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ASTM E947-22

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Sampling Single-Phase Geothermal Liquid or Steam for Purposes of Chemical Analysis

Standard Specification for Sampling Single-Phase Geothermal Liquid or Steam for Purposes of Chemical Analysis

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the basic requirements for equipment to be used for the collection of uncontaminated and representative samples from single-phase geothermal liquid or steam. Sample probes shall be used to extract liquid or steam from the main part of the geothermal flow rather than using a wall-accessing valve and pipe arrangement. Sampling lines shall be as short as practical and of sufficient strength to prevent structural failure. Valves which control access to the sampling point shall have straight throats. The tube through which the sample flows shall be continuous through the cooling location so there will be no possibility of sample contamination or dilution from the cooling water. Liquid sample containers and compatible closures shall not bias the sample components of interest. Devices used to collect and transport the gas component of the samples shall be resistant to chemical reactions and to gaseous diffusion or adsorption. Filters, when used, shall be housed in a pressure-tight container assuring that the full flow passes through the filter. The sampling apparatus shall be kept clean.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the basic requirements for equipment and the techniques to be used for the collection of uncontaminated and representative samples from single-phase geothermal liquid or steam. Geopressured liquids are included.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Dec-2021
ICS
07.060 - Geology. Meteorology. Hydrology
Technical Committee
E44 - Solar, Geothermal and Other Alternative Energy Sources
Drafting Committee
E44.15 - Geothermal Field Development, Utilization and Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E947 −22
Standard Specification for
Sampling Single-Phase Geothermal Liquid or Steam for
1
Purposes of Chemical Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E947; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope geothermal liquid or steam. It does not cover specialized
equipmentrequiredfor,anduniqueto,aspecifictestormethod
1.1 This specification covers the basic requirements for
of analysis. The specification covers items such as valves,
equipment and the techniques to be used for the collection of
fittings, tubing, cooling coils and condensers, sample
uncontaminated and representative samples from single-phase
containers,andsampleprobes,butexcludesequipmentusedin
geothermal liquid or steam. Geopressured liquids are included.
specific testing and analysis.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.2 The sampling procedure applies to sampling of single-
standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are
phase steam or liquid streams, including single-phase steam or
provided for information only and are not considered standard.
liquid streams separated from two-phase flow as described in
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Practice E1675, dry saturated steam, superheated steam, and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
pumped geothermal liquid. The sampling procedure is not
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
applicable to the collection of liquid droplets and entrained
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
solids in steam (steam quality and purity), which must be
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
collected by isokinetic sampling utilizing different equipment
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
and techniques. The single-phase steam sampling specification
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
applies to vapor-phase species in the steam only (noncondens-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
able gases, HCl and boric acid). The single-phase liquid
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
sampling specification applies to fully dissolved species in the
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
liquid only, including noncondensable gases if no gas bubbles
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
are present (gas breakout).
2. Referenced Documents
3.3 For most geothermal and geopressured fluids tested by
2
the procedures outlined in this specification, both liquid and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
steam samples may be collected.
D1192Guide for Equipment for Sampling Water and Steam
3
in Closed Conduits (Withdrawn 2003)
4. Sample Probes
E1675Practice for Sampling Two-Phase Geothermal Fluid
for Purposes of Chemical Analysis
4.1 Sampling probes shall be used to extract liquid or steam
from the main part of the geothermal flow rather than using a
3. Application
wall-accessing valve and pipe arrangement. This allows a
3.1 The equipment specification covers only that equipment
representative sample to be collected of a homogeneous,
which is commonly used for the sampling of single-phase single-phasefluid.Theprobesarenotdesignedformulti-phase
sampling or sampling under isokinetic conditions (see Fig. 1).
Consideration should be given to the force generated by any
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E44 on Solar,
specific combination of probe diameter and system pressure
GeothermalandOtherAlternativeEnergySourcesandisthedirectresponsibilityof
andtothelimitationsandsafetyofslidingseals.Acombination
SubcommitteeE44.15onGeothermalFieldDevelopment,UtilizationandMaterials.
of probe tip bead and safety chain are recommended to restrict
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2022. Published February 2022. Originally
approvedin1983.Lastspreviouseditionapprovedin2015asE947-83(2015).DOI: forcible ejection of the probe from the line being sampled. In
10.1520/E0947-22.
some cases, a permanently installed sampling probe is pre-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
ferred.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
4.2 Sample probes shall be designed to extract representa-
the ASTM website.
3
tive samples from homogeneous single-phase fluid flow. Spe-
The last
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E947 − 83 (Reapproved 2015) E947 − 22
Standard Specification for
Sampling Single-Phase Geothermal Liquid or Steam for
1
Purposes of Chemical Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E947; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers the basic requirements for equipment and the techniques to be used for the collection of
uncontaminated and representative samples from single-phase geothermal liquid or steam. Geopressured liquids are included. See
Fig. 1.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for
information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3
D1192 Guide for Equipment for Sampling Water and Steam in Closed Conduits (Withdrawn 2003)
E1675 Practice for Sampling Two-Phase Geothermal Fluid for Purposes of Chemical Analysis
3. Application
3.1 This The equipment specification covers only that equipment which is commonly used for the sampling of single-phase
geothermal liquid or steam. It does not cover specialized equipment required for, and unique to, a specific test or method of
analysis. The specification covers items such as valves, fittings, tubing, cooling coils and condensers, pumps, degassers, sample
containers, and sample probes, and packaging materials, but excludes equipment used in specific testing and analysis.
3.2 This The sampling procedure applies to sampling of single-phase steam or liquid streams prior streams, including single-phase
steam or liquid streams separated from two-phase flow as described in Practice E1675to separation and to separated single-phase
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E44 on Solar, Geothermal and Other Alternative Energy Sources and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee E44.15 on Geothermal Field Development, Utilization and Materials.
Current edition approved March 1, 2015Jan. 1, 2022. Published April 2015February 2022. Originally approved in 1983. Lasts previous edition approved in 20072015 as
E947-83(2007).E947-83(2015). DOI: 10.1520/E0947-83R15.10.1520/E0947-22.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E947 − 22
steam or liquid streams., dry saturated steam, superheated steam, and pumped geothermal liquid. The sampling procedure is not
applicable to the collection of liquid droplets and entrained solids in steam (steam quality and purity), which must be collected by
isokinetic sampling utilizing different equipment and techniques. The single-phase steam sampling specification applies to
vapor-phase species in the steam only (noncondensable gases, HCl and boric acid). The single-phase liquid sampling specification
applies to fully dissolved species in the liquid only, including noncondensable gases if no gas bubbles are present (gas breakout).
3.3 For most geothermal and geopressured fluids tested by the procedures outlined in this specification, both liquid and gassteam
samples may be collected.
4. Sample Probes
4.1 SampleSampling probes shall be used to extract liquid or steam from the main part of the geothermal flow rather than using
a wall-accessing valve and pipe arrangement. T
...

