ASTM D6825-02(2008)e1

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
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Designation: D6825 − 02(Reapproved 2008)
Standard Guide for
Placement of Riprap Revetments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6825; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—Sections X1.1-X1.3 were corrected editorially in February 2008.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This guide covers methods to place riprap with associ-
C33Specification for Concrete Aggregates
ated filters for erosion control purposes. This guide does not
C136Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse
recommend a specific course of action because of the diverse
Aggregates
methods and procedures that are capable of producing a
D75Practice for Sampling Aggregates
functionalproduct.Thisguideidentifiesfavorableriprapquali-
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
ties and recommends practices best suited to obtain those
Fluids
qualities. The production of rock, use of recycled materials,
D4992Practice for Evaluation of Rock to be Used for
rock with cut dimensions, and engineering and design is
Erosion Control
beyond the scope of this guide. Special forms of riprap,
D5519Test Methods for Particle Size Analysis of Natural
including hand placed riprap, grouted riprap, or keyed (plated)
and Man-Made Riprap Materials
riprap that is tamped into place to smooth the surface, are also
D6092Practice for Specifying Standard Sizes of Stone for
beyond the scope of this guide.
Erosion Control
1.2 This guide offers an organized collection of information
2.2 AASHTO Standard:
oraseriesofoptionsanddoesnotrecommendaspecificcourse
M288–2000Geotextile Specification for HighwayApplica-
of action. This document cannot replace education or experi-
tions
ence and should be used in conjunction with professional
judgment.Notallaspectsofthisguidemaybeapplicableinall
3. Terminology
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-
3.1 Terminologyusedinthisguide,whichisnotincludedor
sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
notcompletelydefinedinTerminologyD653,isdefinedbelow.
a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
documentbeappliedwithoutconsiderationofaproject’smany
3.2.1 bedding—an aggregate mixture placed below the rip-
unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this
rap.Beddingmaterialisusuallysandandgravelsized,butmay
document means only that the document has been developed
include cobble sized material. If placed without a geotextile,
and approved through the ASTM consensus process
the bedding material may be used as a filter. If placed in
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous operations and
conjunction with a geotextile, the bedding may provide a
equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the
cushionforprotectionofthegeotextileduringriprapplacement
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
andprovideconfinementofthegeotextile.Itispossibletohave
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
more than one bedding layer.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2.2 chinking—the practice of filling riprap surface voids
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.
with smaller sized rock or aggregate.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoilandRock contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.17 on Rock for Erosion Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Control.
the ASTM website.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2008. Published February 2008. Originally
Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation
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approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D6825–02 . DOI:
Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,
10.1520/D6825-02R08E01.
http://www.transportation.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D6825 − 02 (2008)
3.2.3 clam shell—a bucket tool that is operated from a preparation of job specific construction specifications are not
dragline or crane. The bucket is hinged at the top and opens justified. If this practice is included by reference in contract
like a clam so that rock can be placed without dropping it. documents, the specifier must provide a list of supplemental
requirements.
3.2.4 D —the particle diameter at which x% by weight
x
(dry) of the particles of a particular sample are finer.
5. Planning for Riprap Placement
3.2.5 filter—any substance, as geotextile or layer of sand/
5.1 Site conditions, level of protection required, construc-
aggregate, placed to provide separation and retention of mate-
tion methods, and equipment may affect the sizing, thickness,
rials, while allowing water to pass.
and lateral extent of a riprap revetment. For some small
3.2.6 floater—a individual rock within the riprap layer that
projects, riprap may be dumped with minimal analysis or
is not interlocked with the surrounding rocks.
quality control, and still fulfill the intended purpose. For larger
3.2.7 maximum aspect ratio—the ratio of the greatest to the
projects and critical structures, engineering, careful placement,
leastdimension,measuredacrossmutuallyperpendicularaxes,
and quality control become increasingly justified to minimize
for any piece of rock; synonym, slabbiness.
