ASTM F2815-10(2014)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F2815 − 10 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Practice for
Chemical Permeation through Protective Clothing Materials:
Testing Data Analysis by Use of a Computer Program
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2815; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.1 This practice covers the calculations of all the perme-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
ation parameters related to Test Method F739, ISO 6529, and
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Practice D6978 standards by use of a computer program,
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
referred to as “Permeation Calculator” (DHHS (NIOSH) Pub-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2,3
lication No. 2007 – 143c).
2. Referenced Documents
1.2 The practice is applicable to both open loop and closed
loop permeation tests.The closed loop test includes continuous
2.1 ASTM Standards:
sampling and discrete sampling. The discrete sampling in-
D6978 Practice for Assessment of Resistance of Medical
cludes tests when sample volume is replaced and also when
Gloves to Permeation by Chemotherapy Drugs
sample volume is not replaced. For an open loop permeation
F739 Test Method for Permeation of Liquids and Gases
test, the computer program also allows permeation data files
Through Protective Clothing Materials Under Conditions
with variable sampling flow rate. Refer to Test Method F739
of Continuous Contact
for more details about the different types of the permeation
F1194 Guide for Documenting the Results of Chemical
testing systems.
PermeationTesting of Materials Used in Protective Cloth-
ing
1.3 This practice is applicable to the most typical perme-
F1383 Test Method for Permeation of Liquids and Gases
ation behavior, that is, Type A, where the permeation rate
Through Protective Clothing Materials Under Conditions
stabilizes at a “steady-state” value. It does not apply to the
of Intermittent Contact
other types of permeation behaviors. Refer to Test Method
F1494 Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing
F739 for more details about the various permeation behaviors.
2.2 ISO Standards:
1.4 This practice is not applicable to Test Method F1383
ISO 6529 Protective Clothing—Protection against
because the permeation behavior is different under conditions
Chemicals—Determination of Resistance of Protective
of intermittent contact than under conditions of continuous
Clothing Materials to Permeation by Liquids and Gases
contact.
3. Terminology
1.5 This practice does not address the procedure of perme-
ationtesting.RefertoTestMethodF739,ISO6529,orPractice 3.1 Definitions:
D6978 for the procedures in detail if needed. 3.1.1 analytical technique, n—a procedure whereby the
concentration of a challenge chemical in a collection medium
is quantitatively determined.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The detailed steps for these procedures
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on Personal
areoftenspecifictoindividualchemicalandcollectionmedium
Protective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
F23.30 on Chemicals.
combinations. Applicable techniques include but are not lim-
Current edition approved May 1, 2014. Published May 2014. Originally
itedtoflameionization,photoionization,electro-chemical,and
approved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as F2815–10.
ultraviolet and infrared spectrophotometry, gas and liquid
DOI:10.1520/F2815–10R14.
GaoP.,WeiseT.,andTomasovic,B.,“DevelopmentofaComputerProgramfor
Permeation Testing Data Analysis,” Journal of Occupational & Environmental
Hygiene, Vol 6, No. 6, 2009, pp. 363–373. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
The computer program is available at no-charge either on the National Institute contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
for Occupational Safety and Health website at Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/PermeationCalculator/permeationcalc.html or on the ASTM website.
CD by request. Phone: 1-800-CDC-INFO (1-800-232-4636), Fax: 1-888-232-6348, Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
or E-mail: CDCInfo@cdc.gov. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2815 − 10 (2014)
chromatography, colorimetry, length-of-stain detector tubes, absorbedmoleculesthroughoutthematerial,and(3)desorption
and radionuclide tagging/detection counting. of the chemical from the opposite surface of the material.
3.1.12.1 Discussion—Permeation is a distinctly different
3.1.2 breakthroughdetectiontime,n—theelapsedtimemea-
mechanism from penetration.
sured from the start of the test to the sampling time that
immediately precedes the sampling time at which the test
3.1.13 protective clothing, n—an item of clothing that is
chemical is first detected.
specifically designed and constructed for the intended purpose
3.1.2.1 Discussion—For this practice the breakthrough de-
of isolating all or part of the body from a potential hazard; or
tection time is calculated by a computer algorithm and is
isolating the external environment from contamination by the
dependent on the sensitivity of the analytical method.
wearer of the clothing.
