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ASTM D1474-98(2002)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of Organic Coatings

Standard Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of Organic Coatings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Indentation hardness measurements have proven to be useful in rating coatings on rigid substrates for their resistance to mechanical abuse, such as that produced by blows, gouging, and scratching. These measurements do not necessarily characterize the resistance to mechanical abuse of coatings that are required to remain intact when deformed.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the indentation hardness of organic materials such as dried paint, varnish, and lacquer coatings, when applied to an acceptable plane rigid surface, for example, metal or glass.
1.2 Two methods are covered as follows: SectionsMethod A-Knoop Indentation Hardness6-12Method B-Pfund Indentation Hardness13-19
1.3 Method A, which has the greater precision, provides hardness values in terms of Knoop Hardness Number (KHN). Method B provides hardness in terms of Pfund Hardness Number (PHN). Although the hardness value scales of these methods differ, the methods agree in the ranking of coating hardness.
1.4 Test Method A of these test methods is similar in content (but not technically equivalent) to ISO 6441-1 and ISO 6441-2.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Dec-1998
ICS
25.220.60 - Organic coatings
Technical Committee
D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
Drafting Committee
D01.23 - Physical Properties of Applied Paint Films
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D1474-98 - Standard Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of Organic Coatings
Effective Date
10-Dec-1998
Replaced By
ASTM D1474-98(2008) - Standard Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of Organic Coatings
Effective Date
01-Jul-2008
Referred By
ASTM D3794-22 - Standard Guide for Testing Coil Coatings
Effective Date
10-Dec-1998
Referred By
ASTM D333-01(2021) - Standard Guide for Clear and Pigmented Lacquers
Effective Date
10-Dec-1998
Referred By
ASTM D6577-15(2019) - Standard Guide for Testing Industrial Protective Coatings
Effective Date
10-Dec-1998
Referred By
ASTM D5499-94(2021) - Standard Test Methods for Heat Resistance of Polymer Linings for Flue Gas Desulfurization Systems
Effective Date
10-Dec-1998
Referred By
ASTM D2248-01a(2018) - Standard Practice for Detergent Resistance of Organic Finishes
Effective Date
10-Dec-1998
Referred By
ASTM D3451-06(2017) - Standard Guide for Testing Coating Powders and Powder Coatings
Effective Date
10-Dec-1998
Referred By
ASTM D6943-15(2019) - Standard Practice for Immersion Testing of Industrial Protective Coatings and Linings
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ASTM D3732-23 - Standard Practice for Reporting Cure Times of Ultraviolet-Cured Coatings
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ASTM D3322-23 - Standard Practice for Testing Primers and Primer Surfacers Over Preformed Metal
Effective Date
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Referred By
ASTM D6137-97(2018) - Standard Test Method for Sulfuric Acid Resistance of Polymer Linings for Flue Gas Desulfurization Systems
Effective Date
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ASTM D1474-98(2002) - Standard Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of Organic CoatingsASTM D1474-98(2002) - Standard Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of Organic Coatings
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ASTM D1474-98(2002) - Standard Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of Organic Coatings
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D1474–98(Reapproved2002)
Standard Test Methods for
Indentation Hardness of Organic Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1474; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope * Dry-Film Thickness of Nonconductive Coatings Applied
to a Nonferrous Metal Base
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
E384 Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Ma-
indentation hardness of organic materials such as dried paint,
terials
varnish, and lacquer coatings, when applied to an acceptable
2.2 Other Standards:
plane rigid surface, for example, metal or glass.
ISO 6441-1 Hardness testing—Part 1: Determination of
1.2 Two methods are covered as follows:
Knoophardnessbymeasurementoftheindentationlength
Sections
using a microscope
Method A—Knoop Indentation Hardness 6-12
Method B—Pfund Indentation Hardness 13-19
ISO 6441-2 Hardness testing—Part 2: Determination of
Knoophardnessbymeasurementoftheindentationdepth
1.3 Method A, which has the greater precision, provides
hardness values in terms of Knoop Hardness Number (KHN).
3. Terminology
Method B provides hardness in terms of Pfund Hardness
3.1 Definitions:
Number (PHN). Although the hardness value scales of these
3.1.1 indentation hardness—theresistancetopenetrationby
methods differ, the methods agree in the ranking of coating
an indenter.
hardness.