material costs and reduce the chance of failure. The degree of
control appropriate should be appropriate for each project.The
3.2.8 orange peel—a bucket tool that is operated from a
methods for placement and quality control should be compat-
draglineorcraneandresemblestheshapeofanorangepeeling.
iblewiththelevelofsiteinvestigationandotherconsiderations
The sides lift up and out so that rock can be placed without
included in Table 1. Table 1 includes factors which should be
dropping it.
considered, but are beyond the scope of this guide. Some
3.2.9 pit run material—rock that has been blasted but not
recommended publications for further information on these
processed to remove undersize pieces; synonym, shot rock or
factors and engineering criteria are given in the References
quarry run.
section. Designing the revetment is beyond the scope of this
3.2.10 revetment—bank protection by armor, that is, by
guide.
facing of a bank or embankment with erosion-resistant mate-
NOTE 1—Slope stability should always be considered. If it is not
investigatedanalyticallybyaqualifiedprofessional,thenitshouldatleast
rial.
be considered subjectively in light of the site conditions and surrounding
3.2.11 riprap—material generally less than 2 tons (1.8
conditions (riverbanks, shorelines, or landforms). Many agencies have
tonnes) in mass, specially selected and graded. When properly
generalized maximum allowable slopes (usually in the range of 1.5H:1V
placed, riprap prevents erosion through minor wave action, or to3H:1V);however,thesemustberecognizedassitespecific.Limitations
of the foundation, bank, material interfaces, seepage conditions, or toe
strong currents and thereby preserves the shape of a surface,
scour may lead to instability.
slope, or underlying structure. Riprap may be specifically
produced for the intended purpose, or it may be a by-product
6. Riprap Materials
from a mining operation, structure demolition, or industrial
6.1 Stone Sources and Evaluation—Rock must be durable
process.
material. In some cases, a source may be established based on
3.2.12 rock—any naturally formed aggregate of mineral
rock classification, geologic evaluation, and observations of
matter occurring in large masses or fragments. Rock may be
existing installations showing that the rock is durable. If a
either insitu or excavated material.
history of rock durability is not established, sampling and
testing the rock may be required. Acceptable material proper-
4. Significance and Use
ties for rock is dependent on the conditions (such as abrasion
4.1 Riprapisacommonlyusedformofscourprotectionand
and saturation frequency due to wave run-up) and climate in
general slope protection. Riprap provides a long term solution
thevicinityofwhereitwillbeused.Sourceselectionmustalso
when properly sized and installed. Riprap has structural flex-
consider the material properties available from local sources.
ibility so it will conform to irregular surfaces and adapt to
Riprapismostcommonlyproducedataquarry,butitmayalso
minor subgrade settlement. It is often appropriate for use in
be screened from a gravel pit operation, processed from rock
conjunction with soil bioengineering (vegetation establish-
collected from some other source, or manufactured from
ment) alternatives. In some environments, riprap may provide
crushed hydraulic-cement (recycled) concrete.
habitat for benthic organisms and fish.
NOTE 2—Borrowing stone, cobbles or gravel from stream or lake beds
4.2 Revetments provide a facing or lining to armor a that do not otherwise need to be disturbed may have environmental
consequences and may not be allowed under state and federal permits.
surface; and the layer thickness is typically minimized while
providing the necessary resistance to scour. In this case,
6.1.1 Sampling and Testing Rock Sources— Practice D4992
standardized practices to obtain consistent coverage having
provides guidance on sampling a source rock. Criteria for
acceptable thickness tolerances and voids become important.
acceptance should consider criteria in EM 1110-2-2302, but
may also consider characteristics of rock found in nearby
4.3 This guide may be used by owners, installation contrac-
quarries. Information provided with rock samples should
tors,regulatoryagencies,inspectionorganizations,anddesign-
include the location from which the sample was taken, and the
ersandspecifierswhoareinvolvedintheconstructionofriprap
stratigraphy for samples obtained at quarries. (See Note 3).
