ASTM F2815-10

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F2815 − 10
StandardPractice for
Chemical Permeation through Protective Clothing Materials:
Testing Data Analysis by Use of a Computer Program
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2815; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This practice covers the calculations of all the perme-
D6978 Practice for Assessment of Resistance of Medical
ation parameters related to Test Method F739, ISO 6529, and
Gloves to Permeation by Chemotherapy Drugs
Practice D6978 standards by use of a computer program,
F739 Test Method for Permeation of Liquids and Gases
referred to as “Permeation Calculator” (DHHS (NIOSH) Pub-
2,3 throughProtectiveClothingMaterialsunderConditionsof
lication No. 2007 – 143c).
Continuous Contact
1.2 The practice is applicable to both open loop and closed
F1194 Guide for Documenting the Results of Chemical
loop permeation tests.The closed loop test includes continuous
PermeationTesting of Materials Used in Protective Cloth-
sampling and discrete sampling. The discrete sampling in-
ing
cludes tests when sample volume is replaced and also when
F1383 Test Method for Permeation of Liquids and Gases
sample volume is not replaced. For an open loop permeation throughProtectiveClothingMaterialsunderConditionsof
test, the computer program also allows permeation data files
Intermittent Contact
with variable sampling flow rate. Refer to Test Method F739 F1494 Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing
for more details about the different types of the permeation
2.2 ISO Standards:
testing systems.
ISO 6529 Protective Clothing—Protection against
Chemicals—Determination of Resistance of Protective
1.3 This practice is applicable to the most typical perme-
Clothing Materials to Permeation by Liquids and Gases
ation behavior, that is, Type A, where the permeation rate
stabilizes at a “steady-state” value. It does not apply to the
3. Terminology
other types of permeation behaviors. Refer to Test Method
3.1 Definitions:
F739 for more details about the various permeation behaviors.
3.1.1 analytical technique, n—a procedure whereby the
1.4 This practice is not applicable to Test Method F1383
concentration of a challenge chemical in a collection medium
because the permeation behavior is different under conditions
is quantitatively determined.
of intermittent contact than under conditions of continuous
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The detailed steps for these procedures
contact.
areoftenspecifictoindividualchemicalandcollectionmedium
combinations. Applicable techniques include but are not lim-
1.5 This practice does not address the procedure of perme-
itedtoflameionization,photoionization,electro-chemical,and
ationtesting.RefertoTestMethodF739,ISO6529,orPractice
ultraviolet and infrared spectrophotometry, gas and liquid
D6978 for the procedures in detail if needed.
chromatography, colorimetry, length-of-stain detector tubes,
and radionuclide tagging/detection counting.
3.1.2 breakthrough detection time, n—theelapsedtimemea-
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on Personal
sured from the start of the test to the sampling time that
Protective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
F23.30 on Chemicals. immediately precedes the sampling time at which the test
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2010. Published January 2011. DOI:10.1520/
chemical is first detected.
F2815–10.
Gao P, Weise T, and Tomasovic B [2009] Development of a computer program
for permeation testing data analysis. Journal of Occupational & Environmental
Hygiene, 6(6): 363-373. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
The computer program is available at no-charge either on the National Institute contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
for Occupational Safety and Health website at Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/PermeationCalculator/permeationcalc.html or on the ASTM website.
CD by request. Phone: 1-800-CDC-INFO (1-800-232-4636), Fax: 1-888-232-6348, Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
or E-mail: CDCInfo@cdc.gov. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2815 − 10
3.1.2.1 Discussion—For this practice the breakthrough de- of isolating all or part of the body from a potential hazard; or
tection time is calculated by a computer algorithm and is isolating the external environment from contamination by the
dependent on the sensitivity of the analytical method. wearer of the clothing.
3.1.3 breakthrough point, n—the point at which the break- 3.1.14 standardized breakthrough time, n—the first time at
through occurs during a permeation test. which the permeation rate reaches 0.1 µg/cm /min.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—The computer program determines the
3.1.15 steady-state permeation rate, n—a constant rate of
breakthrough point based on the approach shown in 6.2.1
permeation that occurs after breakthough when all forces
thought 6.2.4.The breakthrough point is determined as the first
affecting permeation have reached equilibrium.
data point used in the last slope’s calculation as described in
3.1.16 test chemical, n—solid, liquid, gas or mixture
6.2.3. Note that BP is not an absolute number but rather is
thereof, used to evaluate the performance of a protective
dependent on the sensitivity of the analytical method.
clothing material.