3.1.2 Knoop indenter—a pyramidal diamond of prescribed
1.4 TestMethodAofthesetestmethodsissimilarincontent
dimensions.
(butnottechnicallyequivalent)toISO6441-1andISO6441-2.
3.1.3 Pfund indenter—hemispherical quartz or sapphire in-
1.5 Thevaluesstatedininch-poundunitsaretoberegarded
denter of prescribed dimensions.
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
3.1.4 Knoop hardness number, KHN—the indentation hard-
information only.
ness determined with a Knoop indenter, and calculated as
1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safety
follows:
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
KHN 5 L/A 5 L/l C (1)
p p
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
where:
limitations prior to use.
L = load applied to the indenter, kg,
2. Referenced Documents l = measured length of long diagonal of the indentation,
mm,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C = indenter constant relating l to A , and
p p
D823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness
A = projected area of indentation, mm .
p
of Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test Panels
3.1.5 Pfund hardness number, PHN—the indentation hard-
D1005 Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thick-
ness determined with a Pfund indenter, and calculated as
ness of Organic Coatings Using Micrometers
follows:
D1186 Test Methods for Nondestructive Measurement of
2 2
Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to PHN 5 L/A 54L/pd 51.27 ~L/d ! (2)
a Ferrous Base
where:
D1400 Test Method for Nondestructive Measurement of
L = load/kg applied to the indenter, kg,
A = area of projected indentation, mm , and
1 d = diameter of projected indentation, mm.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on
Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct
responsibility of Subcommittee D01.23 on Physical Properties of Applied Paint
Films.
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1998. Published February 1999. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 03.01.
published as D1474–57T. Last previous edition D1474–92. Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D1474
4. Significance and Use 8. Calibration
4.1 Indentation hardness measurements have proven to be 8.1 Adjust the illumination in the microscope to give
useful in rating coatings on rigid substrates for their resistance maximum contrast when viewing an indentation.
tomechanicalabuse,suchasthatproducedbyblows,gouging, 8.2 By means of a calibrated scale, determine the factor for
and scratching. These measurements do not necessarily char- each microscope objective that converts the filar scale units of
acterize the resistance to mechanical abuse of coatings that are the eyepiece to millimetres.
required to remain intact when deformed. 8.3 With a 25-g load on the indenter, determine the KHNof
a calibrated standard (Note 2) with an assigned value not
5. Test Specimens
greater than 50 KHN. If the obtained value is within 65%of
the assigned value, the instrument is considered to be in
5.1 The substrate for the coating shall be an acceptable
calibration.
plane rigid surface such as glass or metal.
5.2 Thecoatingthicknessonanyonepanelshallbeuniform
NOTE 2—A suitable source of standard reference materials in this
within 0.1 mil (3 µm). Coatings to be compared shall be of
hardness range is available from the U.S. National Institute for Standards
equalthicknesswithin0.2mil(5µm).Formaximumaccuracy, and Technology. By agreement of the parties concerned, a stable
specimen (such as an aged coating or a baked enamel applied to a flat
the minimum permissible coating thickness shall be such that
substrate) could be used to calibrate the participating hardness testers.
the depth of indentation does not exceed three fourths of the
coating thickness, to minimize the effect of the substrate.
9. Procedure
5.3 At least three replicate specimens shall be tested for
9.1 Unless otherwise specified, make the hardness determi-
each coating to be evaluated.
nations at 73.5 63.50°F (23 62°C) and 50 65% relative
5.4 CoatingsshouldbeappliedinaccordancewithPractices
humidity after equilibrating the specimens under these condi-
D823 and their dry film thickness should be measured in
tions for at least 24 h.
accordance with Test Methods D1005, D1186, or D1400.
9.2 Rigidlyattachthespecimentothemovablestagesothat
5.5 From precoated sheets cut at least three specimens. Use
the surface to be measured is normal to the direction of
only plane (flat) sheets and round the edges slightly. The
indentation. Mount the panel so that is cannot move with
coating shall be free of oil and other foreign matter. Measure
respect to the stage in any direction during the test.
the film thickness as in 5.4.
9.3 Usethemicroscopetoselectanareaofthetestspecimen
that is free of surface irregularities and imperfections. Place
METHOD A—KNOOP INDENTATION HARDNESS
thisareaundertheindenterbymeansofthemovablemicrome-
ter stage.
