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ASTM G160-03(2009)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Evaluating Microbial Susceptibility of Nonmetallic Materials by Laboratory Soil Burial

Standard Practice for Evaluating Microbial Susceptibility of Nonmetallic Materials by Laboratory Soil Burial

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These results may be used to compare the susceptibility of materials when exposed to this test procedure.
Microbiological susceptibility may be reflected by a number of changes including staining, weight loss, or reduction in tensile or flexural strength.
This practice may be considered an inoculation with a mixed culture of fungi and bacteria.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is limited to the method of conducting an evaluation of a nonmetallic material's microbiological susceptibility when in contact with the natural environment of the soil. This practice is intended for use on solid material test specimens that are no larger than approximately 2 cm (¾ in.) thick and 100 cm2  (20 in.2) or on film forming materials such as coatings which may be tested in the form of films at least 50 by 50 mm (2 by 2 in.) in size. This practice may be applied to articles that do not spend the majority of their service life in soil.
1.2 A wide variety of properties may be affected by microbial attack depending on material or item characteristics. Standard methods (where available) should be used for each different property to be evaluated. This practice does not attempt to enumerate all of the possible properties of interest nor specify the most appropriate test for those properties. Test methods must, however, be appropriate to the material being tested.
1.3 It is recommended that this practice be combined with appropriate environmental exposures (for example, sunlight simulating weathering devices, the hydrolytic effects of extended aqueous contact, or extraneous nutrients) or fabrication into articles (for example, adhesive bonding of seams) which may promote microbiological susceptibility during the service life of the material.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2009
ICS
19.040 - Environmental testing
Technical Committee
G03 - Weathering and Durability
Drafting Committee
G03.04 - Biological Deterioration
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM G160-03 - Standard Practice for Evaluating Microbial Susceptibility of Nonmetallic Materials by Laboratory Soil Burial
Effective Date
01-Jun-2009
Replaced By
ASTM G160-12 - Standard Practice for Evaluating Microbial Susceptibility of Nonmetallic Materials By Laboratory Soil Burial
Effective Date
01-Nov-2012
Referred By
ASTM D5819-22 - Standard Guide for Selecting Test Methods for Experimental Evaluation of Geosynthetic Durability
Effective Date
01-Jun-2009
Referred By
ASTM D7176-22 - Standard Specification for Non-Reinforced Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Geomembranes Used in Buried Applications
Effective Date
01-Jun-2009

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ASTM G160-03(2009) - Standard Practice for Evaluating Microbial Susceptibility of Nonmetallic Materials by Laboratory Soil BurialASTM G160-03(2009) - Standard Practice for Evaluating Microbial Susceptibility of Nonmetallic Materials by Laboratory Soil Burial
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: G160 − 03(Reapproved 2009)
Standard Practice for
Evaluating Microbial Susceptibility of Nonmetallic Materials
By Laboratory Soil Burial
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G160; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Significance and Use
1.1 This practice is limited to the method of conducting an
2.1 These results may be used to compare the susceptibility
evaluation of a nonmetallic material’s microbiological suscep- of materials when exposed to this test procedure.
tibility when in contact with the natural environment of the
2.2 Microbiological susceptibility may be reflected by a
soil. This practice is intended for use on solid material test
numberofchangesincludingstaining,weightloss,orreduction
specimens that are no larger than approximately 2 cm ( ⁄4 in.)
in tensile or flexural strength.
2 2
thick and 100 cm (20 in. ) or on film forming materials such
2.3 This practice may be considered an inoculation with a
as coatings which may be tested in the form of films at least 50
mixed culture of fungi and bacteria.
by 50 mm (2 by 2 in.) in size. This practice may be applied to
articles that do not spend the majority of their service life in
3. Soil
soil.
3.1 Composition— Soil shall be composed of equal parts of
1.2 A wide variety of properties may be affected by micro-
fertile topsoil (soil with a high clay content should not be
bial attack depending on material or item characteristics.
used), well-rotted and shredded horse manure, and coarse sand
Standard methods (where available) should be used for each
(10 to 40 mesh).
different property to be evaluated. This practice does not
attempt to enumerate all of the possible properties of interest
3.2 Mixing—The soil composition of 3.1 should be prepared
nor specify the most appropriate test for those properties. Test
by simple mixing and sifting through ⁄4-in. mesh screen.
methods must, however, be appropriate to the material being
3.3 Aging—The mixture is aged for three months and
tested.
resifted twice at four-week intervals during the three months.
