ASTM E746-07
(Test Method)Standard Practice for Determining Relative Image Quality Response of Industrial Radiographic Imaging Systems
Standard Practice for Determining Relative Image Quality Response of Industrial Radiographic Imaging Systems
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This standard provides a practice for RIQR evaluations of film and non-film imaging systems when exposed through steel or plastic materials. Three alternate data evaluation methods are provided in Section 9. Determining RIQR requires the comparison of at least two radiographs or radiographic processes whereby the relative degree of image quality difference may be determined using the EPS plaque arrangement of Fig. 1 as a relative image quality indicator (RIQI). In conjunction with the RIQI, a specified radiographic technique or method must be established and carefully controlled for each radiographic process. This practice is designed to allow the determination of subtle changes in EPS that may arise to radiographic imaging system performance levels resultant from process improvements/changes or change of equipment attributes. This practice does not address relative unsharpness of a radiographic imaging system as provided in Practice E 2002. The common element with any relative comparison is the use of the same RIQI arrangement for both processes under evaluation.
In addition to the standard evaluation method described in Section 9, there may be other techniques/methods in which the basic RIQR arrangement of Fig. 1 might be utilized to perform specialized assessments of relative image quality performance. For example, other radiographic variables can be altered to facilitate evaluations provided these differences are known and documented for both processes. Where multiple radiographic process variables are evaluated, it is incumbent upon the user of this practice to control those normal process attributes to the degree suitable for the application. Specialized RIQR techniques may also be useful with micro focus X-ray, isotope sources of radiation or with the use of non-film radiographic imaging systems. RIQR may also be useful in evaluating imaging systems with alternate materials (RIQI and base plate) such as copper-nickel or aluminum. When using any of these spe...
SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides a practice whereby industrial radiographic imaging systems may be comparatively assessed using the concept of relative image quality response (RIQR). The RIQR method presented within this practice is based upon the use of equivalent penetrameter sensitivity (EPS) described within Practice E 1025 and subsection 5.2 of this practice. Figure 1 illustrates a relative image quality indicator (RIQI) that has four different steel plaque thicknesses (.015, .010, .008, and .005 in.) sequentially positioned (from top to bottom) on a ¾-in. thick steel plate. The four plaques contain a total of 14 different arrays of penetrameter-type hole sizes designed to render varied conditions of threshold visibility ranging from 1.92 % EPS (at the top) to .94 % EPS (at the bottom) when exposed to nominal 200 keV X-ray radiation. Each “EPS” array consists of 30 identical holes; thus, providing the user with a quantity of threshold sensitivity levels suitable for relative image qualitative response comparisons.
1.2 This practice is not intended to qualify the performance of a specific radiographic technique nor for assurance that a radiographic technique will detect specific discontinuities in a specimen undergoing radiographic examination. This practice is not intended to be used to classify or derive performance classification categories for radiographic imaging systems. For example, performance classifications of radiographic film systems may be found within Test Method E 1815.
1.3 This practice contains an alternate provision whereby industrial radiographic imaging systems may be comparatively assessed using Lucite plastic material exposed to nominal 30 keV X-ray radiation. The RIQI for this alternate evaluation is also illustrated in Fig. 1, except the plaque and base plate materials are constructed of Lucite plastic in lieu of steel. EPS values for Lucite plastic are provided in Section 5 based upon the use o...
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Designation: E746 − 07
StandardPractice for
Determining Relative Image Quality Response of Industrial
1
Radiographic Imaging Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E746; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.4 The values stated in SI are to be regarded as the
standard.
1.1 This standard provides a practice whereby industrial
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
radiographic imaging systems may be comparatively assessed
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
using the concept of relative image quality response (RIQR).
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
TheRIQRmethodpresentedwithinthispracticeisbasedupon
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
the use of equivalent penetrameter sensitivity (EPS) described
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
within Practice E1025 and subsection 5.2 of this practice.
Figure 1 illustrates a relative image quality indicator (RIQI)
2. Referenced Documents
that has four different steel plaque thicknesses (.015, .010,
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.008,and.005in.)sequentiallypositioned(fromtoptobottom)
2.1 ASTM Standards:
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on a ⁄4-in. thick steel plate.The four plaques contain a total of
B152/B152MSpecification for Copper Sheet, Strip, Plate,
14 different arrays of penetrameter-type hole sizes designed to
and Rolled Bar
render varied conditions of threshold visibility ranging from
E999Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radio-
1.92% EPS (at the top) to .94% EPS (at the bottom) when
graphic Film Processing
exposed to nominal 200 keV X-ray radiation. Each “EPS”
E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
array consists of 30 identical holes; thus, providing the user
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality In-
with a quantity of threshold sensitivity levels suitable for
dicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
relative image qualitative response comparisons.
