedures described in Test Method E 1354.
1.4 The tests are performed on bench-scale specimens combining the furniture or mattress outer layer components. Frame elements are not included.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.

General Information

Status

Historical

Publication Date

30-Sep-2007

ICS

13.220.40 - Ignitability and burning behaviour of materials and products

97.140 - Furniture

Technical Committee

E05 - Fire Standards

Drafting Committee

E05.21 - Smoke and Combustion Products

Current Stage

Ref Project

Relations

Replaces

ASTM E1474-04e1 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate of Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components or Composites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter

Effective Date

01-Oct-2007

Replaced By

ASTM E1474-10 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate of Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components or Composites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter

Effective Date

15-Mar-2010

Referred By

ASTM D6113-21 - Standard Test Method for Using Cone Calorimeter to Determine Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Insulating Materials Contained in Electrical or Optical Fiber Cables

Effective Date

01-Oct-2007

Referred By

ASTM E2102-21 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Mass Loss and Ignitability for Screening Purposes Using a Conical Radiant Heater

Effective Date

01-Oct-2007

Referred By

ASTM E176-21ae1 - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards

Effective Date

01-Oct-2007

Referred By

ASTM E2061-23 - Standard Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of Rail Transportation Vehicles

Effective Date

01-Oct-2007

Referred By

ASTM E1740-22 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate and Other Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Wall Covering or Ceiling Covering Composites Using a Cone Calorimeter

Effective Date

01-Oct-2007

Referred By

ASTM E2707-22 - Standard Test Method for Determining Fire Penetration of Exterior Wall Assemblies Using a Direct Flame Impingement Exposure

Effective Date

01-Oct-2007

Referred By

ASTM E1822-21 - Standard Test Method for Fire Testing of Stacked Chairs

Effective Date

01-Oct-2007

Referred By

ASTM E2067-22 - Standard Practice for Full-Scale Oxygen Consumption Calorimetry Fire Tests

Effective Date

01-Oct-2007

Referred By

ASTM E2280-21 - Standard Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of the Effect of Upholstered Seating Furniture Within Patient Rooms of Health Care Facilities

Effective Date

01-Oct-2007

Referred By

ASTM F1870-22 - Standard Guide for Selection of Fire Test Methods for the Assessment of Upholstered Furnishings in Detention and Correctional Facilities

Effective Date

01-Oct-2007

Referred By

ASTM E1995-21 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Smoke Obscuration Using a Conical Radiant Source in a Single Closed Chamber, With the Test Specimen Oriented Horizontally

Effective Date

01-Oct-2007

Referred By

ASTM F1550-22 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Components or Composites of Mattresses or Furniture for Use in Correctional Facilities after Exposure to Vandalism, by Employing a Bench Scale Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter

Effective Date

01-Oct-2007

Referred By

ASTM E1590-23 - Standard Test Method for Fire Testing of Mattresses

Effective Date

01-Oct-2007

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ASTM E1474-07 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate of Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components or Composites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter

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Standards Content (Sample)

ASTM E1474-07 - Standard Test ...

