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ASTM E18-03

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials

Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the Rockwell hardness and the Rockwell superficial hardness of metallic materials, including test methods for the verification of machines for Rockwell hardness testing (Part B) and the calibration of standardized hardness test blocks (Part C).
1.2 Values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. SI units are provided for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See Note 6.)Note 1—The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) maintains the national Rockwell hardness standards for the United States. In June 1998, NIST released new Rockwell C scale (HRC) test blocks as Standard Reference Materials (SRMs). The blocks were calibrated using NIST's primary reference standardizing machine. The major benefit of the NIST standards is that their HRC levels are in line with the other industrialized countries around the world. The NIST HRC levels establish the hardness of materials slightly harder than the historical standards used in the United States for the past 75 years. The revision of E 18 requires that all performance verifications of Rockwell hardness indenters and hardness machines must be made using test blocks calibrated traceable to the Rockwell standards maintained by NIST. This can be accomplished through the use of commercial test blocks calibrated traceable to the NIST standards or by directly using the NIST SRMs. This requirement will apply only to the Rockwell scale(s) for which NIST supplies primary reference test blocks
Note 2—In previous editions of this standard, ball indenters were required to be of hard steel. Beginning with this edition, tungsten-carbide balls are also allowed. This change is a first step in a planned future transition to eliminate steel balls and allow only the use of tungsten carbide balls. The elimination of steel ball indenters is scheduled to occur in about two years. The use of tungsten carbide balls will provide an improvement to the Rockwell hardness test because of the tendency of steel balls to flatten with use, which results in an erroneously elevated hardness value. In addition, NIST is planning to standardize the HRB scale using tungsten-carbide balls. As a result of this change, this edition also requires that when a ball indenter is used, the Rockwell hardness value must be reported with the scale designation followed by the letter "S" to indicate the use of a steel ball or the letter "W" to indicate the use of a tungsten carbide ball. The user is cautioned that Rockwell hardness tests comparing the use of steel and tungsten carbide balls have been shown to give different results. For example, depending on the material tested and its hardness level, Rockwell B scale tests using a tungsten carbide ball indenter have given results up to one Rockwell point lower than when a steel ball indenter is used.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jun-2003
ICS
77.040.10 - Mechanical testing of metals
Technical Committee
E28 - Mechanical Testing
Drafting Committee
E28.06 - Indentation Hardness Testing
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E18-02 - Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Replaced By
ASTM E18-03e1 - Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Referred By
ASTM B648-23 - Standard Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Aluminum Alloys by Means of a Barcol Impressor
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Referred By
ASTM B819-19 - Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Tube for Medical Gas Systems
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Referred By
ASTM A623M-22 - Standard Specification for Tin Mill Products, General Requirements [Metric]
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Referred By
ASTM B453/B453M-19 - Standard Specification for Copper-Zinc-Lead Alloy (Leaded-Brass) Rod, Bar, and Shapes
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Referred By
ASTM F1940-07a(2019) - Standard Test Method for Process Control Verification to Prevent Hydrogen Embrittlement in Plated or Coated Fasteners
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Referred By
ASTM B75/B75M-20 - Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Tube
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Referred By
ASTM A1008/A1008M-21a - Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Cold-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, Required Hardness, Solution Hardened, and Bake Hardenable
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Referred By
ASTM F75-23 - Standard Specification for Cobalt-28 Chromium-6 Molybdenum Alloy Castings and Casting Alloy for Surgical Implants (UNS R30075)
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Referred By
ASTM B315-19 - Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Alloy Pipe and Tube
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Referred By
ASTM F467M-06a(2018) - Standard Specification for Nonferrous Nuts for General Use (Metric)
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Referred By
ASTM F138-19 - Standard Specification for Wrought 18Chromium-14Nickel-2.5Molybdenum Stainless Steel Bar and Wire for Surgical Implants (UNS S31673)
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Referred By
ASTM B865-20 - Standard Specification for Precipitation Hardening Nickel-Copper-Aluminum Alloy<brk/> Bar, Rod, Wire, Forgings, and Forging Stock
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Referred By
ASTM B718-22 - Standard Specification for Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Cobalt-Tungsten-Iron-Silicon Alloy Plate
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003