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1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For more specific safety precautionary statements, see 8.1 and 15.1.)  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1367-03(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Estuarine and Marine Invertebrates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 General:  
5.1.1 Sediment provides habitat for many aquatic organisms and is a major repository for many of the more persistent chemicals that are introduced into surface waters. In the aquatic environment, most anthropogenic chemicals and waste materials including toxic organic and inorganic chemicals eventually accumulate in sediment. Mounting evidences exists of environmental degradation in areas where USEPA Water Quality Criteria (WQC; Stephan et al.(66)) are not exceeded, yet organisms in or near sediments are adversely affected Chapman, 1989  (67). The WQC were developed to protect organisms in the water column and were not directed toward protecting organisms in sediment. Concentrations of contaminants in sediment may be several orders of magnitude higher than in the overlying water; however, whole sediment concentrations have not been strongly correlated to bioavailability Burton, 1991 (68). Partitioning or sorption of a compound between water and sediment may depend on many factors including: aqueous solubility, pH, redox, affinity for sediment organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon, grain size of the sediment, sediment mineral constituents (oxides of iron, manganese, and aluminum), and the quantity of acid volatile sulfides in sediment Di Toro et al. 1991(69) Giesy et al. 1988 (70). Although certain chemicals are highly sorbed to sediment, these compounds may still be available to the biota. Chemicals in sediments may be directly toxic to aquatic life or can be a source of chemicals for bioaccumulation in the food chain.  
5.1.2 The objective of a sediment test is to determine whether chemicals in sediment are harmful to or are bioaccumulated by benthic organisms. The tests can be used to measure interactive toxic effects of complex chemical mixtures in sediment. Furthermore, knowledge of specific pathways of interactions among sediments and test organisms is not necessary to conduct the tests Kemp et al. 1988, (71). Sediment tests can be used ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for testing estuarine or marine organisms in the laboratory to evaluate the toxicity of contaminants associated with whole sediments. Sediments may be collected from the field or spiked with compounds in the laboratory. General guidance is presented in Sections 1 – 15 for conducting sediment toxicity tests with estuarine or marine amphipods. Specific guidance for conducting 10-d sediment toxicity tests with estuarine or marine amphipods is outlined in Annex A1 and specific guidance for conducting 28-d sediment toxicity tests with  Leptocheirus plumulosus is outlined in Annex A2.  
1.2 Procedures are described for testing estuarine or marine amphipod crustaceans in 10-d laboratory exposures to evaluate the toxicity of contaminants associated with whole sediments (Annex A1; USEPA 1994a (1)). Sediments may be collected from the field or spiked with compounds in the laboratory. A toxicity method is outlined for four species of estuarine or marine sediment-burrowing amphipods found within United States coastal waters. The species are Ampelisca abdita, a marine species that inhabits marine and mesohaline portions of the Atlantic coast, the Gulf of Mexico, and San Francisco Bay; Eohaustorius estuarius, a Pacific coast estuarine species; Leptocheirus plumulosus, an Atlantic coast estuarine species; and Rhepoxynius abronius , a Pacific coast marine species. Generally, the method described may be applied to all four species, although acclimation procedures and some test conditions (that is, temperature and salinity) will be species-specific (Sections 12 and Annex A1). The toxicity test is conducted in 1-L glass chambers containing 175 mL of sediment and 775 mL of overlying seawater. Exposure is static (that is, water is not renewed), and the animals are not fed over the 10-d exposure period. The endpoint in the toxicity test is survival with reburial of surviving amphipods as an additional m...

