ASTM F2986-12(2023)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F2986 − 12 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Specification for
Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe and Fittings for Mine
Leachate Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2986; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This specification covers requirements and test methods 2.1 ASTM Standards:
for materials, workmanship, dimensions, perforations, pipe D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
stiffness, elongation, joint separation resistance, quality of D1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plas-
extruded polyethylene, brittleness, testing, and marking of tics
corrugated polyethylene (PE) pipe and fittings for mine drain- D2122 Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Ther-
age and leachate collection and transmission pipe. It covers moplastic Pipe and Fittings
nominal sizes 3 in. (75 mm), 4 in. (100 mm), 6 in. (150 mm), D2412 Test Method for Determination of External Loading
8 in. (200 mm), 10 in. (250 mm), 12 in. (300 mm), 15 in. (375 Characteristics of Plastic Pipe by Parallel-Plate Loading
mm), 18 in. (450 mm) and 24 in. (600 mm) diameter. D2444 Practice for Determination of the Impact Resistance
of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings by Means of a Tup
1.2 This specification covers single profile wall, annular
(Falling Weight)
extruded corrugated polyethylene pipe as depicted in Fig. 1,
D3350 Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fit-
and double wall, annular extruded corrugated polyethylene
tings Materials
pipe as depicted in Fig. 2.
D3895 Test Method for Oxidative-Induction Time of Poly-
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
olefins by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
F412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
F2136 Test Method for Notched, Constant Ligament-Stress
and are not considered standard.
(NCLS) Test to Determine Slow-Crack-Growth Resis-
1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the tance of HDPE Resins or HDPE Corrugated Pipe
test method portion, Section 9, of this specification: This
2.2 Federal Standards:
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, Fed. Std. No. 123 Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)
if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Practices
of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and for Design, Construction, Problem Identification and
environmental practices and determine the applicability of
Evaluation, Inspection, Maintenance, Renovation, and
regulatory limitations prior to use. Repair
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
2.3 Military Standard:
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3. Terminology
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.1 Definitions—Definitions used in this specification are in
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
accordance with Terminology F412 and abbreviations are in
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on Plastic For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.65 on Land contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Drainage. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved July 1, 2023. Published July 2023. Originally approved the ASTM website.
in 2012. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as F2986–12(2017). DOI: Available from DLA Document Services, Building 4/D, 700 Robbins Ave.,
10.1520/F2986-12R23. Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, http://quicksearch.dla.mil.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2986 − 12 (2023)
FIG. 1 Typical Single Wall Profile Cross-Section
FIG. 2 Typical Double Wall Profile Cross-Section
accordance with Terminology D1600, unless otherwise speci- silver, uranium, or zinc. The solution may be either acidic or
fied. The abbreviation for polyethylene is PE. alkaline, depending on the metal being extracted.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
6. Materials
3.2.1 crease—a deformation that cannot be removed like a
dent: generally associated with wall buckling.
6.1 Pipe and Fittings—The pipe and fittings shall be made
of virgin PE plastic compound meeting the requirements of
3.2.2 leaching—minerals are removed (leached) from ores
Specification D3350 cell classification 435400C or 435400E,
that have been mined, crushed, and placed on impervious pads
except that carbon black content shall be equal to or greater
for removal (by chemical leaching) by percolation of the
than 2.0 % but not exceed 3.0 %. Compounds that have a
solution through the ore, and collection of that solution at the
higher cell classification in one or more performance properties
bottom of the heap leach pile.
shall be permitted if all other product requirements are met. For
3.2.3 split—any break or crack that extends through the
slow crack-growth resistance, resins shall be evaluated using
wall.
the notched constant ligament stress (NCLS) test according to
the procedure described in 9.12. Samples shall be taken from
4. Ordering Information
the extruded pipe supplied to the project. The average failure
4.1 Orders for product made to this specification shall
time of the five test specimens shall exceed 24 h with no single
include the following information to adequately describe the
test specimen’s failure time less than 17 h. Samples taken from
desired product:
the extruded pipe supplied to the project shall have a minimum
4.1.1 This ASTM designation and year of issue,
Oxidative-Induction-Time of 20 minutes when tested in accor-
4.1.2 Perforations:
dance with Test Method D3895.
