ASTM D4580-23

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4580/D4580M − 12 (Reapproved 2018) D4580 − 23
Standard Practice for
Measuring DelaminationsDelamination in Concrete Bridge
Decks by Sounding
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4580/D4580M;D4580; the number immediately following the designation indicates
the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers procedures for surveying concrete bridge decks by sounding to determine delaminationsdelamination in
the concrete. It is not intended that the procedures described herein are to be used on bridge decks that have been overlaid with
bituminousasphalt mixtures. The procedures may be used on bridge decks that have been overlaid with portland cement concrete
mixtures; however, areas indicated to be delaminated may have a lack of bond between the overlay and the underlying bridge deck
(Note 1).
NOTE 1—The influence of variable field conditions such as traffic noise, vibration, moisture content of the concrete, and the like, are not completely known
and additional investigation may be needed. It is generally agreed that the practice should not be used on frozen concrete.
1.2 The following three procedures are covered in this practice:
1.2.1 Procedure A, Electro-Mechanical Sounding Device—This procedure uses an electric-powered tapping device, sonic receiver,
and recorder mounted on a cart. The cart is pushed across the bridge deck and delaminations are the delamination is recorded on
the recorder.
1.2.2 Procedure B, Chain Drag—This procedure consists of dragging a chain over the bridge deck surface. The detection of
delaminationsdelamination is accomplished by the operator noting dull or hollow sounds. Tapping the bridge deck surface with
a steel rod or hammer may be substituted for the chain drag.
1.2.3 Procedure C, Rotary Percussion —This procedure consists of rolling a dual-wheel, multi-toothed apparatus attached to an
extension pole over the bridge deck surface. The percussive force caused by the tapping wheels will create either a dull or hollow
sound, indicating any delamination.
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from
the two systems may result in nonconformance with the given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are
provided for information only and are not considered standard.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.32 on Bridges and
Structures.
Current edition approved April 1, 2018May 1, 2023. Published April 2018May 2023. Originally approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 20122018 as
D4580/D4580M – 12.D4580/D4580M – 12 (2018). DOI: 10.1520/D4580_D4580M-12R18.10.1520/D4580-23.
The rotary sound detecting device for concrete and procedure are patent pending in the USU.S. Patent and Trademark Office by Philip K. Clark Company, Inc., 503
Central Drive, Suite 102, Virginia Beach, VA 23454. Interested parties are invited to submit information regarding the identification of an alternative(s) to this patent pending
item to ASTM International Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. Your comments will receive careful consideration
at a meeting of the responsible technical subcommittee, which you may attend.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4580 − 23
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.5 Since a complete Precision and Bias statement for this standard has not been developed, the standard practice is to be used
for research and informational purposes only. Therefore, this standard should not be used for acceptance or rejection of a material
for purchasing purposes.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Significance and Use
2.1 This practice may be used in conjunction with other methods in determining the general condition of concrete bridge decks.
2.2 This practice may be used in determining specific areas of delamination requiring repair.
PROCEDURE A – ELECTRO-MECHANICAL SOUNDING DEVICE
3. Summary of Procedure
3.1 Longitudinal lines at a predetermined spacing are established on the bridge deck.
3.2 After calibration, the sounding device is pushed along the established lines. Electrically powered tapping wheels emit
vibrations into the deck that are sensed by sonic receivers. Areas of delamination are indicated by deflections on a strip chart
recorder.
3.3 All portions on the strip chart indicating delaminationsdelamination are plotted on a scaled map of the bridge deck. An outline
is made showing the areas of delamination.
4. Apparatus
NOTE 2—The apparatus described here has been found suitable and is the most common type commercially available. Other apparatuses that do not
exactly conform to these requirements, such as sounding device, tapping rate, or sonic receivers, may also be accepted.
4.1 Electro-Mechanical Sounding Device—A small, three-wheeled cart upon which is mounted a 12-V battery, two tapping
wheels, two sonic receivers, a two-channel-strip two-channel strip recorder, and associated connectors and cables.
4.1.1 Tapping Wheels—Two rigid steel tapping wheels capable of tapping the bridge deck surface at the rate of 33 times/s. The
tapping wheels shall be located approximately 152 mm [6 in.] 6 in. (152 mm) apart.
4.1.2 Sonic Receivers—Two sonic receivers consisting of oil-filled soft tires, inside each of which a receiving transducer is
mounted in nonrotating proximity to the concrete surface. The transducers shall be piezo-electric hydrophones that are coupled to
the concrete surface through the soft tires and the oil within the wheels. Each receiving wheel shall be located approximately 76
mm [3 in.]3 in. (76 mm) outside of and parallel to its corresponding tapping wheel.
4.1.3 Strip Chart Recorder—A two-channel strip chart recorder shall be capable of receiving the signals from the sonic receivers.
The electronics unit shall accept only those portions of the signal that occur during the first 3 ms after the occurrence of a tap and
further limit the recorder to respond only to those frequency components of the signal that lies in the range of 300 to 1200 Hz.
The processed signals shall be rectified and integrated to produce a visual record on the respective channels of the record chart.
The chart shall be driven in proportion to the distance traveled so that the length of the record represents a predetermined length
of travel. The recording pen on one channel shall be capable of acting as an event marker.
D4580 − 23
4.1.4 Cables and Connectors—There shall be sufficient cables and connectors for connection of the left tapping wheel sonic
receiver system to the left channel of the strip chart recorder and the right tapping wheel sonic receiver system to the right channel
of the strip chart recorder.
4.2 Measuring Tape, Markers, Stringline—A measuring tape, markers, and stringline shall be provided for establishing lines on
the bridge deck that will serve to keep the sounding device positioned properly while making the survey.
4.3 Calibrator—A solid aluminum bar capable of checking the operational system of the sounding device.
5. Calibration
5.1 Place the device on the calibrator bar in the ON position with the chart drive operating. This will establish the electrical zero
line.
5.2 With the calibration switch in the CALIBRATE position, turn on the power, transmitter, and chart drive switches. Each of the
recorder pens should trace a rather erratic line approximately half-wayhalfway between the maximum pen movement and the
electrical zero line. This line may vary one or two major divisions as a result of normal variations in the response of the system
to the aluminum bar. If the response line does not fall as described, then each channel shall be adjusted with the appropriate
calibration adjustment control.
6. Bridge Deck Layout
6.1 Any accumulation of debris on the deck shall be removed.
6.2 Beginning at a curb face, mark each end of the bridge at the interval chosen for making the survey.
NOTE 3—Various spacing intervals such as 38.1 cm [15 in.], 45.7 cm [18 in.], and 91.4 cm [3 ft]15 in. (38.1 cm), 18 in. (45.7 cm), and 3 ft (91.4 cm)
have been used. The closer spacings are recommended for an in-depth analysis of the bridge deck. The wider spacing intervals are suitable for
general-condition general condition surveys of bridge decks.
7. Test Procedure
7.1 Stretch the stringline between corres
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