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ASTM D8070-16

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Screening of Fuels and Fuel Associated Aqueous Specimens for Microbial Contamination by Lateral Flow Immunoassay

Standard Test Method for Screening of Fuels and Fuel Associated Aqueous Specimens for Microbial Contamination by Lateral Flow Immunoassay

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to provide a tool for assessing whether fuel storage and distribution facilities, or end user fuel tanks, are subject to microbial growth, and to alert fuel suppliers or users to the potential for fuel quality or operational problems or the requirement for preventative or remedial measures, or both.  
5.2 This test method allows assessment of whether antigens generated by microbial activity in the specimens are present within specific defined ranges.  
5.3 This test method measures the presence of microbial and metabolite antigens in a specimen. The antigens are generated from the living cells and metabolites created by fungi and bacteria during growth on fuel. Consequently, the presence of antigens is an indicator of microbial contamination in fuel systems. Antigens are not associated with matter of nonbiological origin.  
5.3.1 Some of the antigens detected by this test method can persist after treatment with a biocide. See 11.4.  
5.4 This test method is semi-quantitative and can be used to determine whether contamination in samples drawn from fuel tanks and systems is negligible or present at moderate or heavy levels.  
5.4.1 Further information on using the test to assess biodeterioration risk is provided in Appendix X1.  
5.5 The significance of these levels to the operator will depend on the fuel type, the sampling location, the equipment or facility sampled, and the specific operating circumstances.  
5.6 Further guidance on interpretation of test results can be found in Guide D6469, in Energy Institute guidelines for the investigation of the microbial content of petroleum fuels, and in the IATA Guidance Material on Microbial Contamination in Aircraft Fuel Tanks.  
5.7 Further guidance on sampling can be found in Practice D7464.  
5.8 Testing can be conducted on a routine basis or to investigate incidents.  
5.9 Microbiological tests are not intended to be used to determine compliance with fuel specifications or lim...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure that can be used in the field or in a laboratory to detect antigens indicative of microbial contamination in liquid fuels, including those blended with synthesized hydrocarbons or biofuels, with kinematic viscosities (at 40 °C) of ≤24 mm2s–1 (for example, Specifications D396, D975, and D1655) and in fuel-associated water.  
1.1.1 This test method has been validated by an ILS for a range of middle distillate fuels meeting Specification D1655, EN590, Specification D975, and ISO 8217:2012.  
1.2 This test method semi-quantitatively assesses the concentration of specific antigens generated by aerobic microorganisms during active growth in fuels.  
1.2.1 A proprietary formulation of antibodies and antibody mixtures is used to detect three types of microbial antigen contamination: antigens generally found in aerobic bacteria, antigens generally present in common fungi (yeast and molds), and an antigen that is characteristic of Hormoconis resinae (the fungus most commonly associated with fuel biodeterioration).  
1.2.2 Although the antibodies and antibody mixtures are characteristic of diverse types of bacteria and fungi, it is unlikely that they are universal. Recognizing that for every microbe that has been isolated and characterized, it is likely that there are a billion that have not. Consequently, as is the case with all microbiological test methods, this test method does not purport to detect 100 % of the microbes present in a fuel or fuel-associated water sample.  
1.3 For each of the three sets of antigen detected (H. resinae, common fungi, and aerobic bacteria), the test detects whether the antigen concentration present is within set ranges representing negligible, moderate, or heavy microbial contamination.  
1.3.1 For fuel specimens, the antigen concentration ranges detected are 750 µg/L (heavy).  
1.3.2 For specimens of water associated with fuel, the antigen concent...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Nov-2016
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.14 - Stability, Cleanliness and Compatibility of Liquid Fuels
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D8070-19 - Standard Test Method for Screening of Fuels and Fuel Associated Aqueous Specimens for Microbial Contamination by Lateral Flow Immunoassay
Effective Date
01-Jul-2019
Referred By
ASTM D7687-23 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Cellular Adenosine Triphosphate in Fuel and Fuel-associated Water With Sample Concentration by Filtration
Effective Date
15-Nov-2016
Referred By
ASTM D6469-20 - Standard Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel Systems
Effective Date
15-Nov-2016
Referred By
ASTM D7847-22 - Standard Guide for Interlaboratory Studies for Microbiological Test Methods
Effective Date
15-Nov-2016