1.3 It is recommended that this practice be combined with
Afterthreemonths,aviabilitycontrolofuntreatedcottoncloth,
appropriate environmental exposures (for example, sunlight
2 2
400 to 475 g/m (12 to 14 oz/yd ), buried in the soil shall have
simulating weathering devices, the hydrolytic effects of ex-
a tensile strength loss of at least 50 % after five days.
tended aqueous contact, or extraneous nutrients) or fabrication
NOTE 1—The soil mixture may be used for sequential tests as long as
into articles (for example, adhesive bonding of seams) which
the cotton cloth control degrades within the specified time period.
may promote microbiological susceptibility during the service
3.4 pH—The soil shall have a pH between 6.5 to 7.5,
life of the material.
checked periodically, and maintained by the addition of ground
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
limestone to raise the pH or flowers of sulfur to lower the pH.
standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for
The soil pH may be taken by dispersing 1 weight part soil in 20
information purposes only.
parts of water, shaking or stirring, then allowing the mix to
settle for 1 h. The pH is measured with indicator paper,
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
electrodes, or by titration.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.5 Moisture—The soil shall be maintained at between 20
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
and 30 % moisture, based on the dry weight of the soil. (The
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
percent moisture is calculated by weighing approximately 50
mL of a representative portion and taking the portion to
constant weight by placing the soil in an oven at a temperature
of 101 to 106°C.) Water lost during use as a result of
This practice is under the jurisdiction of Committee G03 on Weathering and
Durability and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G03.04 on Biological
evaporationshallbereplacedwithoutdeformingthesoilbed.If
Deterioration.
the surrounding atmosphere is maintained at 85 to 95 %
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2009.PublishedJuly2009.Originallyapproved
relative humidity, this loss is negligible, however, the moisture
in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as G160 – 03. DOI: 10.1520/
G0160-03R09. level should be periodically measured.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
G160 − 03 (2009)
4. Apparatus 9. Calculation and Interpretation of Results
4.1 Soil Container— The container shall be any material of
9.1 Visual—At the end of the exposure period, the speci-
suitable mechanical strength and chemical/microbial resistance
mens shall be removed from the soil bed and conditioned
and, if porous, shall be lined with impermeable material. It
according to methods appropriate to the material being tested.
shall be of any size that is convenient to handle and having a
For visual evaluation, the material is rinsed under a stream of
depth of at least 12.7 cm (5 in.).
tap water while gently rubbing between fingers to remove soil
and air-drying at 20°C (68°F) for minimum amount of time.
4.2 External Environment—An apparatus capable of main-
Alternatively, the material may be gently vacuumed or very
taining a tem
...


This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:G160–98 Designation:G160–03 (Reapproved 2009)
Standard Practice for
Evaluating Microbial Susceptibility of Nonmetallic Materials
By Laboratory Soil Burial
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G 160; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice is limited to the method of conducting an evaluation of a nonmetallic material’s microbiological susceptibility
when in contact with the natural environment of the soil and soil. This practice is intended for use on solid material test specimens
2 2
that are no larger than approximately 2 cm ( ⁄4 in.) thick and 100 cm (20 in. ) or less. This practice may be applied to articles
that do not spend the majority of their service life in soil. ) or on film forming materials such as coatings which may be tested in
the form of films at least 50 by 50 mm (2 by 2 in.) in size. This practice may be applied to articles that do not spend the majority
of their service life in soil.
1.2 A wide variety of properties may be affected by microbial attack depending on material or item characteristics. Standard
methods (where available) should be used for each different property to be evaluated. This practice does not attempt to enumerate
all of the possible properties of interest nor specify the most appropriate test for those properties. Test methods must, however, be
appropriate to the material being tested.
1.3 It is recommended that this practice be combined with appropriate environmental exposures (for example, sunlight
simulating weathering devices, the hydrolytic effects of extended aqueous contact, or extraneous nutrients) or fabrication into
articles (for example, adhesive bonding of seams) which may promote microbiological susceptibility during the service life of the
material.
1.4The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information
purposes only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Significance and Use
2.1 These results may be used to compare the susceptibility of materials when exposed to this test procedure.
2.2 Microbiological susceptibility may be reflected by a number of changes including staining, weight loss, or reduction in
tensile or flexural strength.