3.1.3 breakthrough point, n—the point at which the break-
3.1.14 standardized breakthrough time, n—the first time at
through occurs during a permeation test.
which the permeation rate reaches 0.1 µg/cm /min.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—The computer program determines the
3.1.15 steady-state permeation rate, n—a constant rate of
breakthrough point based on the approach shown in 6.2.1
permeation that occurs after breakthrough when all forces
through6.2.4.Thebreakthroughpointisdeterminedasthefirst
affecting permeation have reached equilibrium.
data point used in the last slope’s calculation as described in
6.2.3. Note that BP is not an absolute number but rather is 3.1.16 test chemical, n—solid, liquid, gas or mixture
dependent on the sensitivity of the analytical method. thereof, used to evaluate the performance of a protective
clothing material.
3.1.4 closed loop, adj—refers to a testing mode in which the
collection medium volume is fixed.
4. Summary of Practice
3.1.5 collection medium, n—a liquid, gas, or solid that
4.1 The computer program used in this practice calculates
absorbs,adsorbs,dissolves,suspends,orotherwisecapturesthe
challenge and does not affect the measured permeation. all the permeation parameters listed in Test Method F739, ISO
6529, and Practice D6978, including standardized break-
3.1.6 minimum breakthrough detection time, n—the time in
through time, normalized breakthrough detection time, break-
minutesmeasuredfromthestartofthetesttothesamplingtime
2 through detection time, minimum breakthrough detection time
at which the permeation rate reaches 0.01 µg/cm /min.
(if applicable), steady-state permeation rate, cumulative per-
3.1.7 minimum detectable mass permeated, n—the smallest
meation at a given elapsed time, elapsed time at a given
mass of test chemical that is detectable with the complete
cumulative permeation, average permeation rate, and maxi-
permeation test system.
mum permeation rate if it is an open loop permeation test.
3.1.7.1 Discussion—This value is not necessarily the sensi-
4.2 The operation of the computer program involves the
tivity of the analytical instrument.
following steps:
3.1.8 minimum detectable permeation rate, n—the lowest
4.2.1 Data Input to the Computer Program—Input a perme-
rate of permeation that is measurable with the complete
ation testing data file that contains data points in time versus
permeation test system.
concentration. The data must be in a spreadsheet software file
3.1.8.1 Discussion—This value is not necessarily the sensi-
with a minimum of seven data points before the breakthrough
tivity of the analytical instrument.
point and the total number of data points can not exceed 5000.
3.1.9 normalized breakthrough detection time, n—in an
The number of significant figures used for the input data will
open-loop test, it is the elapsed time at which the permeation
affect the number of significant figures reported for the
ratereaches1.0µg/cm /min.Inaclosed-looptest,itisthetime
permeation parameters, so appropriate significant figures
at which the mass of chemical permeation reaches 2.5 µg/cm .
should be used. Refer to Appendix X1 for details in data file
requirements.
3.1.10 open loop, adj—refers to a testing mode in which
fresh collection medium flows continuously through the col- 4.2.2 Analysis—After importing the data file and entering
lection chamber of the test cell. required information, the program determines the permeation
parameters based on a series of strategies and approaches.
3.1.11 penetration, n—for chemical protective clothing, the
4.2.3 Output—Upon completion, the program displays all
movementofsubstancesthroughvoidsinachemicalprotective
the permeation parameters together with relevant information
clothing material or item on a non-molecular level.
and the permeation curve in a spreadsheet software or a text
3.1.11.1 Discussion—Voids include gaps, pores, holes and
file-formatted report.
imperfections in closures, seams, interfaces and protective
clothing materials. Penetration does not require a change of
5. Significance and Use
state; solid chemicals move through voids in the materials as
solids, liquids as liquids, and gases as gases. Penetration is a
5.1 Data analysis for chemical protective clothing perme-
distinctly different mechanism from permeation.
ation testing involves a number of equations and experimental
3.1.12 permeation, n—for chemical protective clothing, the factors. Possible calculation errors are critical issues when
movement of chemicals as molecules through protective cloth- determining permeation parameters. Because the calculations
ingmaterialsbytheprocessesof(1)absorptionofthechemical of some of the permeation parameters are mathematically
into the contact surface of the material, (2) diffusion of the complex, this computer program will be useful.
