ASTM D4716-08
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining the (In-plane) Flow Rate per Unit Width and Hydraulic Transmissivity of a Geosynthetic Using a Constant Head
Standard Test Method for Determining the (In-plane) Flow Rate per Unit Width and Hydraulic Transmissivity of a Geosynthetic Using a Constant Head
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is intended either as an index test or as a performance test used to determine and compare the flow rate per unit width of one or several candidate geosynthetics under specific conditions.
This test method may be used as an index test for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geosynthetics but caution is advised since information on between-laboratory precision of this test method is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.2.1 may be advisable.
In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should first confirm that the tests were conducted using comparable test parameters including specimen conditioning, normal stress, seating period, hydraulic gradient, test water temperature, etc., then conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogenous as possible and that are formed from a lot of the material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the flow rate per unit width within the manufactured plane of geosynthetics under varying normal compressive stresses and a constant head. The test is intended primarily as an index test but can be used also as a performance test when the hydraulic gradients and specimen contact surfaces are selected by the user to model anticipated field conditions.
1.2 This test method is limited to geosynthetics that allow continuous in-plane flow paths to occur parallel to the intended direction of flow.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D4716 − 08
StandardTest Method for
Determining the (In-plane) Flow Rate per Unit Width and
Hydraulic Transmissivity of a Geosynthetic Using a
1
Constant Head
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4716; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining 3.1 Definitions:
the flow rate per unit width within the manufactured plane of
3.1.1 geocomposite, n—a product fabricated from any com-
geosyntheticsundervaryingnormalcompressivestressesanda
bination of geosynthetics with geotechnical materials or other
constant head. The test is intended primarily as an index test
synthetics which is used in a geotechnical application.
but can be used also as a performance test when the hydraulic
(D4439)
gradients and specimen contact surfaces are selected by the
3.1.2 geonet, n—a geosynthetic consisting of integrally
user to model anticipated field conditions.
connected parallel sets of ribs overlying similar sets at various
1.2 This test method is limited to geosynthetics that allow
angles for planar drainage of liquids or gases. (D4439)
continuousin-planeflowpathstooccurparalleltotheintended
3.1.3 geosynthetic, n—a planar product manufactured from
direction of flow.
polymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, or other geo-
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
technical engineering related material as an integral part of a
standard. The values stated in parentheses are provided for
man-made project, structure, or system. (D4439)
information only.
3.1.4 geotechnics, n—the application of scientific methods
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
and engineering principals to the acquisition, interpretation,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
and use of knowledge of material of the earth’s crust to the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
solution of engineering problems.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.4.1 Discussion—Geotechnics embraces the fields of soil
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
mechanics, rock mechanics, and many of the engineering
aspects of geology, geophysics, hydrology, and related
2. Referenced Documents
sciences. (D4439)
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.5 geotextile, n—a permeable geosynthetic comprised
D4354Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for Testing
solely of textiles. (D4439)
D4439Terminology for Geosynthetics
3.1.6 gravity flow, n—flow in a direction parallel to the
D4491Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextiles
planeofageosyntheticdrivenpredominantlybyadifferencein
by Permittivity
elevation between the inlet and outflow points of a specimen.
D5092Practice for Design and Installation of GroundWater
3.1.6.1 Discussion—The pressure at the outflow is consid-
Monitoring Wells
ered to be atmospheric. (D4439)
D6574Test Method for Determining the (In-Plane) Hydrau-
lic Transmissivity of a Geosynthetic by Radial Flow
3.1.7 head (static), n—theheightaboveastandarddatumof
the surface of a column of water (or other liquid) that can be
supported by a static pressure at a given point. The static head
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
isthesumoftheelevationheadandthepressurehead. (D5092)
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.03 on Perme-
ability and Filtration.
3.1.8 hydraulicgradient,i,n—thelossofhydraulicheadper
CurrenteditionapprovedJuly1,2008.PublishedJuly2008.Originallyapproved
unit distance of flow, dh/dL. (D4439)
in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D4716–07. DOI: 10.1520/
2 −1
D4716-08.
3.1.9 hydraulic transmissivity, θ (L T ),n—for a
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
geosynthetic, the volumetric flow rate per unit width of
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
specimenperunitgradientinadirectionparalleltotheplaneof
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. the specimen.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4716 − 08
3.1.9.1 Discussion—“transmissivity” is technically appli- 5.2.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
cable only to saturated, laminar hydraulic flow conditions (see reportedtestresultswhenusingthistestmethodforacceptance
Appendix X1). (D4439) testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and t
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D4716–07 Designation: D 4716 – 08
Standard Test Method for
Determining the (In-plane) Flow Rate per Unit Width and
Hydraulic Transmissivity of a Geosynthetic Using a
1
Constant Head
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4716; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the flow rate per unit width within the manufactured plane of
geosynthetics under varying normal compressive stresses and a constant head. The test is intended primarily as an index test but
canbeusedalsoasaperformancetestwhenthehydraulicgradientsandspecimencontactsurfacesareselectedbytheusertomodel
anticipated field conditions.
1.2 This test method is limited to geosynthetics that allow continuous in-plane flow paths to occur parallel to the intended
direction of flow.
1.3 ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsaretoberegardedasthestandard.Thevaluesstatedinparenthesesareprovidedforinformation
only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for Testing
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
D4491 Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextiles by Permittivity
D5092 Practice for Design and Installation of Ground Water Monitoring Wells
D6574 Test Method for Determining the (In-Plane) Hydraulic Transmissivity of a Geosynthetic by Radial Flow
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 geocomposite, n—a product fabricated from any combination of geosynthetics with geotechnical materials or other
synthetics which is used in a geotechnical application. (D 4439)
3.1.2 geonet, n—a geosynthetic consisting of integrally connected parallel sets of ribs overlying similar sets at various angles
for planar drainage of liquids or gases. (D 4439)
3.1.3 geosynthetic, n—aplanarproductmanufacturedfrompolymericmaterialusedwithsoil,rock,earth,orothergeotechnical
engineering related material as an integral part of a man-made project, structure, or system. (D 4439)
3.1.4 geotechnics, n—theapplicationofscientificmethodsandengineeringprincipalstotheacquisition,interpretation,anduse
of knowledge of material of the earth’s crust to the solution of engineering problems.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—Geotechnics embraces the fields of soil mechanics, rock mechanics, and many of the engineering aspects
of geology, geophysics, hydrology, and related sciences. (D 4439)
3.1.5 geotextile, n—a permeable geosynthetic comprised solely of textiles. (D 4439)
3.1.6 gravityflow,n—flowinadirectionparalleltotheplaneofageosyntheticdrivenpredominantlybyadifferenceinelevation
between the inlet and outflow points of a specimen.
3.1.6.1 Discussion—The pressure at the outflow is considered to be atmospheric. (D 4439)
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.03 on Permeability and
Filtration.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2007.July 1, 2008. Published JanuaryJuly 2008. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20042007 as
D4716–047.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4716–08
3.1.7 head (static), n—the height above a standard datum of the surface of a column of water (or other liquid) that can be
supported by a static pressure at a given point. The static head is the sum of the elevation head and the pressure head.
(D 5092)
3.1.8 hydraulic gradient, i, n—the loss of hydraulic head per unit distance of flow, dh/dL. (D 4439)
2 −1
3.1.9 hydraulic transmissivity, u (L T ), n—for a geosynthetic, the volumetric flow rate per unit width of specimen per unit
gradient in a direction parallel to the plane of the specimen.
3.1.9.1 Discussion—“transmissivity” is
...
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