2.3 This practice may be considered an inoculation with a mixed culture of fungi and bacteria.
3. Soil
3.1 Composition— Soil shall be composed of equal parts of fertile topsoil (soil with a high clay content should not be used),
well-rotted and shredded horse manure, and coarse sand (10 to 40 mesh).
3.2 Mixing—The soil composition of 3.1 should be prepared by simple mixing and sifting through ⁄4-in. mesh screen.
3.3 Aging—The mixture is aged for three months and resifted twice at four-week intervals during the three months.After three
2 2
months, a viability control of untreated cotton cloth, 400 to 475 g/m (12 to 14 oz/yd ), buried in the soil shall have a tensile
strength loss of at least 50 % after five days.
NOTE 1—The soil mixture may be used for sequential tests as long as the cotton cloth control degrades within the specified time period.
3.4 pH—The soil shall have a pH between 6.5 to 7.5, checked periodically, and maintained by the addition of ground limestone
to raise the pH or flowers of sulfur to lower the pH. The soil pH may be taken by dispersing 1 weight part soil in 20 parts of water,
This practice is under the jurisdiction of Committee G-3 on Weathering and Durability and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G03.04 on Biological
Deterioration.
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 1998. Published April 1999. Originally published as G160–98.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of Committee G03 on Weathering and Durability and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G03.04 on Biological
Deterioration.
Current edition approved June 1, 2009. Published July 2009. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as G 160 – 03.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
G160–03 (2009)
shaking or stirring, then allowing the mix to settle for 1 h. The pH is measured with indicator paper, electrodes, or by titration.
3.5 Moisture—The soil shall be maintained at between 20 and 30 % moisture, based on the dry weight of the soil. (The percent
moisture is calculated by weighing approximately 50 mL of a representative portion and taking the portion to constant weight by
placing the soil in an oven at a temperature of 101 to 106°C.) Water lost during use as a result of evaporation shall be replaced
without deforming the soil bed. If the surrounding atmosphere is maintained at 85 to 95 % relative humidity, this loss is negligible,
however, the moisture level should be periodically measured.
4. Apparatus
4.1 SoilContainer—The container shall be any material of suitable mechanical strength and chemical/microbial resistance and,
if porous, shall be lined with impermeable material. It shall be of any size that is convenient to handle and having a depth of at
least 12.7 cm (5 in.).
4.2 External Environment—An apparatus capable of maintaining a temperature
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 As with any accelerated test, the increase in rate of weathering compared to in-service exposure is material dependent. Results from exposures conducted to this practice may provide good rank correlation to results from actual use conditions for one type of material or product. It should not be assumed that this will be true for other materials or products. It is always best to verify the ability of an accelerated exposure test to properly rank the durability of materials with actual use conditions. Guide G141 provides information about using rank correlation.  
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5.4 It is recommended that at least one control material be exposed with each test. The control material should be of similar composition and construction and be chosen so that its failure modes are the same as that of the material being tested. It is preferable to use two control materials, one with relatively good durability, and one with relatively poor durability. If control materials are included as part of the test, they shall be used for the purpose of comparing the performance of the test materials relative to the controls.
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1.1 This practice covers the basic principles and operating procedures for using outdoor glass-covered exposure apparatus with air circulation. This practice is limited to the procedures for obtaining, measuring and controlling conditions of exposure. A number of exposure procedures are listed in Appendix X1; however, this practice does not specify the exposure conditions best suited for the material to be tested.  
1.2 For direct weathering exposures, refer to Practice G7. For exposures behind glass without air circulation, refer to Practice G24.  
1.3 Test specimens are exposed to solar radiation filtered through glass under partially controlled environmental test conditions. Different glass types and operating parameters are described.  
1.4 Specimen preparation and evaluation of the results are covered in ASTM methods or specifications for specific materials. More specific information for determining the change in properties after exposure and reporting these results is described in Practices D5870, D2244 and Test Method D523.  
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ASTM G90-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Performing Accelerated Outdoor Weathering of Materials Using Concentrated Natural Sunlight

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Results obtained from this practice can be used to compare the relative durability of materials subjected to the specific test cycle used. No accelerated test can be specified as a perfect simulation of natural or field exposures. Results obtained from this practice can be considered as representative of natural weathering only when a sufficient magnitude of mathematical correlation exists between exposures.  
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1.1 Linear Fresnel reflector concentrators using the sun as source are utilized in the accelerated outdoor exposure testing of materials.  
1.2 This practice covers a procedure for performing accelerated outdoor exposure testing of materials using a linear Fresnel reflector, accelerated outdoor weathering, test machine. The apparatus (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2) and guidelines are described herein to minimize the variables encountered during outdoor accelerated exposure testing.    
