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ASTM E2197-02

(Test Method)

Standard Quantitative Disk Carrier Test Method for Determining the Bactericidal, Virucidal, Fungicidal, Mycobactericidal and Sporicidal Activities of Liquid Chemical Germicides

Standard Quantitative Disk Carrier Test Method for Determining the Bactericidal, Virucidal, Fungicidal, Mycobactericidal and Sporicidal Activities of Liquid Chemical Germicides

SCOPE
1.1 The method is designed to evaluate the ability of liquid chemical germicides to inactivate vegetative bacteria, viruses, fungi, mycobacteria and bacterial spores in the presence of a soil load (1,2) on disk carriers that represent environmental surfaces and medical devices. It is also designed to have survivors that can be compared to mean of no less than three control carriers to determine if the performance standard has been met. For proper statistical evaluation of the results, the size of the test inoculum should be sufficiently large to take into account both the performance standard and the experimental variation in the results.
1.2 The test protocol does not include any wiping or rubbing action. It is, therefore, not designed for testing germicide-soaked wipes.
1.3 This test method should be performed by persons with training in microbiology in facilities designed and equipped for work with infectious agents at the appropriate biosafety level  ().
1.4 In this test method, metric units are used for all applications, except for distance in which case inches are used and metric units follow.
1.5 It is the responsibility of the investigator to determine whether Good Laboratory Practice Regulations (GLPs) are required and to follow them where appropriate (40 CFR, Part 160 for EPA submissions and 21 CFR, Part 58 for FDA submissions).
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Apr-2002
ICS
07.100.01 - Microbiology in general
Technical Committee
E35 - Pesticides, Antimicrobials, and Alternative Control Agents
Drafting Committee
E35.15 - Antimicrobial Agents
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E2197-11 - Standard Quantitative Disk Carrier Test Method for Determining the Bactericidal, Virucidal, Fungicidal, Mycobactericidal and Sporicidal Activities of Liquid Chemical Germicides
Effective Date
01-Jan-2011
Referred By
ASTM E3058-16 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Residual Kill Activity of Hand Antiseptic Formulations
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM E2895-19 - Standard Practice for Producing High Titers of Viable and Semi-Purified Spores of Clostridium difficile using a Liquid Medium
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM E1052-20 - Standard Practice to Assess the Activity of Microbicides against Viruses in Suspension
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM E2613-23 - Standard Practice for Determining the Fungus-Eliminating Effectiveness of Hygienic Handwash and Handrub Agents Using the Fingerpads of Adults
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM E3092-18 - Standard Practice for Evaluating Efficacy of Vaporous Decontaminants on Materials Contaminated with <emph type="bdit">Bacillus</emph> Spores and Contained Within 0.2&#xb5;m Filter-Capped Tubes
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM E2967-15 - Standard Test Method for Assessing the Ability of Pre-wetted Towelettes to Remove and Transfer Bacterial Contamination on Hard, Non-Porous Environmental Surfaces Using the Wiperator
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM E2111-12(2018) - Standard Quantitative Carrier Test Method to Evaluate the Bactericidal, Fungicidal, Mycobactericidal, and Sporicidal Potencies of Liquid Chemicals
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM E3152-23 - Standard Guide for Standard Test Methods and Practices Available for Determining Antifungal Activity on Natural or Synthetic Substrates Treated with Antimicrobial Agents
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM E3286-21 - Standard Practice for Preparation Of Cell Monolayers on Glass Surfaces for Evaluation of Microbicidal Properties of Non-Chemical Based Antimicrobial Treatment Technologies
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM E1053-20 - Standard Practice to Assess Virucidal Activity of Chemicals Intended for Disinfection of Inanimate, Nonporous Environmental Surfaces
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM E3273-21 - Standard Practice to Assess Microbial Decontamination of Indoor Air using an Aerobiology Chamber
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM E2614-15(2020)e1 - Standard Guide for Evaluation of Cleanroom Disinfectants
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM E2721-16 - Standard Practice for Evaluation of Effectiveness of Decontamination Procedures for Surfaces When Challenged with Droplets Containing Human Pathogenic Viruses
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM E2800-11(2017) - Standard Practice for Characterization of <emph type="ital">Bacillus</emph> Spore Suspensions for Reference Materials
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002