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
An American National Standard
Designation:E1474–07
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Heat Release Rate of Upholstered Furniture
and Mattress Components or Composites Using a Bench
1
Scale Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter
This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation E1474; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Thistestmethodprovidesameansformeasuringtheignitiontimeandheatreleaseofthecomposite
upholstered components of upholstered furniture and mattresses using an oxygen consumption
calorimeter.
1. Scope 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This ﬁre-test-response test method can be used to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
determinetheignitabilityandheatreleasefromthecomposites
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
of contract, institutional, or high-risk occupancy upholstered
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For speciﬁc
furniture or mattresses using a bench scale oxygen consump-
precautionary statements, see Section 6.
tion calorimeter.
1.2 This test method provides for measurement of the time
2. Referenced Documents
to sustained ﬂaming, heat release rate, peak and total heat
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
release, and effective heat of combustion at a constant radiant
2
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
heat ﬂux of 35 kW/m . This test method is also suitable to
E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
obtain heat release data at different heating ﬂuxes. The speci-
E1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release
men is oriented horizontally, and a spark ignition source is
Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-
used.
sumption Calorimeter
1.3 The times to sustained ﬂaming, heat release, and effec-
2.2 Other Documents:
tiveheatofcombustionaredeterminedusingtheapparatusand
CA TB 133, Flammability Test Procedure for Seating Fur-
procedures described in Test Method E1354.
3
niture for Use in Public Occupancies
1.4 The tests are performed on bench-scale specimens
ISO 5725 Part 2, Accuracy (Trueness and Precision) of
combining the furniture or mattress outer layer components.
Measurement Methods and Results—Basic Method for
Frame elements are not included.
the Determination of Repeatability and Reproducibility of
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
4
a Standard Measurement Method
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only.
3. Terminology
1.6 This standard is used to measure and describe the
3.1 Deﬁnitions—Fordeﬁnitionsoftermsrelatingtothistest
response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and
method refer to Terminology D123 and E176.
ﬂame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself
3.1.1 effective heat of combustion, n—the amount of heat
incorporate all factors required for ﬁre hazard or ﬁre risk
generated per unit mass lost by a material, product, or
assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under
actual ﬁre conditions.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke and the ASTM website.
3
Combustion Products. Available from State of California, Dept. of Home Furnishings and Thermal
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2007. Published October 2007. Originally Insulation, North Highlands, CA 95660-5595.
´1 4
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E1474-04 . DOI: Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/E1474-07. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1474–07
5
assembly, when exposed to speciﬁc ﬁre test conditions. (see of oxygen required for combustion (1). Approximately
3
gross heat of combustion.) 13.1 310 kJofheatisreleasedper1kgofoxygenconsumed.
Specimens in the test are burned in ambient air conditions
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The effective heat of combustion de-
pends on the test method and is determined by dividing the while being subjected to a prescribed external heating ﬂux of
2
35 kW/m .
measured heat release by the mass loss during a speciﬁed
periodoftimeunderthespeciﬁedtestconditions.Ty
...

