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ASTM B735-06

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Porosity in Gold Coatings on Metal Substrates by Nitric Acid Vapor

Standard Test Method for Porosity in Gold Coatings on Metal Substrates by Nitric Acid Vapor

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers equipment and procedures for using nitric acid vapor for determining porosity in gold coatings, greater than 0.6 m (25 in.) in thickness, particularly electrodeposits and clad metals used on electrical contacts.
1.2 This test method is designed to show whether the porosity level is less or greater than some value that, by experience, is considered by the user to be acceptable for the intended application.
1.3 A variety of other porosity testing methods are described in Guide B 765 and in the literature., Other porosity test methods are Test Methods B 741, B 798, B 799, and B 809.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for this product/material as provided by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate safety and health practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautions are given in Section 8 and 9.4.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2006
ICS
25.220.40 - Metallic coatings
Technical Committee
B02 - Nonferrous Metals and Alloys
Drafting Committee
B02.11 - Electrical Contact Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM B735-05 - Standard Test Method for Porosity in Gold Coatings on Metal Substrates by Nitric Acid Vapor
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Replaced By
ASTM B735-06(2011) - Standard Test Method for Porosity in Gold Coatings on Metal Substrates by Nitric Acid Vapor
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Referred By
ASTM B765-03(2018) - Standard Guide for Selection of Porosity and Gross Defect Tests for Electrodeposits and Related Metallic Coatings
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM B809-95(2018) - Standard Test Method for Porosity in Metallic Coatings by Humid Sulfur Vapor (“Flowers-of-Sulfur”)
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM B488-18 - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Gold for Engineering Uses
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM B866-95(2018) - Standard Test Method for Gross Defects and Mechanical Damage in Metallic Coatings by Polysulfide Immersion
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM B877-96(2018) - Standard Test Method for Gross Defects and Mechanical Damage in Metallic Coatings by the Phosphomolybdic Acid (PMA) Method
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM B798-95(2020) - Standard Test Method for Porosity in Gold or Palladium Coatings on Metal Substrates by Gel-Bulk Electrography
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM B920-16(2022) - Standard Practice for Porosity in Gold and Palladium Alloy Coatings on Metal Substrates by Vapors of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM B799-95(2020) - Standard Test Method for Porosity in Gold and Palladium Coatings by Sulfurous Acid/Sulfur-Dioxide Vapor
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006