1.3 This practice does not specify the exposure conditions best suited for the materials to be tested but is limited to the method of obtaining, measuring, and controlling the procedures and certain conditions of the exposure. Sample preparation, test conditions, and evaluation of results are covered in existing methods or specifications for specific materials.  
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Standard Practice for Operating Fluorescent Ultraviolet (UV) Lamp Apparatus for Exposure of Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The use of this apparatus is intended to induce property changes consistent with the end use conditions, including the effects of the UV portion of sunlight, moisture, and heat. Typically, these exposures would include moisture in the form of condensing humidity. Exposures are not intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena, such as atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure. Alternatively, the exposure may simulate the effects of sunlight through window glass. (Warning—Refer to Practice G151 for full cautionary guidance applicable to all laboratory weathering devices.)  
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1.1 This practice is limited to the basic principles for operating a fluorescent UV lamp and water apparatus; on its own, it does not deliver a specific result.  
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Note 1: Practice G151 describes general procedures to be used when exposing nonmetallic materials in accelerated test devices that use laboratory light sources.
Note 2: A number of exposure procedures are listed in an appendix; however, this practice does not specify the exposure conditions best suited for the material to be tested.  
1.3 Test specimens are exposed to fluorescent UV light under controlled environmental conditions. Different types of fluorescent UV lamp sources are described.
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4.1 The relative durability of materials in natural exposures can be very different depending on the location of the exposure because of differences in ultraviolet (UV) radiation, relative humidity, time of wetness, temperature, wet-dry cycling, freeze-thaw cycling, pollutants, and other factors. Therefore, it cannot be assumed that results from one exposure in a single location will be useful for determining relative durability in a different location. Exposures in several locations with different climates which represent a broad range of anticipated service conditions are recommended.  
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1.1 This practice covers procedures to be followed for direct exposure of materials to the environment. Typically, this testing is performed on exposure racks tilted at a commonly-used tilt angle from the horizontal (such as 5 or 45 degrees) and facing the equator. Other exposure orientations can be used.  
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1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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SCOPE
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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5.2 This practice allows a wide range of exposure conditions that may produce significantly different results. Therefore, no reference shall be made to results from its use unless accompanied by a report in conformance with Section 10 detailing the specific operating conditions.  
5.2.1 A control (a similar material of known performance) should be exposed simultaneously with the test specimen to provide a reference for comparative purposes. It is best practice to use two different control materials: one known to have relatively poor durability and one known to have relatively good durability. At least three replicates of each test specimen and control material should be exposed concurrently to permit statistical evaluation of results.  
5.3 Comparison of results obtained from specimens exposed in different apparatus (even if the apparatus is the same model) using the identical setpoints and operational controls should not be made unless reproducibility has been established between apparatus for the material to be tested.  
5.4 Refer to Practice G151 for cautionary guidance applicable to all laboratory weathering apparatus.  
5.5 It is recommended that users follow good laboratory practices in order to reduce variability in exposures (1).8
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is limited to the basic principles and procedures for operating a xenon arc lamp and water apparatus; on its own, it does not deliver a specific result.  
1.2 It is intended to be used in conjunction with a practice or method that defines specific exposure conditions for an application along with a means to evaluate changes in material properties. This practice is intended to reproduce the weathering effects that occur when materials are exposed to sunlight (either direct or through window glass) and moisture as humidity, rain, or dew in actual use. This practice is limited to the procedures for obtaining, measuring, and controlling conditions of exposure.
Note 1: A number of exposure procedures are listed in an appendix; however, this practice does not specify the exposure conditions best suited for the material to be tested.
Note 2: Practice G151 describes general procedures and performance requirements to be used when exposing materials in an apparatus that uses laboratory light sources.  
1.3 Test specimens are exposed to light from an optically-filtered xenon arc lamp under controlled environmental conditions. Different types of optical filters in combination with xenon arc light sources are described.  
1.4 Specimen preparation and evaluation of the results are covered in ASTM methods or specifications for specific materials. General guidance is given in Practice G151.
Note 3: General information about methods for determining the change in properties after exposure and reporting these results is described in Practice D5870.  
1.5 This practice is not intended for corrosion testing of bare metals.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This practice is technically similar to the following ISO documents: ISO 4892-2, ISO 16474-2, ISO 105-B02, ISO 105-B04, ISO 105-B05, ISO 105-B06, and ISO 105-B10.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8.1 Should any ozone be generated from the operation of the la...