3.1.4 closed loop, adj—refers to a testing mode in which the
collection medium volume is fixed.
4. Summary of Practice
3.1.5 collection medium, n—a liquid, gas, or solid that
4.1 The computer program used in this practice calculates
absorbs,adsorbs,dissolves,suspends,orotherwisecapturesthe
all the permeation parameters listed in Test Method F739, ISO
challenge and does not affect the measured permeation.
6529, and Practice D6978, including standardized break-
3.1.6 minimum breakthrough detection time, n—the time in
through time, normalized breakthrough detection time, break-
minutesmeasuredfromthestartofthetesttothesamplingtime through detection time, minimum breakthrough detection time
at which the permeation rate reaches 0.01 µg/cm /min.
(if applicable), steady-state permeation rate, cumulative per-
meation at a given elapsed time, elapsed time at a given
3.1.7 minimum detectable mass permeated, n—the smallest
cumulative permeation, average permeation rate, and maxi-
mass of test chemical that is detectable with the complete
mum permeation rate if it is an open loop permeation test.
permeation test system.
3.1.7.1 Discussion—This value is not necessarily the sensi- 4.2 The operation of the computer program involves the
tivity of the analytical instrument.
following steps:
4.2.1 Data Input to the Computer Program—Input a perme-
3.1.8 minimum detectable permeation rate, n—the lowest
ation testing data file that contains data points in time versus
rate of permeation that is measurable with the complete
concentration. The data must be in a spreadsheet software file
permeation test system.
with a minimum of seven data points before the breakthrough
3.1.8.1 Discussion—This value is not necessarily the sensi-
point and the total number of data points can not exceed 5000.
tivity of the analytical instrument.
The number of significant figures used for the input data will
3.1.9 normalized breakthrough detection time, n—in an
affect the number of significant figures reported for the
open-loop test, it is the elapsed time at which the permeation
permeation parameters, so appropriate significant figures
ratereaches1.0µg/cm /min.Inaclosed-looptest,itisthetime
should be used. Refer to Appendix X1 for details in data file
at which the mass of chemical permeation reaches 2.5 µg/cm .
requirements.
3.1.10 open loop, adj—refers to a testing mode in which
4.2.2 Analysis—After importing the data file and entering
fresh collection medium flows continuously through the col-
required information, the program determines the permeation
lection chamber of the test cell.
parameters based on a series of strategies and approaches.
4.2.3 Output—Upon completion, the program displays all
3.1.11 penetration, n—for chemical protective clothing, the
the permeation parameters together with relevant information
movementofsubstancesthroughvoidsinachemicalprotective
and the permeation curve in a spreadsheet software or a text
clothing material or item on a non-molecular level.
file-formatted report.
3.1.11.1 Discussion—Voids include gaps, pores, holes and
imperfections in closures, seams, interfaces and protective
5. Significance and Use
clothing materials. Penetration does not require a change of
state; solid chemicals move through voids in the materials as
5.1 Data analysis for chemical protective clothing perme-
solids, liquids as liquids and gases as gases. Penetration is a
ation testing involves a number of equations and experimental
distinctly different mechanism from permeation.
factors. Possible calculation errors are critical issues when
3.1.12 permeation, n—for chemical protective clothing, the determining permeation parameters. Because the calculations
movement of chemicals as molecules through protective cloth- of some of the permeation parameters are mathematically
ingmaterialsbytheprocessesof(1)absorptionofthechemical complex, this computer program will be useful.
into the contact surface of the material, (2) diffusion of the
5.2 This practice is to help researchers and industrial hy-
absorbedmoleculesthroughoutthematerial,and(3)desorption
gienists avoid labor intensive hand calculations of the perme-
of the chemical from the opposite surface of the material.
ation parameters. From a standardization point of view, this
3.1.12.1 Discussion—Permeation is a distinctly different
practice prevents variability or inconsistency caused by differ-
mechanism from penetration.
ent experimenters thus ensuring identical permeation param-
3.1.13 protective clothing, n—an item of clothing that is eters or results will be obtained from a given permeation test
specifically designed and constructed for the intended purpose data file.
