Name: ASTM D635-98 - Standard Test Method for Rate of Burning and/or Extent and Time of Burning of Plastics in a Horizontal Position
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Abstract

Standard Test Method for Rate of Burning and/or Extent and Time of Burning of Plastics in a Horizontal Position

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a small-scale laboratory screening procedure for comparing the relative rate of burning and/or extent and time of burning of self-supporting plastics in the form of bars, molded or cut from sheets, plates, or panels, and tested in the horizontal position. This test method should be used to establish relative burning characteristics of plastic materials and should not be used as a fire-hazard test method.
Note 1-Warning-During the course of combustion, gases or vapors, or both, are evolved which may be hazardous to personnel. Precaution-In addition to other precautions, adequate precautions should be taken to protect the operator.
Note 2-Additional information on materials which do not burn to the gage mark by this test may be obtained using Test Method D 3801. For tests of flexible plastics in the form of thin sheets and film, reference should be made to Test Methods D 4804. Tests on the burning rate of sheet and plate insulation are covered in Test Methods D 229. Burning characteristics, as measured by minimum oxygen to support combustion, may be determined by Test Method D 2863.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use>.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Note 1 and 6.1.

General Information

Status

Historical

Publication Date

09-Jul-1998

ICS

13.220.40 - Ignitability and burning behaviour of materials and products

83.080.01 - Plastics in general

Technical Committee

D20 - Plastics

Drafting Committee

D20.30 - Thermal Properties

Current Stage

Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By

ASTM D635-03 - Standard Test Method for Rate of Burning and/or Extent and Time of Burning of Plastics in a Horizontal Position

Effective Date

10-Jul-2003

Referred By

ASTM D4976-12a(2020) - Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Molding and Extrusion Materials

Effective Date

10-Jul-1998

Referred By

ASTM C1822-21 - Standard Specification for Insulating Covers on Accessible Lavatory Piping

Effective Date

10-Jul-1998

Referred By

ASTM D707-15(2023) - Standard Classification System and Basis for Specification for Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Molding and Extrusion Compounds (CAB)

Effective Date

10-Jul-1998

Referred By

ASTM D706-20 - Standard Classification System and Basis for Specifications for Cellulose Acetate Molding and Extrusion Compounds (CA)

Effective Date

10-Jul-1998

Referred By

ASTM D3801-20a - Standard Test Method for Measuring the Comparative Burning Characteristics of Solid Plastics in a Vertical Position

Effective Date

10-Jul-1998

Referred By

ASTM D7793-21 - Standard Specification for Insulated Vinyl Siding

Effective Date

10-Jul-1998

Referred By

ASTM D7445-18 - Standard Specification for Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Siding with Foam Plastic Backing (Backed Vinyl Siding)

Effective Date

10-Jul-1998

Referred By

ASTM F1837M-97(2018) - Standard Specification for Heat-Shrink Cable Entry Seals (Metric)

Effective Date

10-Jul-1998

Referred By

ASTM F3459-21 - Standard Specification for Rigid Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) Exterior Profiles Used for Sound Walls

Effective Date

10-Jul-1998

Referred By

ASTM F964-13(2019) - Standard Specification for Rigid Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Exterior Profiles Used for Fencing and Railing

Effective Date

10-Jul-1998

Referred By

ASTM E2634-18(2022) - Standard Specification for Flat Wall Insulating Concrete Form (ICF) Systems

Effective Date

10-Jul-1998

Referred By

ASTM D7745-19 - Standard Practice for Testing Pultruded Composites

Effective Date

10-Jul-1998

Referred By

ASTM D4000-23 - Standard Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materials

Effective Date

10-Jul-1998

Referred By

ASTM D4396-22 - Standard Specification for Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) and Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Compounds for Plastic Pipe and Fittings Used in Nonpressure Applications

Effective Date

10-Jul-1998

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ASTM D635-98 - Standard Test Method for Rate of Burning and/or Extent and Time of Burning of Plastics in a Horizontal Position

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Standards Content (Sample)

ASTM D635-98 - Standard Test M...

NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 635 – 98
Standard Test Method for
Rate of Burning and/or Extent and Time of Burning of
1
Plastics in a Horizontal Position
This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation D 635; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope * 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This ﬁre-test-response test method covers a small-scale 2.1 ASTM Standards:
laboratory screening procedure for comparing the relative D 648 Test Method for Deﬂection Temperature of Plastics
2
linear rate of burning or extent and time of burning, or both, of Under Flexural Load
2
plastics in the form of bars, molded or cut from sheets, plates, D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
or panels, and tested in the horizontal position. D 3801 Test Method for Measuring the Comparative Burn-
3
ing Characteristics of Solid Plastics in a Vertical Position
NOTE 1—This test method, Clause 8 of IEC Draft 695-11-10 and
D 5025 Speciﬁcation for a Laboratory Burner Used for
Method A of ISO 1210-1992 are technically equivalent.
4
Small-Scale Burning Tests on Plastic Materials
NOTE 2—For additional information on materials which do not burn to
the ﬁrst reference mark by this test, see Test Method D 3801. D 5207 Practice for Calibration of 20 and 125-mm Test
Flames for Small-Scale Burning Tests on Plastic Materi-
1.2 This test method was developed for polymeric materials
4
als
used for parts in devices and appliances. The results are
5
E 176 Terminology of Fire Standards
intended to serve as a preliminary indication of their accept-
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
ability with respect to ﬂammability for a particular application.
6
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
The ﬁnal acceptance of the material is dependent upon its use
2.2 IEC Standards:
in complete equipment that conforms with the standard appli-
IEC 695-11-10 Determination of the Burning Behavior of
cable to such equipment.
Horizontal and Vertical Specimens in Contact with a 50 W
1.3 The classiﬁcation system described in the appendix is
7
Nominal Ignition Source
intended for quality assurance and the preselection of compo-
2.3 ISO Standards:
nent materials for products.
ISO 1210-1992 Plastics—Determination of the Burning
1.4 The test method is not intended to cover plastics when
Behavior of Horizontal and Vertical Specimens in Contact
used as materials for building construction or furnishing.
7
with a Small-Flame Ignition Source
1.5 This test method should be used to measure and describe
the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and
3. Terminology
ﬂame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be
3.1 Deﬁnitions:
used to describe or appraise the ﬁre hazard for ﬁre risk of
3.1.1 Deﬁnitions used in this test method are in accordance
materials, products, or assemblies under actual ﬁre conditions.
with Terminology D 883, unless otherwise speciﬁed. For terms
However, results of this test method may be used as elements of
relating to ﬁre, the deﬁnitions used in this test method are in
a ﬁre risk assessment that takes into account all of the factors
accordance with Terminology E 176.
that are pertinent to an assessment of the ﬁre hazard of a
particular end use.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 A bar specimen of the material to be tested is supported
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
horizontally at one end. The free end is exposed to a speciﬁed
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
gas ﬂame for 30 s. Time and extent of burning are measured
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For speciﬁc
hazards statements, see 9.2.1.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02.
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.03.
1 5
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-20 on Plastics Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.07.
6
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.30 on Thermal Properties Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
7
(Section D20.30.03). Publications of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and
Current edition approved July 10, 1998. Published January 1999. Originally International Organization for Standardization (ISO) are available from American
published as D 635 – 41. Last previous edition D 635 – 97. National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., New York, NY 10036.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM Internat
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Tests made under conditions herein prescribed can be of considerable value in comparing the relative ignition characteristics of different materials. Values obtained represent the lowest ambient air temperature that will cause ignition of the material under the conditions of this test. Test values are expected to rank materials according to ignition susceptibility under actual use conditions.
4.2 This test is not intended to be the sole criterion for fire hazard. In addition to ignition temperatures, fire hazards include other factors such as burning rate or flame spread, intensity of burning, fuel contribution, products of combustion, and others.
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1.1 This fire test response test method2 covers a laboratory determination of the flash ignition temperature and spontaneous ignition temperature of plastics using a hot-air furnace.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 Caution—During the course of combustion, gases or vapors, or both, are evolved that have the potential to be hazardous to personnel.
1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
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Note 1: This test method and ISO 871-2022 (Option 1) are similar in all technical details.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Test Method for Determining the Flammability Characteristics of Nonrigid Solid Plastics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test results represent the afterflame and afterglow times, in seconds, for a material under the conditions of the test.
5.2 The afterflame and afterglow times and other burning phenomena will vary with thickness. Test data shall only be compared with data for material of the same comparable thickness.
5.3 The effect of material thickness, colors, additives, deterioration, and possible loss of volatile components is measurable.
5.4 The results serve as a reference for comparing the relative performance of materials and can be an aid in material selection.
5.5 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it will not always be possible by or from this test method to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire-test exposure conditions described in this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response test methods describe small-scale laboratory procedures for determining the comparative burning characteristics of solid plastic materials that, due to specimen thinness and nonrigidity, distort, shrink, and/or are consumed up to holding clamp when tested using Test Method D3801. A flame is applied to the base of specimens held in a vertical position and the extinguishing times are determined upon removal of the test flame.
1.2 The classification system described in Appendix X1 is intended for quality assurance and the preselection of component materials for products.
1.3 This standard measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
Note 1: This standard is equivalent to ISO 9773, IEC 60695-11-10, and UL 94 (Section 11).
Note 2: For rate of burning of nonrigid solid plastics in a horizontal position, formerly Test Method B of this test method, see Test Method D635.
1.4 This test method is not intended to cover plastics when used as materials for building construction or finishing.
1.5 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 6.1.1.
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ASTM D635-22(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Rate of Burning and/or Extent and Time of Burning of Plastics in a Horizontal Position