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ASTM E2197-02 - Standard Quantitative Disk Carrier Test Method for Determining the Bactericidal, Virucidal, Fungicidal, Mycobactericidal and Sporicidal Activities of Liquid Chemical GermicidesASTM E2197-02 - Standard Quantitative Disk Carrier Test Method for Determining the Bactericidal, Virucidal, Fungicidal, Mycobactericidal and Sporicidal Activities of Liquid Chemical Germicides
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ASTM E2197-02 - Standard Quantitative Disk Carrier Test Method for Determining the Bactericidal, Virucidal, Fungicidal, Mycobactericidal and Sporicidal Activities of Liquid Chemical Germicides
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E2197–02
Standard Quantitative Disk Carrier Test Method for
Determining the Bactericidal, Virucidal, Fungicidal,
Mycobactericidal and Sporicidal Activities of Liquid
1
Chemical Germicides
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2197; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The quantitative test method described here uses disks of stainless steel (1 cm in diameter) as
carriers. Because it employs the same basic set of materials and procedures to assess the ability of
liquidchemicalgermicidestoinactivatevegetativebacteria,viruses,fungi,mycobacteriaandbacterial
2
spores (1,2) it unifies the test methodology against a wide array of microorganisms. Performance
standards for the categories of products to be tested, and the specific types of organism(s) to be used
may vary depending on the regulatory agency. This basic test can also be adapted for use with other
carrier materials of similar dimensions.
The development of this method was made possible with financial support from theAntimicrobials
Division of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
1. Scope 1.5 It is the responsibility of the investigator to determine
whether Good Laboratory Practice Regulations (GLPs) are
1.1 The method is designed to evaluate the ability of liquid
required and to follow them where appropriate (40 CFR, Part
chemical germicides to inactivate vegetative bacteria, viruses,
160 for EPA submissions and 21 CFR, Part 58 for FDA
fungi, mycobacteria and bacterial spores in the presence of a
submissions).
soil load (1,2) on disk carriers that represent environmental
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
surfaces and medical devices. It is also designed to have
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
survivors that can be compared to mean of no less than three
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
control carriers to determine if the performance standard has
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
been met. For proper statistical evaluation of the results, the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
size of the test inoculum should be sufficiently large to take
intoaccountboththeperformancestandardandtheexperimen-
2. Referenced Documents
tal variation in the results.
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.2 Thetestprotocoldoesnotincludeanywipingorrubbing
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
action. It is, therefore, not designed for testing germicide-
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
soaked wipes.
E1054 Test Methods for Evaluation of Inactivators of An-
1.3 This test method should be performed by persons with
timicrobial Agents
traininginmicrobiologyinfacilitiesdesignedandequippedfor
E2111 Quantitative Carrier Test Method to Evaluate the
work with infectious agents at the appropriate biosafety level
Bactericidal, Fungicidal, Mycobactericidal, and Sporicidal
(3).
Potencies of Liquid Chemical Microbicides
1.4 In this test method, metric units are used for all
2.2 CFR Standard:
applications, except for distance in which case inches are used
4
40 CFR, Part 160; 21 CFR, Part 58
and metric units follow.
2.3 Other Documents:
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E35 on
3
Pesticides and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E35.15 onAntimicrobial For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Agents. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved April 10, 2002. Published June 2002. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
E2197-02. the ASTM website.
2 4
The boldface numbers in parenthesis refer to the list of references at the end of Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
this standard. Office, Washington D.C. 20402.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2197–02
Disinfectants (Chapter 6), Official Methods of Analyses 5.2 Thestringencyinthetestisprovidedbytheuseofasoil
5
(1998) load, the microtopography of the carrier surface and the small
CAN/CGSB-2.161-97, Assessment of Efficacy of Antimi- ratio of disinfectant to surface area typical for many disinfec-
crobial Agents for Use on Environmental Surfaces and tant applications. Thus the formulation under test is presented
6
Medical Devices with a reasonable challenge while allowing for efficient recov-
ery of the test organisms from the inocul
...