4.1.2.1 With perforations,
4.1.2.2 Without perforations,
6.2 Rework Material—Clean rework material, generated
4.1.3 Diameters, from the manufacturer’s own production of this product, may
4.1.4 Total footage of each pipe diameter involved,
be used by the manufacturer provided that the tubing and
4.1.5 Pipe laying length, fittings produced meet all requirements of this specification.
4.1.6 Fitting type(s):
4.1.6.1 Size and type of fittings, including mainline and 7. General Requirements
branch diameters, and
7.1 Workmanship—The pipe and fittings shall be homoge-
4.1.6.2 Number of fittings per diameter.
neous throughout and be as uniform as commercially practical
in color, opacity, and density. The pipe walls shall be free of
5. Significance and Use
cracks, holes, blisters, voids, foreign inclusions, or other
5.1 Corrugated PE pipe and fittings in this standard are
defects that are visible to the naked eye and that may affect the
intended for deep underground applications under harsh chemi-
wall integrity. The ends shall be cut cleanly and squarely. Holes
cal exposure from a corrosive effluent where they serve as
intentionally placed in perforated pipe are acceptable.
leachate pipe under a mine heap or dump leaching process.
7.1.1 Visible defects, cracks, creases, splits, obstruction to
Their major use is to collect or convey ore leachate to a facility
flow in perforations or in pipe, are not permissible.
for processing and extraction of the desired metal or mineral.
Heap leaching is used to extract copper, gold, lead, nickel, 7.2 Dimensions and Tolerance:
F2986 − 12 (2023)
7.2.1 Nominal Size—The nominal size for the pipe and 7.4 Elongation—For single wall pipe only; continuously
fittings for single profile wall and double profile wall shall be extruded pipe that elongates more than 5 %, but less than 10 %,
the minimum inside diameter as shown in Table 1 and Table 2, when tested in accordance with 9.8, shall meet the require-
respectively, rounded to the closest whole number. ments of 7.3 when tested in accordance with 9.9. Pipe that
7.2.2 Inside Diameter—The actual inside diameter for elongates more than 10 % shall be rejected.
single profile wall and double profile wall shall be the
7.5 Brittleness—Pipe and fitting specimens shall be tested in
minimum inside diameter with a +4.5 % or – 0 % tolerance
accordance with 9.11.
when measured in accordance with 9.3 and as shown in Table
7.6 Bond—The bond between layers of spirally laminated
1 and Table 2, respectively.
pipe shall be strong and uniform. There shall be no separation
NOTE 1—The outside diameters and the corrugation pitch of products
of layers when the pipe is deflected 20 %, in accordance with
manufactured to this specification are not specified; therefore, compatibil-
Test Method D2412, nor shall it be possible to separate the
ity between pipe and fittings from different manufacturers or the same
layers with the point of a knife when the pipe is in the deflected
manufacturer shall be verified.
condition.
7.2.3 Minimum Crest, Liner, Wall Thickness—The minimum
NOTE 3—This test may be conducted as a continuation of pipe stiffness
wall thickness of the pipe crest shall meet the requirements
testing as specified in 9.7.
given in Table 1 when measured in accordance with 9.4. The
7.7 Fitting Requirements:
minimum wall thickness of the valley and liner shall meet the
7.7.1 The fittings shall not reduce or impair the overall
requirements given in Table 2 when measured in accordance
integrity or function of the pipe line.
with 9.4.
NOTE 4—Common corrugated fittings include in-line joint fittings, such
7.2.4 Length—The pipe shall be supplied in any length
as tees, Y’s, reducers, couplers, elbows, and end caps. These fittings are
agreeable to both the owner and the manufacturer. Length shall
installed internally or externally by various methods, such as snap-on,
not be less than 99 % of stated quantity when measured in
V-insertion, screw-on, or wrap around.
accordance with 9.5.