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ASTM
ASTM G153-13(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Operating Enclosed Carbon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The use of this apparatus is intended to induce property changes associated with the end use conditions, including the effects of sunlight, moisture, and heat. These exposures may include a means to introduce moisture to the test specimen. Exposures are not intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena, such as atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure. Alternatively, the exposure may simulate the effects of sunlight through window glass. Typically, these exposures would include moisture in the form of humidity.
Note 2: Caution: Refer to Practice G151 for full cautionary guidance applicable to all laboratory weathering devices.  
5.2 Variation in results may be expected when operating conditions are varied within the accepted limits of this practice. Therefore, no reference shall be made to results from the use of this practice unless accompanied by a report detailing the specific operating conditions in conformance with Section 10.  
5.2.1 It is recommended that a similar material of known performance, a control, be exposed simultaneously with the test specimen to provide a standard for comparative purposes. It is best practice to use control materials known to have relatively poor and good durability. It is recommended that at least three replicates of each material evaluated be exposed in each test to allow for statistical evaluation of results.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the basic principles and operating procedures for using enclosed carbon-arc light and water apparatus intended to reproduce the weathering effects that occur when materials are exposed to sunlight (either direct or through window glass) and moisture as rain or dew in actual use. This practice is limited to the procedures for obtaining, measuring, and controlling conditions of exposure. A number of exposure procedures are listed in an appendix; however, this practice does not specify the exposure conditions best suited for the material to be tested.
Note 1: Practice G151 describes performance criteria for all exposure devices that use laboratory light sources. This practice replaces Practice G23, which describes very specific designs for devices used for carbon-arc exposures. The apparatus described in Practice G23 is covered by this practice.  
1.2 Test specimens are exposed to enclosed carbon arc light under controlled environmental conditions.  
1.3 Specimen preparation and evaluation of the results are covered in various methods or specifications for specific materials. General guidance is given in Practice G151 and ISO 4892-1. More specific information about methods for determining the change in properties after exposure and reporting these results is described in ISO 4582.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5.1 Should any ozone be generated from the operation of the light source, it shall be carried away from the test specimens and operating personnel by an exhaust system.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM G152-13(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Operating Open Flame Carbon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The use of this apparatus is intended to induce property changes associated with the end use conditions, including the effects of sunlight, moisture, and heat. These exposures may include a means to introduce moisture to the test specimen. Exposures are not intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena, such as atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure. Alternatively, the exposure may simulate the effects of sunlight through window glass. Typically, these exposures would include moisture in the form of humidity.
Note 2: Caution: Refer to Practice G151 for full cautionary guidance applicable to all laboratory weathering devices.  
5.2 Variation in results may be expected when operating conditions are varied within the accepted limits of this practice. No reference, therefore, shall be made to results from the use of this practice unless accompanied by a report detailing the specific operating conditions in conformance with Section 10.  
5.2.1 It is recommended that a similar material of known performance, a control, be exposed simultaneously with the test specimen to provide a standard for comparative purposes. It is best practice to use control materials known to have relatively poor and good durability. It is recommended that at least three replicates of each material evaluated be exposed in each test to allow for statistical evaluation of results.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the basic principles and operating procedures for using open flame carbon-arc light and water apparatus intended to reproduce the weathering effects that occur when materials are exposed to sunlight (either direct or through window glass) and moisture as rain or dew in actual use. This practice is limited to the procedures for obtaining, measuring, and controlling conditions of exposure. A number of exposure procedures are listed in an appendix; however, this practice does not specify the exposure conditions best suited for the material to be tested.
Note 1: Practice G151 describes performance criteria for all exposure devices that use laboratory light sources. This practice replaces Practice G23, which describes very specific designs for devices used for carbon-arc exposures. The apparatus described in Practice G23 is covered by this practice.  
1.2 Test specimens are exposed to filtered open flame carbon arc light under controlled environmental conditions. Different filters are described.  
1.3 Specimen preparation and evaluation of the results are covered in methods or specifications for specific materials. General guidance is given in Practice G151 and ISO 4892-1. More specific information about methods for determining the change in properties after exposure and reporting these results is described in Practice D5870.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5.1 Should any ozone be generated from the operation of the light source, it shall be carried away from the test specimens and operating personnel by an exhaust system.  