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5.1 Bacteria that exist in biofilms are phenotypically different from suspended cells of the same genotype. Research has shown that biofilm bacteria are more difficult to kill than suspended bacteria (5, 7). Laboratory biofilms are engineered in growth reactors designed to produce a specific biofilm type. Altering system parameters will correspondingly result in a change in the biofilm. For example, research has shown that biofilm grown under high shear is more difficult to kill than biofilm grown under low shear (5, 8). The purpose of this test method is to direct a user in the laboratory study of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm by clearly defining each system parameter. This test method will enable an investigator to grow, sample, and analyze a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm grown under high shear. The biofilm generated in the CDC Biofilm Reactor is also suitable for efficacy testing. After the 48 h growth phase is complete, the user may add the treatment in situ or remove the coupons and treat them individually.
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1.1 This test method specifies the operational parameters required to grow a reproducible (1)2 Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 700888 biofilm under high shear. The resulting biofilm is representative of generalized situations where biofilm exists under high shear rather than being representative of one particular environment.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Vegetative biofilm bacteria are phenotypically different from suspended planktonic cells of the same genotype. Biofilm growth reactors are engineered to produce biofilms with specific characteristics. Altering either the engineered system or operating conditions will modify those characteristics. The goal in biofilm research and efficacy testing is to choose the growth reactor that generates the most relevant biofilm for the particular study.  
5.2 The purpose of this test method is to direct a user in how to grow, treat, sample and analyze a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm using the MBEC Assay. Microscopically, the biofilm is sheet-like with few architectural details as seen in Harrison et al (6). The MBEC Assay was originally designed as a rapid and reproducible assay for evaluating biofilm susceptibility to antibiotics (2). The engineering design allows for the simultaneous evaluation of multiple test conditions, making it an efficient method for screening multiple disinfectants or multiple concentrations of the same disinfectant. Additional efficiency is added by including the neutralizer controls within the assay device. The small well volume is advantageous for testing expensive disinfectants, or when only small volumes of the disinfectant are available.
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1.1 This test method specifies the operational parameters required to grow and treat a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm in a high throughput screening assay known as the MBEC (trademarked)2 (Minimum Biofilm Eradication Concentration) Physiology and Genetics Assay. The assay device consists of a plastic lid with ninety-six (96) pegs and a corresponding receiver plate with ninety-six (96) individual wells that have a maximum 200 μL working volume. Biofilm is established on the pegs under batch conditions (that is, no flow of nutrients into or out of an individual well) with gentle mixing. The established biofilm is transferred to a new receiver plate for disinfectant efficacy testing.3, 4 The reactor design allows for the simultaneous testing of multiple disinfectants or one disinfectant with multiple concentrations, and replicate samples, making the assay an efficient screening tool.  
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Standard Practice for Preparing a Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm using the CDC Biofilm Reactor