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ASTM B735-06 - Standard Test Method for Porosity in Gold Coatings on Metal Substrates by Nitric Acid VaporASTM B735-06 - Standard Test Method for Porosity in Gold Coatings on Metal Substrates by Nitric Acid Vapor
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ASTM B735-06 - Standard Test Method for Porosity in Gold Coatings on Metal Substrates by Nitric Acid Vapor
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:B735–06
Standard Test Method for
Porosity in Gold Coatings on Metal Substrates by Nitric
1
Acid Vapor
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B735; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope B741 Test Method for Porosity In Gold Coatings On Metal
5
Substrates By Paper Electrography
1.1 This test method covers equipment and procedures for
B765 Guide for Selection of Porosity and Gross Defect
using nitric acid vapor for determining porosity in gold
Tests for Electrodeposits and Related Metallic Coatings
coatings,greaterthan0.6µm(25µin.)inthickness,particularly
B798 Test Method for Porosity in Gold or Palladium
electrodeposits and clad metals used on electrical contacts.
Coatings on Metal Substrates by Gel-Bulk Electrography
1.2 This test method is designed to show whether the
B799 Test Method for Porosity in Gold and Palladium
porosity level is less or greater than some value that, by
Coatings by Sulfurous Acid/Sulfur-Dioxide Vapor
experience, is considered by the user to be acceptable for the
B809 Test Method for Porosity in Metallic Coatings by
intended application.
Humid Sulfur Vapor (“Flowers-of-Sulfur”)
1.3 Avarietyofotherporositytestingmethodsaredescribed
,
2 3
in Guide B765 and in the literature. Other porosity test
3. Terminology
methods are Test Methods B741, B798, B799, and B809.
3.1 Definitions: Many terms used in this test method are
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
defined in Terminology B542 and terms relating to metallic
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
coatings are defined in Terminology B374.
only.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.1 corrosion products, n—those reaction products ema-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
nating from the pores that protrude from, or are otherwise
responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar
attached to, the coating surface after a vapor test exposure.
with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate
3.2.2 measurement area (or “significant surface”), n—the
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for this product/material
surface that is examined for the presence of porosity. The
as provided by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate
significant surfaces or measurement areas of the part to be
safety and health practices, and determine the applicability of
tested shall be indicated on the drawing of the part or by
regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautions are
provision of suitably marked samples.
given in Section 8 and 9.4.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—For specification purposes, the signifi-
2. Referenced Documents cant surfaces or measurement areas are often defined as those
4
portions of the surface that are essential to the serviceability or
2.1 ASTM Standards:
functionofthepart,suchasitscontactproperties,orwhichcan
B374 Terminology Relating to Electroplating
be the source of corrosion products or tarnish films that
B542 Terminology Relating to Electrical Contacts and
interfere with the function of the part.
Their Use
3.2.3 metallic coatings, n—include platings, claddings, or
other metallic layers applied to the substrate. The coating can
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B02 on
comprise a single metallic layer or a combination of metallic
Nonferrous Metals and Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
B02.11 on Electrical Contact Test Methods. layers.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2006. Published December 2006. Originally
3.2.4 porosity, n—the presence of any discontinuity, crack,
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as B735 – 05. DOI:
or hole in the coating that exposes a different underlying metal.
10.1520/B0735-06.
2
3.2.5 underplate, n—a metallic coating layer between the
For example see: Nobel, F. J., Ostrow, B. D., and Thompson, D. W., “Porosity
Testing of Gold Deposits,” Plating, Vol 52, 1965, p. 1001.
substrate and the topmost layer or layers. The thickness of an
3
S. J. Krumbein, Porosity Testing of Contact Platings, Proceedings, Connectors
underplate is usually greater than 0.8 µm (30 µin.).
and Interconnection Technology Symposium, Oct. 1987, p. 47.
4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
the ASTM web
...

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Standard Test Method for Porosity in Gold Coatings on Metal Substrates by Nitric Acid Vapor

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Gold coatings are often specified for the contacts of separable electrical connectors and other devices. Electrodeposits are the form of gold that is most used on contacts, although it is also employed as clad metal and as weldments on the contact surface. The intrinsic nobility of gold enables it to resist the formation of insulating oxide films that could interfere with reliable contact operation.  
5.2 In order that the nobility of gold be assured, porosity, cracks, and other defects in the coating that expose base-metal substrates and underplates must be minimal or absent, except in those cases where it is feasible to use the contacts in structures that shield the surface from the environment or where corrosion inhibiting surface treatments for the deposit are employed. The level of porosity in the coating that may be tolerable depends on the severity of the environment to the underplate or substrate, design factors for the contact device like the force with which it is mated, circuit parameters, and the reliability of contact operation that it is necessary to maintain. Also, when present, the location of pores on the surface is important. If the pores are few in number and are outside of the zone of contact of the mating surfaces, their presence can often be tolerated.  
5.3 Methods for determining pores on a contact surface are most suitable if they enable their precise location and numbers to be determined. Contact surfaces are often curved or irregular in shape, and testing methods should be suitable for them. In addition, the severity of porosity-determining tests may vary. This test method is regarded as severe.  
5.4 The relationship of porosity levels revealed by particular tests to contact behavior must be made by the user of these tests through practical experience or by judgement. Thus, absence of porosity in the coating may be a requirement for some applications, while a few pores on the critical surfaces may be acceptable for another. Such ac...
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1.1 This test method covers equipment and procedures for using nitric acid vapor for determining porosity in gold coatings, greater than 0.6 μm (25 μin.) in thickness, particularly electrodeposits and clad metals used on electrical contacts.  
1.2 This test method is designed to show whether the porosity level is less or greater than some value that, by experience, is considered by the user to be acceptable for the intended application.  
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1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this product/material as provided by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautions are given in Section 8 and 9.4.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM B920-16(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Porosity in Gold and Palladium Alloy Coatings on Metal Substrates by Vapors of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Palladium and gold coatings are often specified for the contacts of separable electrical connectors and other devices. Electrodeposits are the form of gold that is most used on contacts, although it is also employed as inlay or clad metal and as weldments on the contact surface. The intrinsic nobility of gold and palladium alloys enables it to resist the formation of insulating oxide films that could interfere with reliable contact operation.  
5.2 In order for these coatings to function as intended, porosity, cracks, and other defects in the coating that expose base-metal substrates and underplates must be minimal or absent, except in those cases where it is feasible to use the contacts in structures that shield the surface from the environment or where corrosion inhibiting surface treatments for the deposit are employed. The level of porosity in the coating that may be tolerable depends on the severity of the environment to the underplate or substrate, design factors for the contact device like the force with which it is mated, circuit parameters, and the reliability of contact operation that it is necessary to maintain. Also, when present, the location of pores on the surface is important. If the pores are few in number and are outside of the zone of contact of the mating surfaces, their presence can often be tolerated.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test practice covers equipment and methods for revealing the porosity of gold and palladium coatings, particularly electrodeposits and clad metals used on electrical contacts.  
1.2 This test practice is suitable for coatings containing gold or 75 % by mass of palladium on substrates of copper, nickel, and their alloys, which are commonly used in electrical contacts.  
1.3 A variety of full porosity testing methods is described in the literature.2,3 These porosity Test Methods are B735, B741, B798, B799, and B809. An ASTM Guide to the selection of porosity tests for electrodeposits and related metallic coatings is available as Guide B765.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
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1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Test Method for Porosity in Gold and Palladium Coatings by Sulfurous Acid/Sulfur-Dioxide Vapor

