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ASTM C1357-98a

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Evaluating Masonry Bond Strength

Standard Test Methods for Evaluating Masonry Bond Strength

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of flexural bond stength, normal to the bed joints, of masonry built of manufactured masonry units, as determined in accordance with Test Method C1072. Sampling and testing procedures are referenced, and terms are defined. Two different test methods are specified, each for a different purpose:
1.1.1 The first test method is the "Test Method for Laboratory-Prepared Specimens." Its purpose is to compare the bond strengths (under the given conditions) of masonry mortars. It could be used, for example, to check the quality of mortar products after production, or to indicate the bond strength (under the given conditions) of a mortar product without requiring the product to be tested in combination with many different units. It is not intended to represent field conditions. It uses standard concrete masonry units. Mortars are batched by weight equivalents of volume proportions and are mixed to a prescribed flow. Prisms are constructed using a jig and are bag-cured.
Note 1--Standard fired clay masonry units are under development but are not now available. When their development is complete, they will be incorporated into these test methods.
1.1.2 The second test method is the "Test Method for Field-Prepared Specimens." Its purpose is to evaluate the bond strength (under given conditions) of a particular unit-mortar combination, either for pre-construction evaluation of materials or for quality control purposes during construction. Mortars are batched conventionally, and the flow is not prescribed. Prisms are constructed conventionally (no jig) and are bag-cured.
1.1.3 The two test methods are not consistent, nor are they intended to be. They are intended to be used for two different purpose. To make this clear, the two methods are presented separately.
1.1.4 Appendix X1 suggests two possible criteria for assessing the bond strength values obtained using these test methods. These possible evaluation criteria are given for illustration only and are not mandatory.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Nov-1998
ICS
91.080.30 - Masonry
Technical Committee
C15 - Manufactured Masonry Units
Drafting Committee
C15.04 - Research
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM C1357-02 - Standard Test Methods for Evaluating Masonry Bond Strength
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002

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ASTM C1357-98a - Standard Test Methods for Evaluating Masonry Bond Strength
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Standards Content (Sample)