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5.1 Bacteria that exist in biofilms are phenotypically different from suspended cells of the same genotype. Research has shown that biofilm bacteria are more difficult to kill than suspended bacteria (4, 5). Laboratory biofilms are engineered in growth reactors designed to produce a specific biofilm type. Altering system parameters will correspondingly result in a change in the biofilm. The purpose of this practice is to direct a user in the growth of a P. aeruginosa or S. aureus biofilm by clearly defining the operational parameters to grow a biofilm that can be assessed for efficacy using the Standard Test Method for Evaluating Disinfectant Efficacy Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Grown in CDC Biofilm Reactor Using Single Tube Method (E2871).  
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1.1 This practice specifies the parameters for growing a Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442) or Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) biofilm that can be used for disinfectant efficacy testing using the Test Method for Evaluating Disinfectant Efficacy Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Grown in CDC Biofilm Reactor Using Single Tube Method (E2871) or in an alternate method capable of accommodating the coupons used in the CDC Biofilm Reactor. The resulting biofilm is representative of generalized situations where biofilm exist on hard, non-porous surfaces under shear rather than being representative of one particular environment. Additional bacteria may be grown using the basic procedure outlined in this document, however, alternative preparation procedures for frozen stock cultures and biofilm generation (for example, medium concentrations, baffle speed, temperature, incubation times, coupon types, etc.) may be necessary.  
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5.1 This practice is to help in the development of protocols to assess the survival, removal and/or inactivation of human pathogens or their surrogates in indoor air. It accommodates the testing of technologies based on physical (for example, UV light) and chemical agents (for example, vaporized hydrogen peroxide) or simple microbial removal by air filtration or a combination thereof.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice is to assess technologies for microbial decontamination of indoor air using a sealed, room-sized chamber (~24 m3) as recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (3). The test microbe is aerosolized inside the chamber where a fan uniformly mixes the aerosols and keeps them airborne. Samples of the air are collected and assayed, firstly to determine the rates of physical and biological decay of the test microbe, and then to assess the air decontaminating activity of the technology under test as log10 or percentage reductions in viability per m3 (1). The air temperature and relative humidity (RH) in the chamber are measured and recorded during each test.  
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5.1 In the battle to reduce medical device and implant-related infections, prevention of bacterial colonization of surfaces is a logical strategy. Bacterial colonization of a surface is a precursor to biofilm formation. Biofilm is the etiological agent of many implant and device-related infections and once established, microorganisms in biofilm can be up to 1000 times more tolerant to antibiotic therapy. Often the best treatment strategy is removal of the implant or device at a high socioeconomic cost. Catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) are the most prevalent of the device-related healthcare associated infections. Catheter associated infections account for 37 % of all hospital acquired infections (HAI) and 70 % of all nosocomial urinary tract infections (UTI) in the U.S. (2, 3). The Intraluminal Catheter Model (ICM) was developed to evaluate the ability of antimicrobial catheters to inhibit biofilm growth on the catheter lumen.  
5.2 The purpose of this test method is to direct a user in how to grow, sample, and analyze an E. coli biofilm in a urinary catheter under a constant flow of artificial urine. The test method incorporates operational parameters utilized in similar published methods (4). The E. coli biofilm that grows has a patchy appearance that varies across the catheter. Microscopically, the biofilm is heterogenous, with large clusters in some areas, and flat sheets of cells or even single cells in others. By 24 h, the biofilm is developed in the control catheters. If the goal is to monitor early stage biofilm development, then tubing and effluent samples need to be collected prior to the 24 h sample collection. Monitoring biofilm development requires sampling. The biofilm generated in the Intraluminal Catheter Model is suitable for comparison testing between antimicrobial and control catheters.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies the operational parameters required to assess the ability of antimicrobial urinary catheters to prevent or control biofilm growth. Efficacy is reported as the log reduction in viable bacteria when compared to a repeatable (1)2  Escherichia coli biofilm grown in the intra-lumen of a urinary catheter under a constant flow of artificial urine.  
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1.5 Basic microbiology training is required to perform this test method.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard  
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ASTM E3286-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Preparation Of Cell Monolayers on Glass Surfaces for Evaluation of Microbicidal Properties of Non-Chemical Based Antimicrobial Treatment Technologies