NOTE 5—Some corrugated fittings will not fit all pipe. Only fittings
7.2.5 Perforations—Perforations shall be cleanly cut, placed
supplied or recommended by the pipe manufacturer should be used.
in the valley of the corrugation rib, and uniformly spaced along
7.7.2 Joints made with couplers, installed in accordance
the length and circumference of the pipe. Dimensions of the
with the manufacturer’s instructions, shall not separate when
perforations and the minimum perforation inlet area shall be as
tested in accordance with 9.10.
listed in Table 3. Other perforation dimensions and configura-
7.7.3 Fitting specimens shall not crack or split when tested
tions shall be permitted, where required to meet the needs of
in accordance with 9.11.
the specifier. All measurements shall be made in accordance
with 9.6. Pipe connected by bell and spigot joints shall not be
8. Sampling and Retest
perforated in the area of the bells and spigots.
8.1 Sampling—Samples of pipe and fittings sufficient to
NOTE 2—For perforated pipe applications, the size of the embedment
determine conformance with this specification shall be taken at
zone and permeability of the embedment material provide the desired
random from stock or from the project site by the testing
level of infiltration or inflow. The gradation and compaction of the
agency. Samples shall be representative of the product type
embedment material shall be compatible with the perforation size to avoid
under consideration. A minimum of one sample shall be taken
embedment backfill migration into the pipe.
for every 1,000 meters of pipe length supplied on a project.
7.3 Pipe Stiffness—The pipe shall have a minimum pipe
stiffness at 5 % deflection for single wall and double wall as 8.2 Retest and Rejection—If any test failure occurs, the pipe
shown in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively, when tested in or fitting may be retested to establish conformity. The test shall
accordance with 9.7. Two pipe stiffness classes, standard and be repeated on two additional samples from the same lot or
XS, are produced for 3 in.– 6 in. (75 mm through 150 mm) shipment. If either of these two additional samples fail, the pipe
diameters in Table 1. or fitting does not comply with this specification.
TABLE 1 Single Wall Pipe Stiffness and Pipe Dimensions
Minimum Minimum Pipe Minimum XS Pipe Minimum
Inside Stiffness at 5 % Stiffness at 5 % Crest
Diameter Deflection Deflection Thickness
in. mm lbs/in/in kPa lbs/in/in kPa in. mm
3 75 50 345 70 480 0.025 0.64
4 100 50 345 70 480 0.025 0.64
5 125 50 345 65 450 0.027 0.69
6 150 50 345 60 415 0.028 0.71
8 200 50 345 0.036 0.91
10 250 50 345 0.048 1.22
12 300 50 345 0.071 1.80
15 375 42 290 0.087 2.21
18 450 40 275 0.120 3.05
24 600 34 235 0.120 3.05
F2986 − 12 (2023)
TABLE 2 Double Wall Pipe Stiffness and Pipe Dimensions
Minimum Minimum Pipe Minimum Minimum
Inside Stiffness at 5 % Valley Liner
Diameter Deflection Thickness Thickness
in. mm lbs/in/in kPa in. mm in. mm
3 75 50 345 0.025 0.64 0.020 0.5
4 100 50 345 0.025 0.64 0.020 0.5
5 125 50 345 0.027 0.69 0.020 0.5
6 150 50 345 0.028 0.71 0.020 0.5
8 200 50 345 0.036 0.91 0.024 0.6
10 250 50 345 0.048 1.22 0.024 0.6
12 300 50 345 0.071 1.80 0.035 0.9
15 375 42 290 0.087 2.21 0.040 1.0
18 450 40 275 0.120 3.05 0.051 1.3
24 600 34 235 0.120 3.05 0.060 1.5
TABLE 3 Perforation Dimensions
Type of Perforation
Minimum Inside Diameter Circular
Maximum Diameter Minimum Inlet Area
2 2
in. mm in. mm in /ft cm /m
3 75 0.187 4.75 1.0 20
4 100 0.187 4.75 1.0 20
5 125 0.187 4.75 1.0 20
6 150 0.187 4.75 1.0 20
8 200 0.256 6.25 1.0 20
10 250 0.315 8.00 1.0 20
12 300 0.375 10.0 1.5 30
15 375 0.375 10.0 1.5 30
18 450 0.375 10.0 1.5 30
24 600 0.375 10.0 2.0 40
9. Test Methods the pipe while it is resting on a relatively flat surface, in a
straight line, with no external tensile or compressive forces
9.1 Conditioning Test Specimens—Condition the specimen
exerted on the pipe.