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ASTM E18-03 - Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic MaterialsASTM E18-03 - Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials
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ASTM E18-03 - Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
An American National Standard
Designation: E 18 – 03
Standard Test Methods for
Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of
,
1 2
Metallic Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 18; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
steel balls to flatten with use, which results in an erroneously elevated
1. Scope*
hardness value. In addition, NIST is planning to standardize the HRB
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
scale using tungsten-carbide balls. As a result of this change, this edition
Rockwell hardness and the Rockwell superficial hardness of
also requires that when a ball indenter is used, the Rockwell hardness
metallic materials, including test methods for the verification
value must be reported with the scale designation followed by the letter
of machines for Rockwell hardness testing (Part B) and the “S” to indicate the use of a steel ball or the letter “W” to indicate the use
of a tungsten carbide ball. The user is cautioned that Rockwell hardness
calibration of standardized hardness test blocks (Part C).
tests comparing the use of steel and tungsten carbide balls have been
1.2 Values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as
shown to give different results. For example, depending on the material
the standard. SI units are provided for information only.
tested and its hardness level, Rockwell B scale tests using a tungsten
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
carbide ball indenter have given results up to one Rockwell point lower
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
than when a steel ball indenter is used.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2. Referenced Documents
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See Note 6.)
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A 370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
NOTE 1—The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
3
of Steel Products
maintains the national Rockwell hardness standards for the United States.
In June 1998, NIST released new Rockwell C scale (HRC) test blocks as B 19 Specification for Cartridge Brass Sheet, Strip, Plate,
4
Standard Reference Materials (SRMs). The blocks were calibrated using
Bar, and Disks (Blanks)
NIST’s primary reference standardizing machine. The major benefit of the
B 36/B36 M Specification for Brass Plate, Sheet, Strip, and
NIST standards is that their HRC levels are in line with the other 4
Rolled Bar
industrialized countries around the world. The NIST HRC levels establish
B 96 Specification for Copper-Silicon Alloy Plate, Sheet,
the hardness of materials slightly harder than the historical standards used
Strip, and Rolled Bar for General Purposes and Pressure
in the United States for the past 75 years. The revision of E 18 requires
4
Vessels
that all performance verifications of Rockwell hardness indenters and
hardness machines must be made using test blocks calibrated traceable to B 97 Specification for Copper-Silicon Alloy Plate, Sheet,
5
the Rockwell standards maintained by NIST. This can be accomplished
Strip, and Rolled Bar for General Purposes
through the use of commercial test blocks calibrated traceable to the NIST
B 103/B 103 M Specification for Phosphor Bronze Plate,
standards or by directly using the NIST SRMs. This requirement will
4
Sheet, Strip, and Rolled Bar
apply only to the Rockwell scale(s) for which NIST supplies primary
B 121/B 121 M Specification for Leaded Brass Plate,
reference test blocks
4
Sheet, Strip, and Rolled Bar
NOTE 2—In previous editions of this standard, ball indenters were
B 122/B 122 M Specification for Copper-Nickel-Tin Alloy,
required to be of hard steel. Beginning with this edition, tungsten-carbide
balls are also allowed. This change is a first step in a planned future Copper-Nickel-Zinc Alloy (Nickel Silver), and Copper-
4
transition to eliminate steel balls and allow only the use of tungsten
Nickel Alloy Plate, Sheet, Strip, and Rolled Bar
carbide balls. The elimination of steel ball indenters is scheduled to occur
B 130 Specification for Commercial Bronze Strip for Bullet
in about two years. The use of tungsten carbide balls will provide an
4
Jackets
improvement to the Rockwell hardness test because of the tendency of
4
B 134 Specification for Brass Wire
B 152 Specification for Copper Sheet, Strip, Plate, and
4
Rolled Bar
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on
B 291 Spe
...