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Gold coatings are often specified for the contacts of separable electrical connectors and other devices. Electrodeposits are the form of gold that is most used on contacts, although it is also employed as inlay or clad metal and as weldments on the contact surface. The intrinsic nobility of gold enables it to resist the formation of insulating oxide films that could interfere with reliable contact operation.  
5.2 Palladium coatings are sometimes specified as alternatives to gold on electrical contacts and similar electrical component surfaces, both as electrodeposits and as inlay or clad metal. This test method is particularly suitable for determining porosity in palladium coatings, since the reactive atmosphere that is used does not attack the palladium if the specified test conditions are followed. In contrast, palladium coatings are attacked by nitric acid (HNO3) and other strong oxidizing agents, so that Test Method B735 cannot be used for determining the porosity in such coatings.  
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1.2 This test method is designed to show whether the porosity level is less or greater than some value which by experience is considered by the user to be acceptable for the intended application.  
1.3 A variety of other porosity testing methods are described in the literature. 2, 3 Other porosity test methods are B735, B741, B798, and B809. An ASTM Guide to the selection of porosity tests for electrodeposits and related metallic coatings is available as Guide B765.  
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4.1 Porosity tests indicate the completeness of protection or coverage offered by the coating. When a given coating is known to be protective when properly deposited, the porosity serves as a measure of the control of the process. The effects of substrate finish and preparation, plating bath, coating process, and handling, may all affect the degree of imperfection that is measured.
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SCOPE
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1.5 The test methods are only summarized. The individual standards must be referred to for the instructions on how to perform the tests.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
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This specification covers the requirements for chromium diffusion of metals applied by pack cementation process. The four classes of chromium diffusion coating, defined by the type of base metal, are as follows: Class I (carbon steels); Class II (low-alloy steels); Class III (stainless steels); and Class IV (nickel-based alloys). Specimens shall adhere to processing requirements such as substrate preparation, materials (masteralloys, activators, and inert fillers), loading, furnace cycle, post cleaning, post straightening, visual inspection, and marking and packaging. Specimens shall also adhere to coating requirements such as diffusion thickness, decarburization, chromium content, appearance, and mechanical properties (tensile strength, and macro- and micro-hardness).
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The specialized use of the electroplating process for electroforming results in the manufacture of tools and products that are unique and often impossible to make economically by traditional methods of fabrication. Current applications of nickel electroforming include: textile printing screens; components of rocket thrust chambers, nozzles, and motor cases; molds and dies for making automotive arm-rests and instrument panels; stampers for making phonograph records, video-discs, and audio compact discs; mesh products for making porous battery electrodes, filters, and razor screens; and optical parts, bellows, and radar wave guides (1-3).3  
4.2 Copper is extensively used for electroforming thin foil for the printed circuit industry. Copper foil is formed continuously by electrodeposition onto rotating drums. Copper is often used as a backing material for electroformed nickel shells and in other applications where its high thermal and electrical conductivities are required. Other metals including gold are electroformed on a smaller scale.  
4.3 Electroforming is used whenever the difficulty and cost of producing the object by mechanical means is unusually high; unusual mechanical and physical properties are required in the finished piece; extremely close dimensional tolerances must be held on internal dimensions and on surfaces of irregular contour; very fine reproduction of detail and complex combinations of surface finish are required; and the part cannot be made by other available methods.
SCOPE
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1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM B734-97(2023)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Copper for Engineering Uses

