ASTM D3454-21
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Radium-226 in Water
Standard Test Method for Radium-226 in Water
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The most prevalent of the five radium isotopes in ground water, having a half life greater than one day, are 226Ra and 228Ra. These two isotopes also present the greatest health risk compared to the other naturally occurring nuclides of equal concentrations if ingested via the water pathway.
5.2 Although primarily utilized on a water medium, this technique may be applicable for the measurement of the 226Ra content of any medium once the medium has been completely decomposed and put into an aqueous solution.
5.3 This test method is based on a method previously published by Rushing, et al. (1).3 The general methodology and basis of the technique are similar to that of Ref (2).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of soluble, suspended, and total 226Ra in water in concentrations above 3.7 × 10−3 Bq/L. This test method is not applicable to the measurement of other radium isotopes.
1.2 This test method may be used for quantitative measurements by calibrating with a 226Ra standard, or for relative measurements by comparing the measurements made with each other.
1.3 This test method does not meet the current requirements of Practice D2777.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is very hazardous and should be used in a well-ventilated hood. Wear rubber gloves, safety glasses or goggles, and a laboratory coat. Avoid breathing any HF fumes. Clean up all spills promptly and wash thoroughly after using HF.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D3454 − 21
Standard Test Method for
1
Radium-226 in Water
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3454; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of soluble, 2.1 ASTM Standards:
226
suspended, and total Ra in water in concentrations above D1129Terminology Relating to Water
−3
3.7×10 Bq/L. This test method is not applicable to the D1193Specification for Reagent Water
measurement of other radium isotopes. D2777Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias of
Applicable Test Methods of Committee D19 on Water
1.2 This test method may be used for quantitative measure-
226 D3370Practices for Sampling Water from Flowing Process
ments by calibrating with a Ra standard, or for relative
Streams
measurements by comparing the measurements made with
D3649PracticeforHigh-ResolutionGamma-RaySpectrom-
each other.
etry of Water
1.3 Thistestmethoddoesnotmeetthecurrentrequirements
D5847Practice for Writing Quality Control Specifications
of Practice D2777.
for Standard Test Methods for Water Analysis
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as D7902Terminology for Radiochemical Analyses
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
3. Terminology
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-
tion only and are not considered standard. 3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer to
1.5 Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is very hazardous and should be
Terminologies D1129 and D7902.
used in a well-ventilated hood. Wear rubber gloves, safety
glasses or goggles, and a laboratory coat.Avoid breathing any
4. Summary of Test Method
HF fumes. Clean up all spills promptly and wash thoroughly
4.1 This test method is based on the emanation and scintil-
after using HF.
222 226
lation counting of Rn, a gaseous decay product of Ra,
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
from a solution.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
226
4.2 Ra is collected from water by coprecipitation on a
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
relatively large amount of barium sulfate. The barium-radium
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
sulfateisdecomposedbyfumingwithphosphoricacid,andthe
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
resulting glassy melt is dissolved by evaporation with dilute
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
hydrochloric acid to form soluble barium-radium phosphates
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
and chlorides. These salts are dissolved, and the solution is
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
222
stored for ingrowth of Rn.After a suitable ingrowth period,
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
theradongasisremovedfromthesolutionbypurgingwithgas
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
and transferred to a scintillation counting chamber. About 4 h
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
222
after Rn collection, the scintillation chamber is counted for
226
alpha activity. The Ra concentration is calculated from the
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D19 on Water
andisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD19.04onMethodsofRadiochemi-
2
cal Analysis. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2021. Published December 2021. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as D3454–18. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D3454-21. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3454 − 21
222
alpha count rate of Rn and its immediate progeny. The
226
radioactive decay characteristics of Ra and its immediate
decay progeny are listed in Table 1.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Themostprevalentofthefiveradiumisotopesinground
226
water, having a half life greater than one day, are Ra and
228
Ra. These two isotopes also present the greatest health risk
compared to the other naturally occurring nuclides of equal
concentrations if ingested via the
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D3454 − 18 D3454 − 21
Standard Test Method for
1
Radium-226 in Water
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3454; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
226 −3
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of soluble, suspended, and total Ra in water in concentrations above 3.7 × 10
Bq/L. This test method is not applicable to the measurement of other radium isotopes.
226
1.2 This test method may be used for quantitative measurements by calibrating with a Ra standard, or for relative measurements
by comparing the measurements made with each other.
1.3 This test method does not meet the current requirements of Practice D2777.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to
inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is very hazardous and should be used in a well-ventilated hood. Wear rubber gloves, safety glasses or
goggles, and a laboratory coat. Avoid breathing any HF fumes. Clean up all spills promptly and wash thoroughly after using HF.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D2777 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias of Applicable Test Methods of Committee D19 on Water
D3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Flowing Process Streams
D3649 Practice for High-Resolution Gamma-Ray Spectrometry of Water
D5847 Practice for Writing Quality Control Specifications for Standard Test Methods for Water Analysis
D7902 Terminology for Radiochemical Analyses
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.04 on Methods of Radiochemical
Analysis.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2018May 1, 2021. Published November 2018December 2021. Originally approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 20112018
as D3454 – 11.D3454 – 18. DOI: 10.1520/D3454-18.10.1520/D3454-21.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3454 − 21
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer to Terminologies D1129 and D7902.
4. Summary of Test Method
222 226
4.1 This test method is based on the emanation and scintillation counting of Rn, a gaseous progenydecay product of Ra, from
a solution.
226
4.2 Ra is collected from water by coprecipitation on a relatively large amount of barium sulfate. The barium-radium sulfate is
decomposed by fuming with phosphoric acid, and the resulting glassy melt is dissolved by evaporation with dilute hydrochloric
acid to form soluble barium-radium phosphates and chlorides. These salts are dissolved, and the solution is stored for ingrowth
222
of Rn. After a suitable ingrowth period, the radon gas is removed from the solution by purging with gas and transferred to a
222 226
scintillation counting chamber. About 4 h after Rn collection, the scintillation chamber is counted for alpha activity. The Ra
222
concentration is calculated from the alpha count rate of Rn and its immediate progeny. The radioactive decay characteristics of
226
Ra and its immediate decay progeny are listed in Table 1.
5. Significance and Use
226 228
5.1 The most prevalent of th
...
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