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 There are no reproducible standardized protocols for preparing specimens used to evaluate the microbicidal efficacy of non-chemical treatments such as ultraviolet (UV), highenergy electron beam, or other forms of non-chemical antimicrobial technologies.  
5.2 Conventional protocols for applying bioburdens to carriers (see Test Method E2197) cause cells to stack upon one another, thereby creating multiple cell layers in which cells in layers closer to the carrier are masked by cells in overlying layers, which makes relative comparison of different non-chemical antimicrobial treatments more difficult.  
5.3 Steel and other metal carriers have asperities that can shield a percentage of the applied cells from direct exposure to electromagnetic irradiation.  
5.4 The combined effects of 5.2 and 5.3 confound determination of the microbicidal effect of electromagnetic irradiation on test specimens.  
5.5 The practice addresses these two confounding factors by:  
5.5.1 Using glass microscope slides – the surfaces of which are asperity-free – as carriers.  
5.5.2 Reliably depositing bacterial cells onto the carrier as a monolayer.  
5.6 The resulting specimen ensures that all microbes deposited onto the carrier are exposed equally to the irradiation source thereby ensuring that the only variables are the controlled ones – starting inoculum concentration, wavelength (λ – in nm), exposure time(s), and resulting energy dose (J).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a protocol for creating bacterial cell monolayers on a flat surface.  
1.2 The cultures used and culture preparation steps in this Practice are similar to AOAC Method 961.02 and US EPA MB-06. However, test bacteria are applied to the carrier using an automated deposition device (6.2) rather than as a suspension droplet.  
1.3 The carrier inspection protocol is similar to US EPA MB-03 except that carrier surfaces are inspected microscopically rather than visually, unaided.  
1.4 A monolayer of cells eliminates the confounding effect caused by the shadowing effect of outer layers of bacteria stacked upon other bacteria on test specimens – thereby attenuating directed energy beams (that is, ultraviolet light, high-energy electron beams) before they can reach underlying cells.  
1.5 An asperity-free surface eliminates the shadowing effect of specimen surface topology that can block direct exposure of target bacteria to non-chemical antimicrobial treatments.  
1.6 This practice provides a reproducible target microbe and surface specimen to minimize specimen variability within and between testing facilities. This facilitates direct data comparisons among various non-chemical antimicrobial technologies.  
1.6.1 Antimicrobial pesticides used in clinical and industrial applications are expected to overcome shadowing effects. However, this practice meets a need for a protocol that facilitates relative comparisons among non-chemical antimicrobial treatments.  
1.6.2 This practice is not intended to satisfy or replace existing test requirements for liquid chemical antimicrobial treatments (for example Test Methods E1153 and E2197) or established regulatory agency performance standards such as US EPA MB-06.  
1.7 This practice was validated using Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442) using a protocol based on AOAC Method 961.02. If other cultures are used, the suitability of this practice must be confirmed by inspecting prepared surfaces, by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or comparable high-resolution microscopy.  
1.8 The specimens prepared in accordance with this practice are not meant to simulate end-use conditions.  
1.8.1 Non-chemical technologies are only to be used on visibly clean, non-porous surfaces. Consequently, a soil load is not used.  
1.9 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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Standard Test Method for Determining the Antimicrobial Activity of Antimicrobial Agents Under Dynamic Contact Conditions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Substrate–bonded, antimicrobial agents are not typically free to diffuse into their environment under normal conditions of use. This test method ensures good contact between the bacteria and the treated fiber, fabric, or other substrate, by constant agitation of the test specimen in a challenge suspension during the test period.  
5.2 The metabolic state of the challenge species can directly affect measurements of the effectiveness of particular antimicrobial agents or concentrations of agents. The susceptibility of the species to particular biocides could be altered depending on its life stage (cycle). One-hour contact time in a buffer solution allows for metabolic stasis in the population. This test method standardizes both the growth conditions of the challenge species and substrate contact times to reduce the variability associated with growth phase of the microorganism.  
5.3 Leaching of an antimicrobial is dependent upon the test conditions being utilized and the ultimate end use of the product. Additional testing may be required to determine if a compound is substrate-bound in all conditions or during the end use of the product.  
5.4 This test method cannot determine if a compound is leaching into solution or is immobilized on the substrate. This test method is only intended to determine efficacy as described in subsequent portions of the method.  
5.5 The test is suitable for evaluating stressed or modified specimens, when accompanied by adequate controls.
Note 1: Stresses may include laundry, wear and abrasion, radiation and steam sterilization, UV exposure, solvent manipulation, temperature susceptibility, or similar physical or chemical manipulation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is designed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of antimicrobial-treated specimens under dynamic contact conditions. This dynamic shake flask test was developed for routine quality control and screening tests in order to overcome difficulties in using classical antimicrobial test methods to evaluate substrate-bound antimicrobials. These difficulties include ensuring contact of inoculum to treated surface (as in AATCC TM100), flexibility of retrieval at different contact times, use of inappropriately applied static conditions (as in AATCC TM147), sensitivity, and reproducibility.  
1.2 This test method allows for the ability to evaluate many different types of treated substrates and a wide range of microorganisms. Treated substrates used in this test method can be subjected to a wide variety of physical/chemical stresses or manipulations and allows for the versatility of testing the effect of contamination due to such things as hard water, proteins, blood, serum, various chemicals, and other contaminants.  
1.3 Surface antimicrobial activity is determined by comparing results from the test sample to controls run simultaneously.  
1.4 This test method may not be appropriate for all types of antimicrobial-treated articles or antimicrobial agents. The proper test methodology should be determined based on antimicrobial mode of action and end-use expectations (Guide E2922)  
1.5 Proper neutralization of all antimicrobials must be confirmed using Test Methods E1054.  
1.6 This test method should be performed only by those trained in microbiological techniques.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in ...