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Tests made on a material under conditions herein prescribed are of value in comparing the rate of burning or extent and time of burning characteristics, or both, of different materials, in controlling manufacturing processes, or as a measure of deterioration or change in these burning characteristics prior to or during use. Correlation with flammability under actual use conditions is not implied.
5.2 The rate of burning and other burning phenomena will be affected by such factors as density, pigments, any anisotropy of the material and the thickness of the specimen. Test data shall be compared only for specimens of similar thickness, whether comparisons are being made with the same or different materials. The rate of burning and other burning phenomena will vary with thickness.
5.3 It is feasible that sheet materials that have been stretched during processing will relax during burning and give erratic results unless they are first heated above their deflection temperature, in accordance with Test Method D648, for a time sufficient to permit complete relaxation.
5.4 Burning tests require that certain variables be arbitrarily fixed, for example, specimen size, energy source and application time, and end points. Materials will be found that are unusually sensitive to one or more of the conditions chosen for this method leading to highly variable results. Additional burning characterization by other methods is highly desirable in such cases (see Note 2).
5.5 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to specific laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it will not always be possible by or from this test to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire-test-exposure conditions described in this procedure.
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Note 1: This test method, and test method A of IEC 60695-11-10 are technically equivalent.
Note 2: For additional information on materials which do not burn to the first reference mark by this test, see Test Method D3801.
1.2 This test method was developed for polymeric materials used for parts in devices and appliances. The results are intended to serve as a preliminary indication of their acceptability with respect to flammability for a particular application. The final acceptance of the material is dependent upon its use in complete equipment that conforms with the standard applicable to such equipment.
1.3 The classification system described in Appendix X1 is intended for quality assurance and the preselection of component materials for products.
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Standard Test Method for Measuring the Comparative Burning Characteristics of Solid Plastics in a Vertical Position

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The tests results represent afterflame and afterglow time in seconds for a material of specified shape, under the conditions of this test method.
5.2 The effect of material thickness, color additives, and possible loss of volatile components is measurable.
5.3 The results, when tabulated, are potentially useful as a reference for comparing the relative performance of materials and as an aid in material selection.
5.4 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. Different test conditions will likely result in changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire-test-exposure conditions described in this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response standard covers a small-scale laboratory procedure for determining comparative burning characteristics of solid-plastic material, using a 20-mm (50W) premixed flame applied to the base of specimens held in a vertical position.
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1.3 The classification system described in the appendix is intended for quality assurance and the preselection of component materials for products.
1.4 It is possible that this test is applicable to nonmetallic materials other than plastics. Such application is outside the scope of this technical committee.
1.5 This test method does not cover plastics when used for building construction, finishing or contents such as wall and floor coverings, furnishings, decorative objects etc. In addition, the fire resistance (in terms of an hourly rating), flame spread, smoke characterization and heat release rate are not evaluated by this test. Other fire tests exist and shall be used to evaluate the flammability of materials in these intended end use product configuration.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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ASTM D5048-20a(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Measuring the Comparative Burning Characteristics and Resistance to Burn-Through of Solid Plastics Using a 125-mm Flame

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test results present afterflame plus afterglow times, in seconds, for a material under the conditions of the test. The test results for plaques also indicate whether or not the specified flame will burn through a material.
5.2 The test is capable of assessing the effects of material thickness, colors, additives, deterioration, and possible loss of volatile components on afterflame and afterglow.
5.3 The burning characteristics is found to vary with thickness. Test data shall be compared only with data for material of the same thickness.
5.4 The results serve as a reference for comparing the relative performance of materials and can be an aid in material selection.
5.5 In this test method, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it will not always be possible by or from this test method to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire-test-exposure conditions described in this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response standard contains a test method for small-scale laboratory procedures to be used to determine the relative burning characteristics and the resistance to burn-through of plastics using small bar and plaque specimens exposed to a 125-mm (500-W nominal) flame.
1.1.1 Use Test Method D3801 for assessing comparative burning characteristics of solid plastics in a vertical position.
Note 1: This test method is equivalent to IEC 60695-11-20 and UL 94 (Section 9).
1.2 The results are intended to serve as a preliminary indication of their acceptability with respect to flammability for a particular application. The final acceptance of the material is dependent upon its use in the end-product that conforms with the standards applicable to such end-product.
1.3 The classification system described in Appendix X1 is intended for quality assurance and the preselection of component materials for products.
1.4 If found to be appropriate, it is suitable to apply the requirements to other nonmetallic materials. Such application is outside the scope of this technical committee.
1.5 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.
1.6 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazards or fire risk assessment of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  See 6.1.1 for a specific hazard statement.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.