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ASTM D3591-22

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determining Logarithmic Viscosity Number of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) in Formulated Compounds

Standard Test Method for Determining Logarithmic Viscosity Number of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) in Formulated Compounds

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The logarithmic viscosity number provides information on the effect of compounding or processing of PVC.  
5.2 Exposure of PVC compositions to shear or to high temperatures can result in a change in the logarithmic viscosity number of the resin.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the logarithmic viscosity number of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) homopolymers after compounding or processing.  
1.2 It is the basic assumption of this technique that the formulation of the compounded resin is known and that any additives present can be separated from the resin by extraction with diethyl ether. This is necessary to permit adjustment of the amount of sample used in the test to give a resin concentration in cyclohexanone of 0.2 ± 0.002 g/100 mL.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 7.3 and 8.4.1.  
Note 1: This test method and ISO 1628-2 are not equivalent.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Aug-2022
ICS
83.080.20 - Thermoplastic materials
Technical Committee
D20 - Plastics
Drafting Committee
D20.70 - Analytical Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D3591-22 - Standard Test Method for Determining Logarithmic Viscosity Number of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) in Formulated CompoundsASTM D3591-22 - Standard Test Method for Determining Logarithmic Viscosity Number of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) in Formulated Compounds
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REDLINE ASTM D3591-22 - Standard Test Method for Determining Logarithmic Viscosity Number of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) in Formulated CompoundsREDLINE ASTM D3591-22 - Standard Test Method for Determining Logarithmic Viscosity Number of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) in Formulated Compounds
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D3591 − 22
Standard Test Method for
Determining Logarithmic Viscosity Number of Poly(Vinyl
1
Chloride) (PVC) in Formulated Compounds
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3591; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* D1243 Test Method for Dilute Solution Viscosity of Vinyl
Chloride Polymers
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the loga-
D1600 TerminologyforAbbreviatedTermsRelatingtoPlas-
rithmic viscosity number of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) ho-
tics
mopolymers after compounding or processing.
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
1.2 It is the basic assumption of this technique that the
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
formulation of the compounded resin is known and that any
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
additives present can be separated from the resin by extraction
E2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-
withdiethylether.Thisisnecessarytopermitadjustmentofthe
eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids
amount of sample used in the test to give a resin concentration
IEEE/ASTM SI-10 Standard for the Use of International
in cyclohexanone of 0.2 6 0.002 g/100 mL.
System of Units (SI)
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the 2.2 ISO Standard:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1628-2 Plastics—Determination of Viscosity Number and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Limiting Viscosity Number—Part 2: Poly (Vinyl Chlo-
3
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
ride) Resins
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3. Terminology
Specific precautionary statements are given in 7.3 and 8.4.1.
3.1 Units and symbols used in this test method are those
NOTE 1—This test method and ISO 1628-2 are not equivalent.
recommended in IEEE/ASTM SI-10.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.2 Definitions—For definitions of terms pertaining to plas-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
tics used in this test method, refer to Terminology D883. For
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
definitions of abbreviations used in this test method, refer to
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Terminology D1600, unless otherwise indicated. For defini-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
tions of terms that appear in this test method relating to quality
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
and statistics, refer to Terminology E456.
3.2.1 The term logarithmic viscosity number is defined by
2. Referenced Documents
the equation is 9.1.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
4. Summary of Test Method
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
4.1 The sample is pressed into a thin film and extracted to
ity)
remove the plasticizer.
D446 Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass
4.2 The plasticizer-free film is dissolved in cyclohexanone
Capillary Kinematic Viscometers
and centrifuged to remove insoluble matter.
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
4.3 Theviscosityofthecyclohexanonesolutionismeasured
in accordance with Test Method D1243.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plastics
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.70 on Analytical Methods.
5. Significance and Use
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2022. Published September 2022. Originally
approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D3591 – 17. DOI: 5.1 The logarithmic viscosity number provides information
10.1520/D3591-22.
on the effect of compounding or processing of PVC.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3591 − 22
5.2 Exposure of PVC compositions to shear or to high 8.5 Place the flask in an evacuated desiccator f
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D3591 − 17 D3591 − 22
Standard Test Method for
Determining Logarithmic Viscosity Number of Poly(Vinyl
1
Chloride) (PVC) in Formulated Compounds
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3591; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the logarithmic viscosity number of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) homopolymers
after compounding or processing.
1.2 It is the basic assumption of this technique that the formulation of the compounded resin is known and that any additives
present can be separated from the resin by extraction with diethyl ether. This is necessary to permit adjustment of the amount of
sample used in the test to give a resin concentration in cyclohexanone of 0.2 6 0.002 g/100 mL.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 7.3 and 8.4.1.
NOTE 1—This test method and ISO 1628-2 are not equivalent.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D446 Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D1243 Test Method for Dilute Solution Viscosity of Vinyl Chloride Polymers
D2124D1600 Test Method for Analysis of Components in Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Compounds Using an Infrared Spectrophoto-
metric TechniqueTerminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plastics (Withdrawn 2020)
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
E2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermometers with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids
E2935 Practice for Evaluating Equivalence of Two Testing Processes
IEEE/ASTM SI-10 Standard for the Use of International System of Units (SI)
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.70 on Analytical Methods.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2017Sept. 1, 2022. Published January 2018September 2022. Originally approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 20112017
as D3591 – 97D3591 – 17.(2011). DOI: 10.1520/D3591-17.10.1520/D3591-22.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3591 − 22
2.2 ISO Standard:
3
1628-2 Plastics—Determination of Viscosity Number and Limiting Viscosity Number—Part 2: Poly (Vinyl Chloride) Resins
3. Terminology
3.1 Units and symbols used in this test method are those recommended in IEEE/ASTM SI-10.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 The term logarithmic viscosity number is defined by the equation is 9.1.
3.2 Definitions—For definitions of terms pertaining to plastics used in this test method, refer to Terminology D883. For definitions
of abbreviations used in this test method, refer to Terminology D1600, unless otherwise indicated. For definitions of terms that
appear in this test method relating to quality and statistics, refer to Terminology E456.
3.2.1 The term logarithmic viscosity number is defined by the equation is 9.1.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The sample is pressed into a thin film and extracted to remove the plasticizer.
4.2 The plasticizer-free film is
...