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4.4 Adherence to this standard test method provides traceability to national Rockwell hardness standards except as stated otherwise.
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the Rockwell hardness and the Rockwell superficial hardness of metallic materials by the Rockwell indentation hardness principle. This standard provides the requirements for Rockwell hardness machines and the procedures for performing Rockwell hardness tests.  
1.2 This test method includes requirements for the use of portable Rockwell hardness testing machines that measure Rockwell hardness by the Rockwell hardness test principle and can meet all the requirements of this test method, including the direct and indirect verifications of the testing machine. Portable Rockwell hardness testing machines that cannot meet the direct verification requirements and can only be verified by indirect verification requirements are covered in Test Method E110.  
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Verification of Rockwell Hardness Testing Machines  
Annex A1  
Rockwell Hardness Standardizing Machines  
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Standardization of Rockwell Indenters  
Annex A3  
Standardization of Rockwell Hardness Test Blocks  
Annex A4  
Guidelines for Determining the Minimum Thickness of a
Test Piece  
Annex A5  
Hardness Value Corrections When Testing on Convex
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Annex A6  
1.4 This standard includes nonmandatory information in the following appendixes that relates to the Rockwell hardness test.    
List of ASTM Standards Giving Hardness Values Corresponding
to Tensile Strength  
Appendix X1  
Examples of Procedures for Determining Rockwell
Hardness Uncertainty  
Appendix X2  
1.5 Units—At the time the Rockwell hardness test was developed, the force levels were specified in units of kilograms-force (kgf) and the indenter ball diameters were specified in units of inches (in.). This standard specifies the units of force and length in the International System of Units (SI); that is, force in Newtons (N) and length in millimeters (mm). However, because of the historical precedent and continued common usage, force values in kgf units and ball diameters in inch units are provided for information and much of the discussion in this standard refers to these units.  
1.6 The test principles, testing procedures, and verification procedures are essentially identical for both the Rockwell and Rockwell superficial hardness tests. The significant differences between the two tests are that the test forces are smaller for the Rockwell superficial test than for the Rockwell test. The same type and size indenters may be used for either test, depending on the scale being employed. Accordingly, throughout this standard, the term Rockwell will imply both Rockwell and Rockwell superficial unless stated otherwise.  
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4.1 Tension tests provide information on the strength and ductility of materials under uniaxial tensile stresses. This information may be useful in comparisons of materials, alloy development, quality control, and design under certain circumstances.  
4.2 The results of tension tests of specimens machined to standardized dimensions from selected portions of a part or material may not totally represent the strength and ductility properties of the entire end product or its in-service behavior in different environments.  
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SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the tension testing of metallic materials in any form at room temperature, specifically, the methods of determination of yield strength, yield point elongation, tensile strength, elongation, and reduction of area.  
1.2 The gauge lengths for most round specimens are required to be 4D for E8 and 5D for E8M. The gauge length is the most significant difference between E8 and E8M test specimens. Test specimens made from powder metallurgy (P/M) materials are exempt from this requirement by industry-wide agreement to keep the pressing of the material to a specific projected area and density.  
1.3 Exceptions to the provisions of these test methods may need to be made in individual specifications or test methods for a particular material. For examples, see Test Methods and Definitions A370 and Test Methods B557, and B557M.  
1.4 Room temperature shall be considered to be 10 °C to 38 °C [50 °F to 100°F] unless otherwise specified.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as separate from inch/pound units. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E3246-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Differential Indentation Depth Hardness of Metallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The Differential Indentation Depth hardness test is an empirical indentation hardness test that can provide useful information about metallic materials. This information can correlate to tensile strength, wear resistance, ductility, and other physical characteristics of metallic materials, and can be useful in quality control and selection of materials.  
4.2 Differential Indentation Depth hardness tests are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, and have been used in industry for this purpose.  
4.3 Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing at a specific location on a part might not represent the physical characteristics of the whole part or end product. Machines that comply with this Standard are used when machines that comply with the regular hardness standards such as Test Methods E10, E18, E92, and E384 cannot be used. Test results obtained with these machines are comparable BUT NOT EQUIVALENT to those obtained with machines that comply with the above mentioned standards.  
4.4 Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing machines covered by this standard do not comply with Test Methods E10, E18, E92, or E110.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Differential Indentation Depth hardness of metallic materials by the Differential Indentation Depth hardness principle. This standard provides the requirements for Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing machines and the procedures for performing Differential Indentation Depth hardness tests.  
1.2 This standard includes additional requirements in annexes:    
Verification of Differential Indentation Depth Hardness Testing Machines  
Annex A1  
Guidelines for Determining the Minimum Thickness of a Test Piece  
Annex A2  
1.3 This standard includes non-mandatory information in appendixes which relates to the Differential Indentation Depth hardness test.    
List of ASTM Standards Giving Hardness Numbers Corresponding to Tensile Strength  
Appendix X1  
Examples of Procedures for Determining Differential Indentation Depth Hardness Uncertainty  
Appendix X2  
Examples of Indenters Used in Differential Indentation Depth Machines  
Appendix X3  
1.4 Units—This standard specifies the units of force and length in the International System of Units (SI); that is, force in Newtons (N) and length in micrometers (µm). However, because of continued common usage, values are provided in other units of measure for information.  
1.5 The test principles, testing procedures, and verification procedures are essentially identical for all the Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing instruments. The testing instruments may use different test forces and indenter shapes. The type and size of the indenters are matched to the design of the instrument by the manufacturer. Accordingly, the indenters, probes and other instrument components are generally not interchangeable among manufacturers.  
1.6 The hardness number reported by these instruments are based on direct correlations to existing hardness scales as determined by each manufacturer for each instrument and hardness scale. Unless otherwise noted on the instrument or in the operating manual for the instrument, the hardness numbers reported by the instrument are only applicable to non-austenitic steels. See 5.6.1 for additional information.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organizati...