prior to test at 73.4 °F 6 3.6 °F (23 °C 6 2 °C) and 50 % 6
5 % relative humidity for not less than 40 h prior to the test, in
9.6 Perforations—Measure dimensions of perforations on a
accordance with Procedure A in Practice D618 for those tests
straight specimen without external forces applied. Linear
where conditioning is required, unless otherw
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F2986 − 12 (Reapproved 2017) F2986 − 12 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Specification for
Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe and Fittings for Mine
Leachate Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2986; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers requirements and test methods for materials, workmanship, dimensions, perforations, pipe stiffness,
elongation, joint separation resistance, quality of extruded polyethylene, brittleness, testing, and marking of corrugated
polyethylene (PE) pipe and fittings for mine drainage and leachate collection and transmission pipe. It covers nominal sizes 3 in.
(75 mm), 4 in. (100 mm), 6 in. (150 mm), 8 in. (200 mm), 10 in. (250 mm)mm), 12 in. (300 mm), 15 in. (375 mm), 18 in. (450
mm) and 24 in. (600 mm) diameter.
1.2 This specification covers single profile wall, annular extruded corrugated polyethylene pipe as depicted in Fig. 1, and double
wall, annular extruded corrugated polyethylene pipe as depicted in Fig. 2.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 9, of this specification: This standard
does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this
standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plastics
D2122 Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings
D2412 Test Method for Determination of External Loading Characteristics of Plastic Pipe by Parallel-Plate Loading
D2444 Practice for Determination of the Impact Resistance of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings by Means of a Tup (Falling
Weight)
D3350 Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials
D3895 Test Method for Oxidative-Induction Time of Polyolefins by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on Plastic Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.65 on Land Drainage.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2017July 1, 2023. Published September 2017July 2023. Originally approved in 2012. Last previous edition approved in 20122017 as
F2986F2986–12(2017).–12. DOI: 10.1520/F2986-12R17.10.1520/F2986-12R23.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2986 − 12 (2023)
FIG. 1 Typical Single Wall Profile Cross-Section
FIG. 2 Typical Double Wall Profile Cross-Section
F412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
F2136 Test Method for Notched, Constant Ligament-Stress (NCLS) Test to Determine Slow-Crack-Growth Resistance of HDPE
Resins or HDPE Corrugated Pipe
2.2 Federal Standards:
Fed. Std. No. 123 Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Practices for Design, Construction, Problem Identification and Evaluation,
Inspection, Maintenance, Renovation, and Repair
2.3 Military Standard:
MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Definitions used in this specification are in accordance with Terminology F412 and abbreviations are in
accordance with Terminology D1600, unless otherwise specified. The abbreviation for polyethylene is PE.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 crease—a deformation that cannot be removed like a dent: generally associated with wall buckling.
3.2.2 leaching—minerals are removed (leached) from ores that have been mined, crushed, and placed on impervious pads for
removal (by chemical leaching) by percolation of the solution through the ore, and collection of that solution at the bottom of the
heap leach pile.
3.2.3 split—any break or crack that extends through the wall.
4. Ordering Information
4.1 Orders for product made to this specification shall include the following information to adequately describe the desired
product:
4.1.1 This ASTM designation and year of issue,
4.1.2 Perforations:
4.1.2.1 With perforations,
Available from DLA Document Services, Building 4/D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, http://quicksearch.dla.mil.
F2986 − 12 (2023)
4.1.2.2 Without perforations,
4.1.3 Diameters,
4.1.4 Total footage of each pipe diameter involved,
4.1.5 Pipe laying length,
4.1.6 Fitting type(s):
4.1.6.1 Size and type of fittings, including mainline and branch diameters, and
4.1.6.2 Number of fittings per diameter.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Corrugated PE pipe and fittings in this standard are intended for deep underground applications under harsh chemical exposure
from a corrosive effluent where they serve as leachate pipe under a mine heap or dump leaching process. Their major use is to
collect or convey ore leachate to a facility for processing and extraction of the desired metal or mineral. Heap leaching is used to
extract copper, gold, lead, nickel, silver, uranium, or zinc. The solution may be either acidic or alkaline, depending on the metal
being extracted.