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Position 5  
Position 6  
Position 7  
Position 8  
Code  
Specific Gravity,
g/cm3  
Code  
Electrical a-c
Dielectric Constant  
Loss  
d-c Electric Volume  
Code  
Limiting Oxygen
Index  
Code  
Specimen Type  
a  
a  
>10E3  
a  
a  
D638 Type I  
b  
1.6 to  
b  
10E3 to 10E12  
b  
40 to  
b  
D638 Type II  
c  
1.7 to  
c  
>10E12  
c  
50 to  
c  
D638 Type III  
d  
1.8 to  
d  
d  
60 to  
d  
D638 Type IV  
e  
1.9 to  
e  
e  
70 to  
e  
ISO 527 Type 1A  
f  
2.0 to  
f  
f  
80 to  
f  
ISO 527 Type 1B  
g  
2.1 to  
g  
g  
>90  
g  
ISO 527 Typ...

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1.1.1 Test Method A—Acetic Anhydride Pressure Bottle, recommended for polyesters.  
1.1.2 Test Method B—Phthalic Anhydride Pressure Bottle, recommended for polyethers and polyesters.  
1.1.3 Test Method C—Phthalic Anhydride Reflux, recommended for polyethers and polyesters.  
1.1.4 Test Method D—Imidazole–Catalyzed Phthalic Anhydride Pressure Bottle, recommended for polyethers, polyesters, polymer polyols, and amine-initiated polyols.  
1.1.5 Test Method E—Imidazole-Catalyzed Pyromellitic Dianhydride Esterification, recommended for polyols used for flexible and rigid polyurethane foams and urethane elastomers. It is recommended for polyester polyols, polyether polyols, amine-started polyols, and polymer polyols (polyacrylonitrile/copolystyrene-based).  
1.2 Another ASTM test method for measuring hydroxyl groups is Test Method E222.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This standard, ISO 14900 and ISO 6796 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2839-16(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Use of a Melt Index Strand for Determining Density of Polyethylene

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice has been found to be very useful for preparing polyethylene samples suitable for determination of density by Test Method D1505, for quality control purposes, especially in a resin manufacturing facility where fast, reproducible, comparative results are needed. It is not necessarily recommended for resin specifications that are part of a sales contract between the buyer and the seller.  
4.2 The density of a polyethylene sample is highly dependent on the preparation and thermal history of the specimens. The level of density results obtained by this practice of sample preparation differs from that obtained by other methods as described in Practice D4703, Annex A1.  
4.3 Before proceeding with this practice, reference shall be made to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters, or some combination thereof, covered in the materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this practice. If there are no material specifications, the default conditions apply.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the preparation of a sample for polyethylene density determination in accordance with Test Method D1505. The sample consists of a strand produced by extrusion of the polyethylene in accordance with Test Method D1238, Condition 190/2.16 (Melt Index).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
Note 2: The precision data on densities measured using this sample preparation practice is listed in Test Method D1505.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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