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ASTM
ASTM E436-03(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Drop-Weight Tear Tests of Ferritic Steels

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method can be used to determine the appearance of propagating fractures in plain carbon or low-alloy pipe steels (yield strengths less than 825 MPa) over the temperature range where the fracture mode changes from brittle (cleavage or flat) to ductile (shear or oblique).  
4.2 This test method can serve the following purposes:  
4.2.1 For research and development, to study the effect of metallurgical variables such as composition or heat treatment, or of fabricating operations such as welding or forming on the mode of fracture propagation.  
4.2.2 For evaluation of materials for service to indicate the suitability of a material for specific applications by indicating fracture propagation behavior at the service temperature(s).  
4.2.3 For information or specification purposes, to provide a manufacturing quality control only when suitable correlations have been established with service behavior.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers drop-weight tear tests (DWTT) on ferritic steels with thicknesses between 3.18 mm and 19.1 mm.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E143-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Shear Modulus at Room Temperature

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Shear modulus is a material property useful in calculating compliance of structural materials in torsion provided they follow Hooke's law, that is, the angle of twist is proportional to the applied torque. Examples of the use of shear modulus are in the design of rotating shafts and helical compression springs.  
5.2 The procedural steps and precision of the apparatus and the test specimens should be appropriate to the shape and the material type, since the method applies to a wide variety of materials and sizes.  
5.3 Precise determination of shear modulus depends on the numerous variables that may affect such determinations.  
5.3.1 These factors include characteristics of the specimen such as residual stress, concentricity, wall thickness in the case of tubes, deviation from nominal value, previous strain history, and specimen dimension.  
5.3.2 Testing conditions that influence the results include axial position of the specimen, temperature and temperature variations, and maintenance of the apparatus.  
5.3.3 Interpretation of data also influences results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of shear modulus of structural materials. This test method is limited to materials in which, and to stresses at which, creep is negligible compared to the strain produced immediately upon loading. Elastic properties such as shear modulus, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio are not determined routinely and are generally not specified in materials specifications.  
1.2 For materials that follow nonlinear elastic stress-strain behavior, the value of tangent or chord shear modulus is useful for estimating the change in torsional strain to corresponding stress for a specified stress or stress-range, respectively. Such determinations are, however, outside the scope of this standard. (See for example Ref (1).)2  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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