6. Materials
6.1 Pipe and Fittings—The pipe and fittings shall be made of virgin PE plastic compound meeting the requirements of
Specification D3350 cell classification 435400C or 435400E, except that carbon black content shall be equal to or greater than
2.0 % but not exceed 3.0 %. Compounds that have a higher cell classification in one or more performance properties shall be
permitted if all other product requirements are met. For slow crack-growth resistance, resins shall be evaluated using the notched
constant ligament stress (NCLS) test according to the procedure described in 9.12. Samples shall be taken from the extruded pipe
supplied to the project. The average failure time of the five test specimens shall exceed 24 h with no single test specimen’s failure
time less than 17 h. Samples taken from the extruded pipe supplied to the project shall have a minimum Oxidative-Induction-Time
of 20 minutes when tested in accordance with Test Method D3895.
6.2 Rework Material—Clean rework material, generated from the manufacturer’s own production of this product, may be used by
the manufacturer provided that the tubing and fittings produced meet all requirements of this specification.
7. General Requirements
7.1 Workmanship—The pipe and fittings shall be homogeneous throughout and be as uniform as commercially practical in color,
opacity, and density. The pipe walls shall be free of cracks, holes, blisters, voids, foreign inclusions, or other defects that are visible
to the naked eye and that may affect the wall integrity. The ends shall be cut cleanly and squarely. Holes intentionally placed in
perforated pipe are acceptable.
7.1.1 Visible defects, cracks, creases, splits, obstruction to flow in perforations or in pipe, are not permissible.
7.2 Dimensions and Tolerance:
7.2.1 Nominal Size—The nominal size for the pipe and fittings for single profile wall and double profile wall shall be the minimum
inside diameter as shown in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively, rounded to the closest whole number.
7.2.2 Inside Diameter—The actual inside diameter for single profile wall and double profile wall shall be the minimum inside
diameter with a +4.5 % or – 0 % tolerance when measured in accordance with 9.3 and as shown in Table 1 and Table 2,
respectively.
NOTE 1—The outside diameters and the corrugation pitch of products manufactured to this specification are not specified; therefore, compatibility between
pipe and fittings from different manufacturers or the same manufacturer shall be verified.
F2986 − 12 (2023)
TABLE 1 Single Wall Pipe Stiffness and Pipe Dimensions
Minimum Minimum Pipe Minimum XS Pipe Minimum
Inside Stiffness at 5 % Stiffness at 5 % Crest
Diameter Deflection Deflection Thickness
in. mm lbs/in/in kPa lbs/in/in kPa in. mm
3 75 50 345 70 480 0.025 0.64
4 100 50 345 70 480 0.025 0.64
5 125 50 345 65 450 0.027 0.69
6 150 50 345 60 415 0.028 0.71
8 200 50 345 0.036 0.91
10 250 50 345 0.048 1.22
12 300 50 345 0.071 1.80
15 375 42 290 0.087 2.21
18 450 40 275 0.120 3.05
24 600 34 235 0.120 3.05
TABLE 2 Double Wall Pipe Stiffness and Pipe Dimensions
Minimum Minimum Pipe Minimum Minimum
Inside Stiffness at 5 % Valley Liner
Diameter Deflection Thickness Thickness
in. mm lbs/in/in kPa in. mm in. mm
3 75 50 345 0.025 0.64 0.020 0.5
4 100 50 345 0.025 0.64 0.020 0.5
5 125 50 345 0.027 0.69 0.020 0.5
6 150 50 345 0.028 0.71 0.020 0.5
8 200 50 345 0.036 0.91 0.024 0.6
10 250 50 345 0.048 1.22 0.024 0.6
12 300 50 345 0.071 1.80 0.035 0.9
15 375 42 290 0.087 2.21 0.040 1.0
18 450 40 275 0.120 3.05 0.051 1.3
24 600 34 235 0.120 3.05 0.060 1.5
7.2.3 Minimum Crest, Liner, Wall Thickness—The minimum wall thickness of the pipe crest shall meet the requirements given in
Table 1 when measured in accordance with 9.4. The minimum wall thickness of the valley and liner shall meet the requirements
given in Table 2 when measured in accordance with 9.4.