6. Summary of Method
6.1 Thismethodconsistsofapplyingaloadtothesurfaceof
NOTE 3—If good impressions cannot be obtained because of the
roughness of the surface of the specimen, gently polish the surface with
a coating by means of a pyramidal shaped diamond having
No.400carborundumandfinishoffwithjewelersrougebeforemakingthe
specified face angles, and converting the measurements of the
impression.
resultant permanent impression to a hardness number.
9.4 Present the apparatus to apply a load that permits the
7. Apparatus
length of identification to read accurately but does not cause
thedepthofindentationtoexceedthree-quartersofthecoating
7.1 Hardness Tester, consisting of a load applicator, a
film thickness. Start the test cycle so that the indenter is
Knoop indenter, and a microscope fitted with a movable
mechanically brought into contact with the mounted specimen
micrometer stage. The apparatus shall mechanically bring the
under a load of 25 g and full load is applied, maintained for 18
indenter into contact with the test surface with negligible
60.5 s, and removed. For maximum accuracy, ensure that the
impact, apply the selected full load, maintain it for 18 60.5 s,
indenterhasnotpenetratedthecoatingtoadepthbeyondthree
and withdraw the indenter.
fourths of the coating thickness. This is necessary to eliminate
7.2 Knoop Indenter—The Knoop indenter is a pyramidal
any major substrate effect on the hardness values.
diamond with included longitudinal angles of 172° 308 and
included transverse angle of 130° 08.
NOTE 4—For maximum accuracy, care must be taken that the indenter
does not penetrate the coating to a depth beyond three fourths of the
NOTE 1—The ratio of the long to the short diagonal of the impression
coatingthickness.Thisisnecessarytoeliminateanymajorsubstrateeffect
is approximately 7:1; the ratio of the long diagonal to the depth of
on the hardness measurement.
penetration is approximately 30:1.
9.5 Immediatelyafterthecompletionofthecycle,adjustthe
7.3 Microscope—The microscope shall have a filar mi-
movable stage so that the indentation is in the field of the
crometer eyepiece and sufficient objectives to permit the
microscope. Focus the microscope on the indentation so that
measurement of the length of impression to within 61%. The
both extremities of the long diagonal (that is, where the upper
specimen shall be firmly supported on a movable micrometer
edgesoftheindentationjustconverge)areassharpaspossible.
stage attached to the microscope.
Measurethelengthofthelongdiagonaloftheimpressionwith
the filar micrometer eyepiece.
A hardness tester meeting the apparatus requirements for this method is the
Tukon Microhardness Tester, available from the Wilson Instruments, Inc., Division Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100
of Instron, 100 Royall St.
...

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1.3 These methods should be restricted to testing in only one laboratory when numerical values are used because of the poor reproducibility of the methods (see 13.1.2 and 21.1.2). Interlaboratory agreement is improved significantly when ranking is used in place of numerical values.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
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ASTM
ASTM D6991-17(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurements of Internal Stresses in Organic Coatings by Cantilever (Beam) Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Stresses in coatings arise as a result of their shrinkage or expansion if expected movements are prevented by coating adhesion to its substrate.  
5.2 There are several causes leading to arrival of stresses in the coatings: film formation (cross-linking, solvent evaporation, etc.); differences in thermal expansion coefficients between coating and substrate; humidity and water absorption; environmental effects (ultraviolet radiation, temperature and humidity), and others.  
5.3 Knowledge of the internal stresses in coatings is very important because they may effect coating performance and service life. If the internal stress exceeds the tensile strength of the film, cracks are formed. If stress exceeds adhesion between coating and substrate, it will reduce adhesion and can lead to delamination of coatings. Quantitative information about stresses in coatings can be useful in coating formulation and recommendations for their application and use.  
5.4 This method has been found useful for air-dry industrial organic coatings but the applicability has not yet been assessed for thin coatings (thickness
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for measurements of internal stresses in organic coatings by using the cantilever (beam) method.  
1.2 This method is appropriate for the coatings for which the modulus of elasticity of substrate (Es) is significantly greater than the modulus of elasticity of coating (Ec) and for which the thickness of substrate is significantly greater than thickness of coating (see Note 7 and Note 8).  
1.3 The stress values are limited by the adhesion values of coating to the substrate and by the tensile strength of the coating, or both.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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