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for electrodeposited copper coatings used for engineering purposes including surface hardening, heat treatment stop-off, as an underplate for other engineering coatings, for electromagnetic interference shielding in electronic circuitry, and in certain joining operations. This specification does not cover electrodeposited copper used as a decorative finish, as an undercoat for other decorative finishes, or for electroforming. Coatings shall be classified according to thickness. Metal parts shall undergo pre- and post-coating treatment for reducing the risk of hydrogen embrittlement, and peening. Coatings shall be sampled, tested, and shall conform to specified requirements as to appearance, thickness, porosity, solderability, adhesion, embrittlement relief, and packaging.
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4.1 The thickness of a decorative chromium coating is often critical to its performance.  
4.2 This procedure is useful for an approximate determination when the best possible accuracy is not required. For more reliable determinations, the following methods are available: Methods B504, B568, and B588.  
4.3 This test assumes that the rate of dissolution of the chromium by the hydrochloric acid under the specified conditions is always the same.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the use of the spot test for the measurement of thicknesses of electrodeposited chromium coatings over nickel and stainless steel with an accuracy of about ±20 % (Section 9). It is applicable to thicknesses up to 1.2 μm.2
Note 1: Although this test can be used for coating thicknesses up to 1.2 μm, there is evidence that the results obtained by this method are high at thicknesses greater than 0.5 μm.3 In addition, for coating thicknesses above 0.5 μm, it is advisable to use a double drop of acid to prevent depletion of the test solution before completion of the test.  
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1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM B867-95(2023)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Palladium-Nickel for Engineering Use

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for electrodeposited palladium-nickel (Pd-Ni) coatings for engineering applications. Composite coatings consisting of palladium-nickel and a thin gold over-plate for applications involving electrical contacts are also covered. The classification system for the coatings covered here shall be specified by the basis metal, the thickness of the underplating, the composition type and thickness class of the palladium-nickel coating, and the grade of the gold overplating. Coatings should be sampled, tested, and conform to specified requirements as to purity, appearance, thickness, composition, adhesion, ductility, and integrity (including gross defects, mechanical damage, porosity, and microcracks). Alloy composition shall be examined either by wet method, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Auger or electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPMA), or wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS). Coating adhesion shall be analyzed either by bend, heat, or cutting test.
SCOPE
1.1 Composition—This specification covers requirements for electrodeposited palladium-nickel coatings containing between 70 and 95 mass % of palladium metal. Composite coatings consisting of palladium-nickel and a thin gold overplate for applications involving electrical contacts are also covered.  
1.2 Properties—Palladium is the lightest and least noble of the platinum group metals. Palladium-nickel is a solid solution alloy of palladium and nickel. Electroplated palladium-nickel alloys have a density between 10 and 11.5, which is substantially less than electroplated gold (17.0 to 19.3) and comparable to electroplated pure palladium (10.5 to 11.8). This yields a greater volume or thickness of coating per unit mass and, consequently, some saving of metal weight. The hardness range of electrodeposited palladium-nickel compares favorably with electroplated noble metals and their alloys (1, 2).2  
Note 1: Electroplated deposits generally have a lower density than their wrought metal counterparts.
Approximate Hardness (HK25)  
Gold  
50–250  
Palladium  
75–600  
Platinum  
150–550  
Palladium-Nickel  
300–650  
Rhodium  
750–1100  
Ruthenium  
600–1300  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    10 pages
    English language
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