ASTM D946-82(1999)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Penetration-Graded Asphalt Cement for Use in Pavement Construction
Standard Specification for Penetration-Graded Asphalt Cement for Use in Pavement Construction
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers asphalt cement for use in the construction of pavements.
1.2 This specification covers the following penetration grades: 40-50, 120-150, and 60-70, 200-300. 85-100,
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An American National Standard
Designation: D 946 – 82 (Reapproved 1999)
Standard Specification for
Penetration-Graded Asphalt Cement for Use in Pavement
Construction
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 946; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope Materials (Thin-Film Oven Test)
D 2042 Test Method for Solubility of Asphalt Materials in
1.1 This specification covers asphalt cement for use in the
Trichloroethylene
construction of pavements.
1.2 This specification covers the following penetration
3. Manufacture
grades:
3.1 Asphalt cement shall be prepared by the refining of
40–50, 120–150, and
crude petroleum by suitable methods.
60–70, 200–300.
85–100,
4. Properties
2. Referenced Documents
4.1 The asphalt cement shall be homogeneous and shall not
2.1 ASTM Standards:
foam when heated to 347°F (174°C).
D 5 Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials
4.2 The various grades of asphalt cement shall conform to
D 92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland
the requirements prescribed in Table 1.
Open Cup
5. Methods of Sampling and Testing
D 113 Test Method for Ductility of Bituminous Materials
D 140 Practice for Sampling Bituminous Materials
5.1 The material shall be sampled and the properties enu-
D 1754 Test Method for Effect of Heat andAir onAsphaltic
merated in this specification shall be determined in accordance
with the following ASTM methods:
5.1.1 Sampling—Practice D 140.
5.1.2 Penetration—Test Method D 5.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-4 on Road
5.1.3 Flash Point—Test Method D 92.
and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D 04.40on
Asphalt Specifications.
5.1.4 Ductility—Test Method D 113.
Current edition approved Feb. 5, 1982. Published April 1982. Originally
5.1.5 Thin Film Oven Test—Test Method D 1754.
published as D 946 – 47 T. Last previous edition D 946 – 74 (1980).
2 5.1.6 Solubility in Trichloroethylene—Test
...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The kinematic viscosity characterizes flow behavior. The method is used to determine the consistency of liquid asphalt as one element in establishing the uniformity of shipments or sources of supply. The specifications are usually at temperatures of 60 and 135 °C.
Note 3: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for the determination of kinematic viscosity of liquid asphalts, road oils, and distillation residues of liquid asphalts all at 60 °C [140 °F] and of liquid asphalt binders at 135 °C [275 °F] (see table notes, 11.1) in the range from 6 to 100 000 mm2/s [cSt].
1.2 Results of this test method can be used to calculate viscosity when the density of the test material at the test temperature is known or can be determined. See Annex A1 for the method of calculation.
Note 1: This test method is suitable for use at other temperatures and at lower kinematic viscosities, but the precision is based on determinations on liquid asphalts and road oils at 60 °C [140 °F] and on asphalt binders at 135 °C [275 °F] only in the viscosity range from 30 to 6000 mm2/s [cSt].
Note 2: Modified asphalt binders or asphalt binders that have been conditioned or recovered are typically non-Newtonian under the conditions of this test. The viscosity determined from this method is under the assumption that asphalt binders behave as Newtonian fluids under the conditions of this test. When the flow is non-Newtonian in a capillary tube, the shear rate determined by this method may be invalid. The presence of non-Newtonian behavior for the test conditions can be verified by measuring the viscosity with viscometers having different-sized capillary tubes. The defined precision limits in 11.1 may not be applicable to non-Newtonian asphalt binders.
1.3 Warning—Mercury has been designated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) or Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for details and the EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury, mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited by state law.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior ...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The complex shear modulus is an indicator of the stiffness or resistance of asphalt binder to deformation under load. The phase angle is a measure of the relative portion of the response to an applied load that is elastic (recoverable) or viscous (nonrecoverable).
5.2 The test procedure is applicable to measurements in the linear region where the measured modulus and phase angle are independent of the amplitude of the strain.
5.3 The complex modulus and the phase angle are used to calculate performance-related criteria in accordance with Specification D6373 or D8239.
Note 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the complex shear modulus and phase angle of asphalt binders when tested in dynamic (oscillatory) shear using parallel plate geometry.
1.2 This test method is intended for determining the linear viscoelastic properties of asphalt binders as required for specification testing and is not intended as a comprehensive procedure for the full characterization of the viscoelastic properties of asphalt binder.
1.3 This standard is appropriate for unaged asphalt binder, conditioned asphalt binder, and asphalt binder recovered from either asphalt mixtures or asphalt emulsions. To keep the language in this standard precise, the term “asphalt binder” is used to refer to the material being tested.
1.4 This procedure is limited to asphalt binders that contain particles with largest dimension less than 250 μm.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 Warning—Mercury has been designated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for details and EPA’s website— www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury, mercury-containing products, or both, into your state may be prohibited by state law.
1.7 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers the standards for graded Trinidad Lake modified asphalt binders. Grading is related to the average seven-day maximum pavement design temperature, the intermediate pavement design temperature, and the minimum pavement design temperature. The Trinidad Lake modified asphalt binder shall be prepared by adding the Trinidad Lake asphalt modifier to base asphalt produced from the refining of petroleum crude. The base asphalt binder shall be homogenous, and free from water or any deleterious materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers performance-graded Trinidad Lake modified asphalt binders. Grading designations are related to the LTPPBind Online calculated maximum pavement design temperature and the minimum pavement design temperature.