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5.1 This test method provides a means of measuring a variety of fire-test-response characteristics resulting from burning a test specimen, mattress or mattress with foundation. After ignition using a propane gas burner, the test specimen is permitted to burn freely under well-ventilated conditions. The most important fire-test-response characteristic measured in this test method is the rate of heat release, which quantifies the intensity of the fire generated.
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ASTM E1474-22(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate of Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components or Composites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to determine the time to sustained flaming and heat release of materials and composites exposed to a prescribed initial test heat flux in the cone calorimeter apparatus.
5.2 Quantitative heat release measurements provide information that can be used for upholstery and mattress product designs and product development.
5.3 Heat release measurements provide useful information for product development by yielding a quantitative measure of specific changes in fire performance caused by component and composite modifications. Heat release data from this test method will not be predictive of product behavior if the product does not spread flame over its surface under the fire exposure conditions of interest.
5.4 Test Limitations—The test data are invalid if either of the following conditions occur: (1) explosive spalling; or (2) the specimen swells sufficiently prior to ignition to touch the spark plug, or the specimen swells up to the plane of the heater base during combustion.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response test method can be used to determine the ignitability and heat release from the composites of contract, institutional, or high-risk occupancy upholstered furniture or mattresses using a bench scale oxygen consumption calorimeter.
1.2 This test method provides for measurement of the time to sustained flaming, heat release rate, peak and total heat release, and effective heat of combustion at a constant initial test heat flux of 35 kW/m2. This test method is also suitable to obtain heat release data at different heat fluxes. The specimen is oriented horizontally, and a spark ignition source is used.
1.3 The times to sustained flaming, heat release, and effective heat of combustion are determined using the apparatus and procedures described in Test Method E1354.
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1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
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1.8 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.6 It has been shown that if the gas burner is used at a flow rate of 13 L/min for 80 s (equivalent to 19.3 kW), as is the case in California Technical Bulletin (CA TB) 133, it approximates the ignition propensity of five cru...
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1.5 This test method does not provide information on the fire performance of stacked chairs under fire conditions other than those conditions specified in this test method. In particular, this test method does not apply to smoldering ignition by cigarettes. See 5.11 for further information.
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1.8 The burning behavior is documented visually by photographic or video recordings.
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Standard Test Method for Determination of Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Components or Composites of Mattresses or Furniture for Use in Correctional Facilities after Exposure to Vandalism, by Employing a Bench Scale Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means to determine various fire-test-response characteristics, including the time to sustained flaming and the heat release rate, of composites exposed to a prescribed initial test heat flux in the cone calorimeter apparatus, after they have been vandalized in a prescribed manner, to expose the filling material.
5.2 It is clearly impossible to predict the manner in which a mattress or furniture will be vandalized. The objective of this test method is to develop data indicating the effect of violating the integrity of the fabric (or the fabric plus interliner composite) protection and exposing the padding to the source of heat (see Appendix X3).
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5.5 The use of test specimens simulating vandalism allows the investigation of the variation in response between the system as designed by the manufacturer and the way the system is occasionally present in actual use, with the filling material exposed to the incident energy.
5.6 This test method allows alternative strategies to be employed for producing a product (mattress or upholstered furniture) with the required fire-test-response characteristics for the scenario under consideration.
5.7 Limitations:
5.7.1 The test data are invalid if any of the events in 5.7.1.1 or 5.7.1.2 occur.
5.7.1.1 Explosive spalling.
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1.1 This fire-test-response test method is designed for use to determine various fire-test-response characteristics, including ignitability and heat release rate, from composites of mattresses or furniture, or correctional facilities, which have been vandalized in a prescribed manner to expose the filling material, by using a bench scale oxygen consumption calorimeter.
1.2 This test method provides for measurements of the time to sustained flaming, heat release rate, peak and total heat release, and effective heat of combustion at a constant radiant initial test heat flux of 35 kW/m2. See 5.7 for limitations.
1.3 The apparatus used in this test method is also capable of determining heat release data at different initial test heat fluxes.
1.4 The specimen is oriented horizontally and a spark ignition source is used.
1.5 All fire-test-response characteristics are determined using the apparatus and the procedures described in Test Method E1354.
1.6 The tests are done on bench-scale specimens combining the mattress or furniture outer layer components. Frame elements are not included.
1.7 The vandalism is simulated by causing a prescribed cut on the outer layer of the composite, deep enough to expose the filling material to the incident radiation.
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.9 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental ...

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Standard Guide for Selection of Fire Test Methods for the Assessment of Upholstered Furnishings in Detention and Correctional Facilities

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The information presented provides the user with guidance on identification of test methods, and related documents, which are potentially useful to determine fire-test-response characteristics of upholstery products, and the materials of which they are made, present inside detention cells, in detention and correctional facilities. Some information is given about every standard included, so as to allow a judgment as to the potential usefulness of the original method.
5.2 The detention environment has some unique features which potentially require the use of modifications of standard test methods or the application of particular techniques. Some guidance to that effect is also presented.
SCOPE
1.1 This is a fire-test-response guide.
1.2 This guide is intended to provide guidance for the selection of test methods that are applicable to determining fire-test-response characteristics of upholstered furniture items contained within a detention cell.
1.3 This guide is intended for use by those interested in assessing the fire properties of the upholstery products and their component materials or composites, within cells and other areas (such as isolation lounges) of detention and correctional occupancies.
1.4 This guide includes standard test methods promulgated by ASTM, NFPA, Underwriters Laboratories, trade associations and government agencies and other proposed test methods. It does not include industrial materials specification tests. The guide indicates some means by which modifications of standard test methods lead to potential achievement of certain testing goals.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to regarded as standard; see IEEE/ASTM SI 10 for further details. The units given in parentheses are for information only. Some individual standards referenced use inch-pound units for referee decisions.
1.6 This guide contains four types of test methods, namely: (1) generic small-scale methods, (2) specific applications of small-scale test methods to particular products or composites of products, associated with upholstery items, (3) real-scale test methods where actual upholstery products are exposed to heat or flame, and (4) guides explaining the concepts involved with room-scale testing.
1.7 The main fire-test-response characteristics investigated in this guide are: ignitability, ease of extinction, flame spread, heat release, smoke obscuration and toxic potency of smoke.
1.8 This guide measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.