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ASTM D4430-00(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining the Operational Comparability of Meteorological Measurements

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides data needed for selection of instrument systems to measure meteorological quantities and to provide an estimate of the precision of measurements made by such systems.  
5.2 This practice is based on the assumption that the repeated measurement of a meteorological quantity by a sensor system will vary randomly about the true value plus an unknowable systematic difference. Given infinite resolution, these measurements will have a Gaussian distribution about the systematic difference as defined by the Central Limit Theorem. If it is known or demonstrated that this assumption is invalid for a particular quantity, conclusions based on the characteristics of a normal distribution must be avoided.
SCOPE
1.1 Sensor systems used for making meteorological measurements may be tested for laboratory accuracy in environmental chambers or wind tunnels, but natural exposure cannot be fully simulated. Atmospheric quantities are continuously variable in time and space; therefore, repeated measurements of the same quantities as required by Practice E177 to determine precision are not possible. This practice provides standard procedures for exposure, data sampling, and processing to be used with two measuring systems in determining their operational comparability (1,2).2  
1.2 The procedures provided produce measurement samples that can be used for statistical analysis. Comparability is defined in terms of specified statistical parameters. Other statistical parameters may be computed by methods described in other ASTM standards or statistics handbooks (3).  
1.3 Where the two measuring systems are identical, that is, same make, model, and manufacturer, the operational comparability is called functional precision.  
1.4 Meteorological determinations frequently require simultaneous measurements to establish the spatial distribution of atmospheric quantities or periodically repeated measurement to determine the time distribution, or both. In some cases, a number of identical systems may be used, but in others a mixture of instrument systems may be employed. The procedures described herein are used to determine the variability of like or unlike systems for making the same measurement.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See 8.1 for more specific safety precautionary information.)  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM F3419-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Mineral Characterization of Equine Surface Materials by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Techniques

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Petrographic examinations are made for the following purposes:  
5.1.1 To determine the mineralogy of the material that may be observed by petrographic methods (in this method, by use of XRD) and that may have a bearing on the performance of the material in its intended use.  
5.1.2 To determine the relative amounts of the constituents of the sample which is essential for proper evaluation of the sample when the constituents may differ significantly in properties that have a bearing on the performance of the material in its intended use.  
5.1.3 This method helps to evaluate mineral aggregate sources for suitability as a material to be used for construction, renovation, or modification of equine surfaces. The information gathered will allow for the comparison of the composition of new mineral sources with samples of other mineral aggregate from one or more sources, for which test data or performance records are available.  
5.2 This method may be used by a petrographer employed directly by those for whom the examination is made. The employer should tell the petrographer, in as much detail as necessary, the purposes and objectives of the examination, the kind of information needed, and the extent of examination desired. Pertinent background information, including results of prior testing, should be made available. The petrographer’s advice and judgment should be sought regarding the extent of the examination.  
5.3 This method may form the basis for establishing arrangements between a purchaser of consulting petrographic service and the petrographer. In such a case, the purchaser and the consultant should together determine the kind, extent, and objectives of the examination and analyses to be made and should record their agreement in writing. The agreement may stipulate specific determinations to be made, observations to be reported, funds to be obligated, or a combination of these or other conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 X-Ray diffraction (XRD) is a tool for identifying minerals, such as quartz and feldspar, and types of clay present in bulk samples of equine surfaces. Determining the mineralogy of a given bulk sample provides insight into surface properties, such as abrasion resistance by comparing the relative differences of hardness of the various mineral fractions such as quartz or feldspar or the plasticity differences in clay minerals such as smectite or kaolinite. XRD techniques are qualitative in nature and only semi-quantitative.  
1.2 Particle size distribution analyses methods including hydrometer tests to determine proportions of sand, silt, and clay fractions based upon particle size but are not able to distinguish particles by shape or mineralogy of materials. In addition to a qualitative detection of minerals present in a sample, XRD methods are also semi-quantitative and also yield important data on the relative proportion of particular minerals present.  
1.3 XRD techniques are generally semi-quantitative in nature. Even so, such semiquantitative data is useful in determining relative proportions of each mineral type. This method is also semi-qualitative in nature as it is geared for the determination or mineral groups. For example, it will determine the relative amount of alkali feldspars (such as K-feldspar or Nafeldspar) from Plagioclase-feldspar but not necessarily if the Plagioclase-feldspar is albite or anorthite nor whether the K-feldspar is orthoclase of microcline. Likewise, it will differentiate smectite from mica from kaolinite but not whether the smectite is montmorillonite or saponite. More precise determination of mineral species by XRD is possible but involves more advanced preparation and treatment methods than what is within the scope of this standard.  
1.4 The XRD method herein primarily makes use of “Glass Slide Method” but may be subject to modification depending on the user’s needs.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety c...

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