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  • Standard
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ASTM
ASTM E3226-19(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Processing Cellulose Sponge-wipes to Detect Bacillus anthracis Spores Sampled from Environmental Surfaces

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This procedure describes a standardized method of processing cellulose wipes in a biosafety level 3 laboratory in order to detect and provide a semi-quantitative estimate of B. anthracis contamination after sampling of non-porous surfaces. Sampling may be conducted to characterize the extent of contamination or for clearance of an area after decontamination.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a standardized method of processing cellulose wipes in a biosafety level 3 (BSL3) laboratory in order to detect and provide a semi-quantitative estimate of Bacillus anthracis contamination after sampling of non-porous surfaces. Sampling may be conducted to characterize the extent of the contamination, or for area clearance after decontamination.  
1.2 The laboratory procedures should be performed in a BSL3 laboratory by those trained for BSL3 microbiological techniques.  
1.3 This test method is specific to B. anthracis, but could be adapted for use with other organisms.  
1.4 The interlaboratory study was conducted with cellulose sponge wipes pre-moistened with neutralizing buffer. All reproducibility, sensitivity, and specificity data are based on the performance of these wipes. A review was conducted by subcommittee in 2019, and re-confirmed these ILS data are valid.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E3180-18(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Quantification of a Bacillus subtilis Biofilm Comprised of Vegetative Cells and Spores Grown Using the Colony Biofilm Model

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Biofilm characteristics such as thickness, matrix architecture, and population are dependent on factors such as shear and nutrient availability and composition. Additionally, sporulation can occur within biofilms, including those formed by Bacillus subtilis.5 The purpose of this test method is to define the parameters to grow and enumerate a B. subtilis biofilm comprised of vegetative cells and spores embedded in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). This type of biofilm could provide a greater challenge to antimicrobials than vegetative biofilm or spores alone. The biofilm generated using this method is suitable for efficacy testing of antimicrobials.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies the operational parameters required to grow and quantify a Bacillus subtilis biofilm comprised of vegetative cells and endospores (spores) using the colony biofilm method (CBM).2,3 The resulting biofilm is representative of static environments that can develop a sporulating biofilm rather than being representative of one particular environment.  
1.2 This test method utilizes a modified CBM to grow the biofilm. The CBM uses a semipermeable membrane on an agar plate as the biofilm growth surface and nutrient source.2,3 In this test method, membranes are inoculated and incubated for a total of 8 days to promote sporulation within the biofilm.  
1.3 This test method describes how to sample and analyze the biofilm for vegetative cells and spores. Biofilm population is expressed as total colony forming units (CFU) and spores per membrane.  
1.4 Basic microbiology training is required to perform this test method.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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