Designation: C 1357 – 98a
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Methods for
1
Evaluating Masonry Bond Strength
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1357; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Bond strength between mortar and masonry units is an important physical property of masonry.
Increased bond strength provides greater resistance to loads and to cracking. Bond strength therefore
influences structural integrity and serviceability.
1. Scope purposes. To make this clear, the two methods are presented
separately.
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of flexural bond
1.1.4 Appendix X1 suggests two possible criteria for assess-
strength, normal to the bed joints, of masonry built of manu-
ing the bond strength values obtained using these test methods.
factured masonry units, as determined in accordance with Test
These possible evaluation criteria are given for illustration only
Method C 1072. Sampling and testing procedures are refer-
and are not mandatory.
enced, and terms are defined. Two different test methods are
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
specified, each for a different purpose:
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
1.1.1 The first test method is the “Test Method for
information only.
Laboratory-Prepared Specimens.” Its purpose is to compare the
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
bond strengths (under the given conditions) of masonry mor-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
tars. It could be used, for example, to check the quality of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
mortar products after production, or to indicate the bond
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
strength (under the given conditions) of a mortar product
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
without requiring the product to be tested in combination with
many different units. It is not intended to represent field
2. Referenced Documents
conditions. It uses standard concrete masonry units. Mortars
2.1 ASTM Standards:
are batched by weight equivalents of volume proportions and
C 67 Test Methods of Sampling and Testing Brick and
are mixed to a prescribed flow. Prisms are constructed using a
2
Structural Clay Tile
jig and are bag-cured.
C 140 Test Methods of Sampling and Testing Concrete
NOTE 1—Standard fired clay masonry units are under development but 2
Masonry Units
are not now available. When their development is complete, they will be
C 185 Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic Cement
incorporated into these test methods.
3
Mortar
2
1.1.2 The second test method is the “Test Method for
C 270 Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry
Field-Prepared Specimens.” Its purpose is to evaluate the bond
C 305 Practice for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic Cement
3
strength (under the given conditions) of a particular unit-mortar
Pastes and Mortars of Plastic Consistency
combination, either for pre-construction evaluation of materi-
C 723 Practice for Chemical-Resistant Resin Grouts for
2
als or for quality control purposes during construction. Mortars
Brick or Tile
are batched conventionally, and the flow is not prescribed.
C 780 Test Method for Preconstruction and Construction
Prisms are constructed conventionally (no jig) and are bag-
Evaluation of Mortars for Plain and Reinforced Unit
2
cured.
Masonry
1.1.3 The two test methods are not consistent, nor are they
C 1072 Test Method for Measurement of Masonry Flexural
2
intended to be. They are intended to be used for two different
Bond Strength
2.2 Other Documents:
Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures (ACI
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-15 on
Manufactured Masonry Units and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
2
C15.05 on Masonry Assemblies.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.05.
3
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 1998. Published December 1998. Originally
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01.
published as C 1357–96. Last previous edition C 1357–98.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C 1357
4
530-95/ASCE 5-95/TMS 402-95) 6. Sampling
5
NBS Handbook 91
6.1 Select representative samples of each lot of mortar
materials. Each sample of material shall be of sufficient
3. Terminology
quantity to build a set of test prisms. Use standard masonry
3.1 Definitions:
units meeting the requirements of Annex A1.
3.1.1 lot, n—material of a given quantity of a single type,
7. Procedure
grade, class, and brand and practically of the same nominal
7.1 Fabri
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means of evaluating the horizontal in-plane shear behavior of mortar joints in existing unreinforced masonry assemblies (see Note 2).
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FIG. 1 Test Setup—Method A  
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FIG. 2 Test Setup—Method B  
1.1.3 Method C (with Flatjack Applying Horizontal Load)—For determining mortar joint shear strength index using an estimate of the normal compressive stress at the location of the test site, as shown in Fig. 3. Horizontal displacement of the test unit is generally not measured during this procedure.
FIG. 3 Test Setup—Method C  
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4.1 Masonry specimens are sometimes removed as part of an assessment of the condition of masonry construction. Such specimens are commonly prepared for shipment to a laboratory where the specimens are assessed with visual techniques, petrographic techniques, or standard test methods. The process of selecting, removing, and shipping the specimens can have an effect on test results. This practice provides procedures for selecting, removing, and shipping masonry specimens removed from existing construction.  
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5.1 This test method is suitable for use on walls to determine the ability of masonry wall drainage systems to collect water penetrating the exterior wythe and to direct this water back to the exterior surface of the exterior wythe. Removal of a portion of the interior wall finishes is desirable to observe leakage into backup walls. Even with removal of interior finishes, in many cases it is not practical to observe surfaces behind spandrel beams, columns, or other obstructions. Potential areas where leakage may occur but that are not visible during the test shall be considered when interpreting the results of the test and shall be recorded in the report.  
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Standard Terminology for Masonry

SCOPE
1.1 This standard incorporates generic terms and generic definitions of terms specifically associated with manufactured masonry units and masonry constructed with manufactured masonry units. These generic terms and definitions are used within the standards developed by Committee C12 on Mortars and Grouts for Unit Masonry and Committee C15 on Manufactured Masonry Units.  
1.2 This standard incorporates terms and definitions of terms associated with the standards specific to clay masonry units, in particular to Specifications C32, C34, C56, C62, C126, C212, C216, C279, C410, C530, C652, C902, C1088, C1167, C1261, C1272, and C1405, and to Test Methods C67/C67M.  
1.3 This standard incorporates terms and definitions of terms associated with the standards specific to concrete masonry units in particular to Specifications C55, C73, C90, C129, C139, C744, C1319, C1372, C1491, C1623, and C1634 and to Test Methods C140/C140M, C426, and C1262/C1262M.  
1.4 This standard incorporates terms and definition of terms associated with the standards specific to autoclaved aerated concrete masonry units in particular to Practice C1692 and to Specifications C1386, C1691, and C1693.  
1.5 This standard incorporates terms and definitions of terms associated with the standards specific to clay and concrete roofing tile units in particular to Specifications C1167 and C1492 and to Test Methods C1568, C1569, and C1570.  
1.6 For terminology specific to mortar and grout, see Terminology C1180.  
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Standard Test Method for Water Penetration and Leakage Through Masonry