1.6 This practice is technically similar to ISO 4892-4.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM G160-12(2019)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Evaluating Microbial Susceptibility of Nonmetallic Materials By Laboratory Soil Burial

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These results may be used to compare the susceptibility of materials when exposed to this test procedure.  
3.2 Microbiological susceptibility may be reflected by a number of changes including staining, weight loss, or reduction in tensile or flexural strength.  
3.3 This practice may be considered an inoculation with a mixed culture of fungi and bacteria.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is limited to the method of conducting an evaluation of a nonmetallic material's microbiological susceptibility when in contact with the natural environment of the soil under use conditions. This practice is intended for use on solid material test specimens that are no larger than approximately 2 cm (0.79 in.) thick and 100 cm 2  (15.5 in.2) or on film forming materials such as coatings which may be tested in the form of films at least 50 by 50 mm (2 by 2 in.) in size. This practice may be applied to articles that do not spend the majority of their service life in soil.  
1.2 A wide variety of properties may be affected by microbial attack depending on material or item characteristics. Standard methods (where available) should be used for each different property to be evaluated. This practice does not attempt to enumerate all of the possible properties of interest nor specify the most appropriate test for those properties. Test methods must, however, be appropriate to the material being tested.  
1.3 Materials intended for use in soil burial applications are often subjected to periods of exposure to solar radiation and other elements of weather for some time before they are buried. Because these exposures may alter the ability of a material to resist the effects of soil-borne microorganisms, it is recommended that this practice be combined with appropriate environmental exposures (for example, solar simulating weathering devices, the hydrolytic effects of extended aqueous contact, or extraneous nutrients) or fabrication into articles (for example, adhesive bonding of seams) which may promote microbiological susceptibility during the service life of the material.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM G151-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials in Accelerated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light Sources

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Significance:  
4.1.1 When conducting exposures in devices that use laboratory light sources, it is important to consider how well the accelerated test conditions will reproduce property changes and failure modes associated with end-use environments for the materials being tested. In addition, it is essential to consider the effects of variability in both the accelerated test and outdoor exposures when setting up exposure experiments and when interpreting the results from accelerated exposure tests.  
4.1.2 No laboratory exposure test can be specified as a total simulation of actual use conditions in outdoor environments. Results obtained from these laboratory accelerated exposures can be considered as representative of actual use exposures only when the degree of rank correlation has been established for the specific materials being tested and when the type of degradation is the same. The relative durability of materials in actual use conditions can be very different in different locations because of differences in UV radiation, time of wetness, relative humidity, temperature, pollutants, and other factors. Therefore, even if results from a specific exposure test conducted according to this practice are found to be useful for comparing the relative durability of materials exposed in a particular exterior environment, it cannot be assumed that they will be useful for determining relative durability of the same materials for a different environment.  
4.1.3 Even though it is very tempting, calculation of an acceleration factor relating  x h or megajoules of radiant exposure in a laboratory accelerated test to y months or years of exterior exposure is not recommended. These acceleration factors are not valid for several reasons.  
4.1.3.1 Acceleration factors are material dependent and can be significantly different for each material and for different formulations of the same material.
4.1.3.2 Variability in the rate of degradation in both actual use and la...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers general procedures to be used when exposing nonmetallic materials in accelerated test devices that use laboratory light sources. Detailed information regarding procedures to be used for specific devices are found in standards describing the particular device being used. For example, detailed information covering exposures in devices that use open flame carbon arc, enclosed carbon arc, xenon arc, and fluorescent UV light source are found in Practices G152, G153, G154, and G155 respectively.
Note 1: Carbon-arc, xenon arc, and fluorescent UV exposures were also described in Practices G23, G26, and G53 which referred to very specific equipment designs. Practices G152, G153, and G154, and G155 are performance based standards that replace Practices G23, G26, and G53.  
1.2 This practice also describes general performance requirements for devices used for exposing nonmetallic materials to laboratory light sources. This information is intended primarily for producers of laboratory accelerated exposure devices.  
1.3 This practice provides information on the use and interpretation of data from accelerated exposure tests. Specific information about methods for determining the property of a nonmetallic material before and after exposure are found in standards describing the method used to measure each property. Information regarding the reporting of results from exposure testing of plastic materials is described in Practice D5870.
Note 2: Guide G141 provides information for addressing variability in exposure testing of nonmetallic materials. Guide G169 provides information for application of statistics to exposure test results.
Note 3: This standard is technically equivalent to ISO 4892, Part 1.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, an...

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