7.2.4 Length—The pipe shall be supplied in any length agreeable to both the owner and the manufacturer. Length shall not be less
than 99 % of stated quantity when measured in accordance with 9.5.
7.2.5 Perforations—Perforations shall be cleanly cut, placed in the valley of the corrugation rib, and uniformly spaced along the
length and circumference of the pipe. Dimensions of the perforations and the minimum perforation inlet area shall be as listed in
Table 3. Other perforation dimensions and configurations shall be permitted, where required to meet the needs of the specifier. All
measurements shall be made in accordance with 9.6. Pipe connected by bell and spigot joints shall not be perforated in the area
of the bells and spigots.
NOTE 2—For perforated pipe applications, the size of the embedment zone and permeability of the embedment material provide the desired level of
TABLE 3 Perforation Dimensions
Type of Perforation
Minimum Inside Diameter Circular
Maximum Diameter Minimum Inlet Area
2 2
in. mm in. mm in /ft cm /m
3 75 0.187 4.75 1.0 20
4 100 0.187 4.75 1.0 20
5 125 0.187 4.75 1.0 20
6 150 0.187 4.75 1.0 20
8 200 0.256 6.25 1.0 20
10 250 0.315 8.00 1.0 20
12 300 0.375 10.0 1.5 30
15 375 0.375 10.0 1.5 30
18 450 0.375 10.0 1.5 30
24 600 0.375 10.0 2.0 40
F2986 − 12 (2023)
infiltration or inflow. The gradation and compaction of the embedment material shall be compatible with the perforation size to avoid embedment backfill
migration into the pipe.
7.3 Pipe Stiffness—The pipe shall have a minimum pipe stiffness at 5 % deflection for single wall and double wall as shown in
Table 1 and Table 2, respectively, when tested in accordance with 9.7. Two pipe stiffness classes, standard and XS, are produced
for 3 in.– 6 in. (75 mm through 150 mm) diameters in Table 1.
7.4 Elongation—For single wall pipe only; continuously extruded pipe that elongates more than 5 %, but less than 10 %, when
tested in accordance with 9.8, shall meet the requirements of 7.3 when tested in accordance with 9.9. Pipe that elongates more than
10 % shall be rejected.
7.5 Brittleness—Pipe and fitting specimens shall be tested in accordance with 9.11.
7.6 Bond—The bond between layers of spirally laminated pipe shall be strong and uniform. There shall be no separation of layers
when the pipe is deflected 20 %, in accordance with Test Method D2412, nor shall it be possible to separate the layers with the
point of a knife when the pipe is in the deflected condition.
NOTE 3—This test may be conducted as a continuation of pipe stiffness testing as specified in 9.7.
7.7 Fitting Requirements:
7.7.1 The fittings shall not reduce or impair the overall integrity or function of the pipe line.
NOTE 4—Common corrugated fittings include in-line joint fittings, such as tees, Y’s, reducers, couplers, elbows, and end caps. These fittings are installed
internally or externally by various methods, such as snap-on, V-insertion, screw-on, or wrap around.
NOTE 5—Some corrugated fittings will not fit all pipe. Only fittings supplied or recommended by the pipe manufacturer should be used.
7.7.2 Joints made with couplers, installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, shall not separate when tested in
accordance with 9.10.
7.7.3 Fitting specimens shall not crack or split when tested in accordance with 9.11.
8. Sampling and Retest
8.1 Sampling—Samples of pipe and fittings sufficient to determine conformance with this specification shall be taken at random
from stock or from the project site by the testing agency. Samples shall be representative of the product type under consideration.
A minimum of one sample shall be taken for every 1,000 meters of pipe length supplied on a project.
8.2 Retest and Rejection—If any test failure occurs, the pipe or fitting may be retested to establish conformity. The test shall be
repeated on two additional samples from the same lot or shipment. If either of these two additional samples fail, the pipe or fitting
does not comply with this specification.
9. Test Methods
9.1 Conditioning Test Specimens—Condition the specimen prior to test at 73.4 6 3.6°F (23 6 2°C) and 5073.4 °F 6 3.6 °F (23 °C
6 2 °C) and 50 % 6 5 % relative humidity for not less than 40 h prior to t
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