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4.1 This test method provides information that aids in evaluating the effect of four principal variables: materials, coatings, wall design, and workmanship.  
4.2 Water penetration and leakage through masonry is significantly affected by air pressure in the test chamber. Data from tests made at different pressures are not comparable.  
4.3 The performance of a masonry wall is a function of materials, construction, wall design, and maintenance. In service the performance will also depend on the rigidity of supporting structure and on the resistance of components to deterioration by various causes, such as corrosion, vibration, thermal expansion and contraction, curing, and others. It is impossible to simulate the complex conditions encountered in service, such as variations in wind velocity, negative pressure, and lateral or upward moving air and water. Factors such as location, exposure, and wall openings should be considered.  
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SCOPE
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1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
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Standard Guide for Developing Specifications for Masonry Units

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5.3 This guide does not identify the complete range of considerations that may be required for a masonry unit manufactured using a non-traditional material. Traditional masonry units possess intrinsic properties that are commonly associated with masonry including but not limited to strength, fire resistance, durability, thermal and acoustical attributes.  
5.4 Non-traditional masonry unit products may meet all the physical property requirements of an existing ASTM standard unit specification, when tested using ASTM standard test methods. Nevertheless, performance of non-traditional masonry units is not assured since the intrinsic properties that are associated with traditional masonry units and assemblies may not be specifically evaluated through testing for specification compliance. Additionally, compliance with the physical properties in existing unit specifications does not mean that non-traditional units are in compliance with those specifications as traditional unit standards are only applicable to units produced with those materials and processes defined within that specification (refer to Appendix X1).
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides general guidance for developing ASTM unit specification for masonry units manufactured with constituent materials, manufacturing methods, and combinations thereof, that are not included in a current ASTM standard. This guide shall not be construed as permitting the use of a product conflicting with requirements of the governing building code.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1780-23a(Practice)
Standard Practice for Installation Methods for Cement-based Adhered Masonry Veneer

SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to provide accepted procedures to designers and installers of cement-based adhered masonry veneer in residential and commercial construction. This information is meant to complement the specific installation instructions provided by manufacturers of cement-based adhered masonry veneers and recognized building codes, but is not meant to replace them. This practice does not address installation methods or techniques for all materials in the building envelope. This practice covers the installation of cement-based adhered masonry veneer units for application as adhered veneer to exterior and interior walls, columns, landscape structures and other structures suitable to receive adhered veneer. The units included in this practice are manufactured to meet the requirements of Specification C1670/C1670M or C1877. This practice is limited to the installation of units. This practice does not cover all flashing or moisture management requirements. Refer to the applicable building code and project documents for additional flashing and moisture management requirements.
Note 1: The National Concrete Masonry Association (NCMA) publication Installation Guide and Detailing Options for Compliance with ASTM C1780 for Adhered Manufactured Stone Veneer provides generally accepted methods and details for installation and flashing for manufactured stone veneer.
Note 2: This standard was developed for the installation of cement-based adhered veneer units manufactured from wet-cast concrete or dry-cast concrete. Refer to Guide C1242 for installation of adhered natural stone veneer.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 All workmanship and materials related to the installation of cement-based adhered masonry veneer units shall meet the requirements of the contract documents and building code having jurisdiction over the project.  
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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