E1079Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitom-
eters
1.2 This practice is not intended to qualify the performance
E1316Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
of a specific radiographic technique nor for assurance that a
E1735Test Method for Determining Relative Image Quality
radiographic technique will detect specific discontinuities in a
of Industrial Radiographic Film Exposed to X-Radiation
specimen undergoing radiographic examination. This practice
from4to25MeV
is not intended to be used to classify or derive performance
E1815Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for
classification categories for radiographic imaging systems. For
Industrial Radiography
example, performance classifications of radiographic film sys-
E2002PracticeforDeterminingTotalImageUnsharpnessin
tems may be found within Test Method E1815.
Radiology
1.3 This practice contains an alternate provision whereby
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2.2 ANSI Standard :
industrialradiographicimagingsystemsmaybecomparatively
ANSI PH2.19Photography Density Measurements-Part 2:
assessed using Lucite plastic material exposed to nominal 30
Geometric Conditions for Transmission Density
keV X-ray radiation. The RIQI for this alternate evaluation is
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2.3 ISO Standards :
also illustrated in Fig. 1, except the plaque and base plate
ISO 5-2Photography Density Measurements-Part 2: Geo-
materials are constructed of Lucite plastic in lieu of steel. EPS
metric Conditions for Transmission Density
values for Lucite plastic are provided in Section 5 based upon
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the use of a 1 ⁄8-in. thick Lucite base plate. For high-energy ISO 7004Photography- Industrial Radiographic Film, De-
termination of ISO Speed, ISO average gradient, and ISO
X-rayapplications(4to25MeV),TestMethodE1735provides
a similar RIQR standard practice.
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Radiology (X and Gamma) Method. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originally the ASTM website.
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approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E746-02. DOI: Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/E0746-07. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E746–02
Standard Test Method for Determining Relative Image Quality
Response of Industrial Radiographic Film
SystemsDesignation:E746–07
Standard Practice for
Determining Relative Image Quality Response of Industrial
1
Radiographic Imaging Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 746; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationoftherelativeimagequalityresponseofindustrialradiographicfilmsystemswhen
exposedto200-kVX-rays.Theevaluationofthefilmisbaseduponthethresholdvisibilityofpenetrameterholesinaspecialimage
quality indicator (IQI). Results for a given film type may vary, depending upon the particular development system used. It is,
therefore,necessarytostatethedevelopmentsystemandgeometricconditionsusedinthisdetermination.Byholdingthetechnique
parameters (except exposure time) and processing parameters constant, the image quality response of radiographic film may be
evaluated on a relative basis.
1.2Alternately, this test method may be used for determination of the relative image quality response of a radiographic film
system when exposed to 200-KV X-rays as any other single component of the system (such as screens) is varied.
1.3
1.1 This standard provides a practice whereby industrial radiographic imaging systems may be comparatively assessed using
the concept of relative image quality response (RIQR). The RIQR method presented within this practice is based upon the use of
equivalent penetrameter sensitivity (EPS) described within Practice E 1025 and subsection 5.2 of this practice. Figure 1 illustrates
a relative image quality indicator (RIQI) that has four different steel plaque thicknesses (.015, .010, .008, and .005 in.) sequentially
3
positioned (from top to bottom) on a ⁄4-in. thick steel plate. The four plaques contain a total of 14 different arrays of
penetrameter-type hole sizes designed to render varied conditions of threshold visibility ranging from 1.92 % EPS (at the top) to
.94 % EPS (at the bottom) when exposed to nominal 200 keV X-ray radiation. Each “EPS” array consists of 30 identical holes;
thus, providing the user with a quantity of threshold sensitivity levels suitable for relative image qualitative response comparisons.
1.2 This practice is not intended to qualify the performance of a specific radiographic technique nor for assurance that a
radiographic technique will detect specific discontinuities in a specimen undergoing radiographic examination.This practice is not
intended to be used to classify or derive performance classification categories for radiographic imaging systems. For example,
performance classifications of radiographic film systems may be found within Test Method E 1815.
1.3 This practice contains an alternate provision whereby industrial radiographic imaging systems may be comparatively
assessed using Lucite plastic material exposed to nominal 30 keV X-ray radiation. The RIQI for this alternate evaluation is also
illustrated in Fig. 1, except the plaque and base plate materials are constructed of Lucite plastic in lieu of steel. EPS values for
3
Lucite plastic are provided in Section 5 based upon the use of a 1 ⁄8-in. thick Lucite base plate. For high-energy X-ray applications
(4 to 25 MeV), Test Method E 1735 provides a similar RIQR standard practice.
1.4 The values stated in SI are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1
This test method practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on
Radiology (X and Gamma) Method.
Current edition approved January 10, 2002.Dec. 1, 2007. Published March 2002.January 2008. Originally published as E746–80.approved in 1980. Last previous edition
E746–93(1998). approved in 2002 as E746 - 02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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E746–07
2. Referenced Documents
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2.1 ASTM Stand
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