F2815 − 10 (2014)
5.2 This practice is to help researchers and industrial hy- 6.2.1 Calculate the slope and regression correlation coeffi-
gienists avoid labor intensive hand calculations of the perme- cient centered on each data point n starting atn=8,by
performing a linear regression for points n-7 to n+7.
ation parameters. From a standardization point of view, this
6.2.2 Calculate the slope between the data point closest to
practice prevents variability or inconsistency caused by differ-
50 % and the data point closest to 90 % of the maximum
ent experimenters thus ensuring identical permeation param-
concentration, that is, (y -y )/(x -x ). This is referred to as
90 50 90 50
eters or results will be obtained from a given permeation test
the largest slope.
data file.
6.2.3 Stop when all of the following conditions are met: (1)
5.3 Protective clothing manufacturers worldwide will ben-
the slopes calculated in 6.2.1 increase consecutively for seven
efit since they must inform customers about the permeation
times, (2) each of these seven slopes is greater than 2 % of the
parameters of their products in a consistent manner. The largest slope calculated in 6.2.2, and (3) the square of the
practice will also help diagnostic laboratories and research correlation coefficient (R ) for the last slope is greater than 0.9.
centers involved in the chemical protective clothing testing.
NOTE 1—Conditions (1) and (3)in 6.2.3 are to filter out the background
noiseandCondition(2)istoavoiddeterminingthebreakthroughdetection
time in a flat region before the real breakthrough. The values specified for
6. Calculation
these three conditions were optimized using hundreds of permeation data
6.1 Symbols—The following symbols are used in the files. Refer to Section 9 on the precision and bias. In addition, adequately
predicting the real tendency of the data for determining the breakthrough
calculations, where:
detection time could not be ensured when using fewer data points for the
linear regression analysis.
a = a coefficient for a polynomial equation, Eq 1-3 and
Eq 15; an arbitrary data point before data point b, 6.2.4 When the last slope is determined in 6.2.3, select the
Eq 6-10, first data point used in that slope’s calculation as the break-
A = area of the material specimen contacted, cm , Eq 4,
through point (BP).
Eq 5, Eq 11, Eq 13, and Eq 14, 6.2.5 Using the data points from BP to the point closest to
b = a constant for a polynomial equation, Eq 1-3 and Eq
15 % of the maximum concentration, perform a regression
15; an arbitrary data point after data point a, Eq 10,
analysis to obtain a polynomial equation (y =ax +bx+c) as
BP
c = a constant for a polynomial equation, Eq 1,
illustrated in Fig. 1(a).
C = concentration of test chemical in collection
NOTE 2—Calculating breakthrough detection time by taking the regres-
medium, µg/L, Eq 11, Eq 13, and Eq 14,
sion analysis and then solving the polynomial equation is to avoid
¯
C = average concentration of test chemical in collection
reportingthestandardizedbreakthroughtimeonlyatthetimes(T)thatare
i
medium, µg/L, Eq 5,
shown in the data file but not really at a time within a data collection time
CP = cumulative permeation beginning with initial
interval (same purpose for the calculations of standardized breakthrough
time and normalized breakthrough detection time as to be described
chemical contact, µg/cm , Eq 6-11, Eq 13, and Eq
below).
14,
F = flow rate of collection medium through the perme-
6.2.6 Calculate the breakthrough detection time by solving
ation cell, L/min, Eq 5,
the polynomial equation for x. Take the root x1 or x2,
i = data point, Eq 11-14; data point immediately before
whichever is closest to x .
BP
data point a or b, Eq 6-9,
6.3 Standardized Breakthrough Time:
m = a collection or a series of data points i, Eq 7 and Eq
6.3.1 Closed-Loop Permeation Test with Continuous Sam-
9,
pling:
n = total number of data points i, Eq 11, Eq 13, and Eq
6.3.1.1 As shown in Fig. 1(b), for a permeation curve of y
14,
(µg/cm ) against x (min), the program performs a regression
P = permeation rate, µg/cm /min,
anal
...