revetments. Modifications may be required for specific job
conditions.This guide is not intentded for construction speci-
NOTE 3—Due to the relative cost of producing and transporting riprap
fications on large projects, but may be referenced where in relation to placing it at the site, there is a potential for disputes where
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D6825 − 02 (2008)
TABLE 1 Predominant Factors for Placement and Maintenance of Riprap
Post
Site Design Construction
No. Factor Construction
Condition Control Control
Control
1 Hydraulic bed shear stress X
flow velocity or wave amplitude
flow turbulence
flow depth or wave run-up
water density (salinity)
2 Debris impact and ice action X X
3 Bed slope, side slopes (hydraulic stability) X X
4 Slope Stability (see Note 1) XX
5 Site Conditions (under water placement, temporary access,XX
encroaching structures, property limits, meandering rivers
and scour adjacent to revetment)
6 Environmental considerations (water quality, recreation use, X
affects on vegetation and wildlife)
7 Rock availability and cost X
8 Risk analysis (critical structure, return period for design XX
storm or flood event)
9 Filter requirements (subgrade drainage, filter clogging, instal- XX X
lation damage, particle retention, degradation)
10 Rock gradation, angularity and placement X
11 Revetment thickness X X X
12 Revetment extent (toe protection, key-in, free board) X X
13 Construction Methods/Equipment X X
14 Quality Control/Quality Assurance X X
15 Disturbances (People moving stones, animals burrowing XX
through filters)
16 Material Durability (rock degradation, exposure of geotextile) X X X X
samplingandtestingatthesourcehaveimpliedacceptanceofthematerial
6.3 Recycled Materials—Recycled materials may be used
and the Owner later rejects the material at the placement site. Contract
for sustainable design and development. However, quality
specifications should clearly state where the riprap will be sampled for
assurance of recycled material is generally more difficult and
testing and what constitutes final acceptance of the material.
the material must be appropriate for the intended use. Crushed
6.2 Riprap Grading—Recommended gradation require-
hydraulic-cement concrete may be obtained from various
ments for processed riprap are given in Practice D6092. The
sources with inconsistent strength and durability. Slabs in the
gradations are considered to be optimum size variations
source material and the amount of reinforcing steel can
consideringrockstability,riprapvoidsaffectingfiltrationofthe
complicate control of the grading requirements and the aspect
subgrade, and typical quarry processing capabilities. Research
ratio of individual stones.
attheCorpsofEngineersWaterwaysExperimentStationinthe
1960s and 1970s confirmed that there is an optimum size
7. Filter Materials
variation for riprap stability. Riprap layers with uniform sized
rocks have a rough surface which maximizes the tractive shear
7.1 Purpose of Filters—For revetments placed as thin fac-
stress on the rocks, which detracts from the stability. Material
ings or linings, a filter is required to prevent loss of the
that is too broad in grading is susceptible to segregation and
subgrade by turbulent flow through the voids in the riprap.
loss of the small stones.
Filters for riprap consist of bedding or geotextiles. Filters are
6.2.1 Sampling and Testing Material Gradations—The rip-
selectedtoprovidesoilretentionandadequatepermeabilityfor
rap grading should be verified. When gradation tolerances are
subgrade drainage. This requires balancing two opposing
critical, the grading should be determined in accordance with
criteria: the opening sizes (voids) must be small enough to
Practice D5519. Riprap samples should be taken from stock-
retain the subgrade particles and large enough to provide
piles, loaded trucks or in place test plots. Bedding and filter
adequate permeability for water passage. In some cases,
materials should be sampled in accordance with Practice D75
multiple layers may be required.
and tested in accordance with Test Method C136.
7.2 Bedding—Bedding material should be composed of
NOTE 4—Due to the economical limitations of obtaining the number
tough, durable particles, free from thin, flat and elongated
and size of samples to be statistically meaningful, the Owner and
pieces,andshouldcontainminimalquantitiesoforganicmatter
Contractor should have a partnering relationship. Both parties should
makeanefforttobepresentduringrocksourcesa
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