F2815 − 10
5.3 Protective clothing manufacturers worldwide will ben- largest slope calculated in 6.2.2, and 3) the square of the
efit since they must inform customers about the permeation correlation coefficient (R ) for the last slope is greater than 0.9.
parameters of their products in a consistent manner. The
NOTE 1—Conditions (1) and (3)in 6.2.3 are to filter out the background
practice will also help diagnostic laboratories and research
noiseandCondition(2)istoavoiddeterminingthebreakthroughdetection
centers involved in the chemical protective clothing testing.
time in a flat region before the real breakthrough. The values specified for
these three conditions were optimized using hundreds of permeation data
6. Calculation
files. Refer to Section 9 on the precision and bias. In addition, adequately
predicting the real tendency of the data for determining the breakthrough
6.1 Symbols—The following symbols are used in the
detection time could not be ensured when using fewer data points for the
calculations, where:
linear regression analysis.
6.2.4 When the last slope is determined in 6.2.3, select the
a = a coefficient for a polynomial equation, Eq 1-3 and
Eq 15; an arbitrary data point before data point b, first data point used in that slope’s calculation as the break-
through point (BP).
Eq 6-10
A = area of the material specimen contacted, cm , Eq 4,
6.2.5 Using the data points from BP to the point closest to
Eq 5, Eq 11, Eq 13, and Eq 14
15 % of the maximum concentration, perform a regression
b = a constant for a polynomial equation, Eq 1-3 and Eq
analysis to obtain a polynomial equation (y =ax +bx+c) as
BP
15; an arbitrary data point after data point a, Eq 10
illustrated in Fig. 1(a).
c = a constant for a polynomial equation, Eq 1
C = concentration of test chemical in collection NOTE 2—Calculating breakthrough detection time by taking the regres-
sion analysis and then solving the polynomial equation is to avoid
medium, µg/L, Eq 11, Eq 13, and Eq 14
reportingthestandardizedbreakthroughtimeonlyatthetimes(T)thatare
¯ i
C = average concentration of test chemical in collection
shown in the data file but not really at a time within a data collection time
medium, µg/L, Eq 5
interval (same purpose for the calculations of standardized breakthrough
CP = cumulative permeation beginning with initial
time and normalized breakthrough detection time as to be described
chemical contact, µg/cm , Eq 6-11, Eq 13, and Eq
below).
6.2.6 Calculate the breakthrough detection time by solving
F = flow rate of collection medium through the perme-
the polynomial equation for x. Take the root x1 or x2,
ation cell, L/min, Eq 5
whichever is closest to x .
BP
i = data point, Eq 11-14; data point immediately before
data point a or b, Eq 6-9
6.3 Standardized breakthrough time:
m = a collection or a series of data points i, Eq 7 and Eq
6.3.1 Closed-loop permeation test with continuous sam-
pling:
n = total number of data points i, Eq 11, Eq 13, and Eq
6.3.1.1 As shown in Fig. 1(b), for a permeation curve of y
2 (µg/cm ) against x (min), the program performs a regression
P = permeation rate, µg/cm /min
analysis using a range of data points to obtain a polynomial
¯
P = average permeation rate for the time interval T to
a
equation, that is, Eq 1. The first data point is the one with an
T , µg/cm /min, Eq 10
b
elapsed time closest to 75 % of the time value for the BP, as
R = correlation coefficient of a regression analysis
determined previously for calculation of the breakthrough
SSPR = steady-state permeation rate, µg/cm /min, Eq 4 and
detection time, and the last data point is the one with a CP
Eq 5
closest to 15 % of the maximum CP.
T = elapsed time, min, Eq 6-10
V = remaining medium volume at t, Eq 12 2
i i
y 5 ax 1bx1c (1)
V = volume of discrete sample removed from the col-
s
6.3.1.2 Take the derivative to obtain the permeation rate in
lection medium, L, Eq 11-Eq 14
V = total volume of the collection medium, L, Eq 4, Eq µg/cm /min:
t
12-Eq 14
dy
x = value of x axis in a permeation curve, min, and 5 2ax1b (2)
dx
y = value of y axis in a permeation curve, µg/L, µg/cm ,
or µg/cm /min.
6.3.1.3 Based on the ASTM
...