Note 1: For more information on LTPPBind Online, see https://infopave.fhwa.dot.gov/Tools/LTPPBindOnline accessed July 10, 2023.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is to be used as a guide and not a specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design and construction of asphalt surface treatments. It is a guide and should be used as such. End-use specifications should be adopted to conform to job and user requirements.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautions, see Section 9.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Sampling is as important as testing, and precautions shall be taken to obtain samples to show the true nature and condition of the materials.
4.2 Samples are taken for either of the following two purposes:
4.2.1 To represent as nearly as possible an average of the bulk of the materials sampled, or
4.2.2 To ascertain the maximum variation in characteristics which the material possesses.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice applies to the sampling of asphalt materials at points of manufacture, storage, or delivery.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is used to identify or classify an emulsified asphalt as an RS or MS by measuring the amount of available asphalt that is broken from the emulsified asphalt by utilizing specified amounts and concentrations of calcium chloride solution for anionic emulsified asphalts and dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate for cationic emulsified asphalts.
Note 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
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1.1 This test method, applicable to both anionic and cationic emulsified asphalts of the RS and MS type, measures the chemical breaking of the emulsified asphalt.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test is primarily used for field production control of asphalt-rubber (A-R) and other high-viscosity binders; however, the test can also be used in a laboratory setting.
3.2 A handheld rotational viscometer is used to measure the apparent viscosity of a completed blend of A-R or high-viscosity binder. A rotor (spindle), turning at constant speed, is inserted in the liquid binder to be measured. The resistance to movement of the spindle (torque) caused by the viscosity of the surrounding liquid is measured using a special mechanism to obtain direct readings in Pa·s or cP.
Note 1: Spindle is generally made of stainless steel, although another metal such as brass could be used.
3.3 The measured apparent viscosity is used to control the production of the A-R or other high-viscosity binder, to assess the uniformity of the binder produced, or for other related purposes.
3.4 As the spindle turns in the A-R or other high-viscosity binder, it has a tendency to “drill” into the sample (that is, for A-R, the spindle spins the rubber particles out of the measurement area). Consequently, the apparent viscosity drops to reflect only the liquid phase of the high-viscosity binder. Therefore, the peak viscosity measurement value is recorded to reflect the viscosity of the blended material.
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1.1 The use of high-viscosity asphalt binders like asphalt-rubber is becoming more common in the United States and worldwide. Specifications such as Specification D6114/D6114M note the need for field control of the apparent viscosity and require the use of a field production rotational viscometer. The testing of asphalt-rubber binder for use in asphalt-rubber hot mix and for asphalt-rubber membrane is necessary to ensure consistent mix properties that will ensure good performance of these materials. Logistics of field applications limits the use of conventional laboratory controls and testing equipment. This test, using a handheld rotational viscometer, can be conducted in either the field or laboratory to determine the apparent viscosity of asphalt-rubber and other high-viscosity binders for field production control and to assess the uniformity of the binder produced, or for other related purposes.
1.2 Asphalt-rubber binder consists of a blend of paving grade asphalt cement and crumb rubber as described in Specification D6114/D6114M. Other high-viscosity asphalt binders may consist of asphalts modified with polymer or fiber, or both. Testing is performed following the specified reaction time, if any, within the production process. Control of the raw materials is separate from the test.
1.3 The values stated in SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in noncompliance with the standard.
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The float test characterizes the flow behavior or consistency of certain asphalt materials.
4.2 This test method is useful in determining the consistency of asphalt as one element in establishing the uniformity of certain shipments or sources of supply.
Note 1: The quality of results produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guidance provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the float test for asphalt materials.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 Warning—Mercury has been designated by EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website (http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited by state law.
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers preformed expansion joint fillers made from closed-cell polypropylene foam materials having suitable compressibility, recovery from compression, nonextruding, and weather-resistant characteristics.
1.1.1 Type I, closed-cell polypropylene foam.
1.2 These joint fillers are intended for use in concrete pavements in full-depth joints. There are several variations in size with typical thicknesses of 1/2 in. (12.7 mm), 3/4 in. (19.05 mm), and 1 in. (25.4 mm); typical widths of 31/2 in. (88.9 mm), 4 in. (101.6 mm), 5 in. (127 mm), 6 in. (152.5 mm), 7 in. (177.8 mm), 8 in. (203.2 mm), or 48 in. (1.2 m) sheet; and typical lengths of 5 ft (1.52 m) and 10 ft (3.05 m).
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is used to prepare specimens for determining the volumetric and physical properties of compacted asphalt mix.
4.2 This test method is useful for monitoring the density of test specimens during the compaction process. This test method is suited for the laboratory design, field control of asphalt mix, forensics, imaging, and visualization of compacted asphalt mix.
Note 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the compaction of an asphalt mix into cylindrical specimens using the Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC). This standard also refers to the determination of the relative density of the compacted specimens at any point in the compaction process. Compacted specimens are suitable for volumetric, physical property, and mechanical testing. Smaller specimens may be cut from the compacted cylindrical specimen for specific test specimen geometry requirements. The compaction procedures apply to Laboratory Mixed Laboratory Compacted (LMLC) and Plant Mixed Laboratory Compacted (PMLC) asphalt mix.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in degrees for the angle of gyration, gyrations per minute, and hardness are mathematical conversions from the SI units and are provided for information regarding the commonly used units of degree, rotations per minute, and Rockwell hardness, respectfully.
1.3 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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