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ASTM D8070-16 - Standard Test Method for Screening of Fuels and Fuel Associated Aqueous Specimens for Microbial Contamination by Lateral Flow ImmunoassayASTM D8070-16 - Standard Test Method for Screening of Fuels and Fuel Associated Aqueous Specimens for Microbial Contamination by Lateral Flow Immunoassay
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ASTM D8070-16 - Standard Test Method for Screening of Fuels and Fuel Associated Aqueous Specimens for Microbial Contamination by Lateral Flow Immunoassay
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D8070 − 16
Standard Test Method for
Screening of Fuels and Fuel Associated Aqueous
Specimens for Microbial Contamination by Lateral Flow
1
Immunoassay
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8070; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.3.1 For fuel specimens, the antigen concentration ranges
detected are <150 µg⁄L (negligible), 150 µg⁄L to 750 µg⁄L
1.1 This test method describes a procedure that can be used
(moderate), and >750 µg⁄L (heavy).
in the field or in a laboratory to detect antigens indicative of
1.3.2 For specimens of water associated with fuel, the
microbial contamination in liquid fuels, including those
antigen concentration ranges detected are <33 µg⁄mL
blended with synthesized hydrocarbons or biofuels, with kine-
(negligible), 33 µg⁄mL to 166 µg⁄mL (moderate), and
2 –1
matic viscosities (at 40 °C) of ≤24 mm s (for example,
>166 µg⁄mL (heavy).
Specifications D396, D975, and D1655) and in fuel-associated
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
water.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
1.1.1 This test method has been validated by an ILS for a
standard.
range of middle distillate fuels meeting Specification D1655,
EN590, Specification D975, and ISO 8217:2012. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.2 This test method semi-quantitatively assesses the con-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
centration of specific antigens generated by aerobic microor-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
ganisms during active growth in fuels.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific
1.2.1 A proprietary formulation of antibodies and antibody
hazard statement, see Section 8.
mixtures is used to detect three types of microbial antigen
contamination: antigens generally found in aerobic bacteria,
2. Referenced Documents
antigens generally present in common fungi (yeast and molds),
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
andanantigenthatischaracteristicof Hormoconis resinae(the
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
fungus most commonly associated with fuel biodeterioration).
D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
1.2.2 Although the antibodies and antibody mixtures are
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
characteristic of diverse types of bacteria and fungi, it is
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
unlikely that they are universal. Recognizing that for every
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
microbe that has been isolated and characterized, it is likely
Fuels, and Lubricants
that there are a billion that have not. Consequently, as is the
D4176 Test Method for FreeWater and Particulate Contami-
case with all microbiological test methods, this test method
nation in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)
does not purport to detect 100 % of the microbes present in a
D6469 GuideforMicrobialContaminationinFuelsandFuel
fuel or fuel-associated water sample.
Systems
1.3 For each of the three sets of antigen detected (H. D6974 Practice for Enumeration of Viable Bacteria and
Fungi in Liquid Fuels—Filtration and Culture Procedures
resinae, common fungi, and aerobic bacteria), the test detects
whether the antigen concentration present is within set ranges D7464 Practice for Manual Sampling of Liquid Fuels, As-
sociated Materials and Fuel System Components for
representingnegligible,moderate,orheavymicrobialcontami-
nation. Microbiological Testing
D7687 Test Method for Measurement of CellularAdenosine
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
2
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Subcommittee D02.14 on Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2016. Published January 2017. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D8070-16. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D8070 − 16
Triphosphate in Fuel, Fuel/Water Mixtures, and Fuel- 3.2.6 colony forming unit (CFU), n—a viable microorgan-
AssociatedWaterwithSampleConcentrationbyFiltration ism or aggregate of viable microorganisms, which prolifer-
D7847 GuideforInterlaboratoryStudi
...

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1.1 This guide provides procedures to develop data for use in research reports for new aviation gasolines or new aviation gasoline additives.  
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1.3 These research reports are intended to support the development and issuance of new specifications or specification revisions for these products. Guidance to develop ASTM International standard specifications for aviation gasoline is provided in Subcommittee J on Aviation Fuels Operating Procedures, Annex A6, “Guidelines for the Development and Acceptance of a New Aviation Fuel Specification for Spark-Ignition Reciprocating Engines.”  
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5.1 Some acids can be present in aviation turbine fuels due either to the acid treatment during the refining process or to naturally occurring organic acids. Significant acid contamination is not likely to be present because of the many check tests made during the various stages of refining. However, trace amounts of acid can be present and are undesirable because of the consequent tendencies of the fuel to corrode metals that it contacts or to impair the water separation characteristics of the aviation turbine fuel.  
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5.1 The tendency of a fuel to vaporize in automotive engine fuel systems is indicated by the vapor-liquid ratio of the fuel.  
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5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
5.2 The relationship of test results to aviation fuel system component distress due to wear has been demonstrated for some fuel/hardware combinations where boundary lubrication is a factor in the operation of the component.  
5.3 The wear scar generated in the ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator (BOCLE) test is sensitive to contamination of the fluids and test materials, the presence of oxygen and water in the atmosphere, and the temperature of the test. Lubricity measurements are also sensitive to trace materials acquired during sampling and storage. Containers specified in Practice D4306 shall be used.  
5.4 The BOCLE test method may not directly reflect operating conditions of engine hardware. For example, some fuels that contain a high content of certain sulfur compounds can give anomalous test results.
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1.1 This test method covers assessment of the wear aspects of the boundary lubrication properties of aviation turbine fuels on rubbing steel surfaces.  
1.1.1 This test method incorporates two procedures, one using a semi-automated instrument and the second a fully automated instrument. Either of the two instruments may be used to carry out the test.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D7398-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The boiling range distribution of FAMES provides an insight into the composition of product related to the transesterification process. This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Biodiesel (FAMES) exhibits a boiling point rather than a distillation curve. The fatty acid chains in the raw oils and fats from which biodiesel is produced are mainly comprised of straight chain hydrocarbons with 16 to 18 carbons that have similar boiling temperatures. The atmospheric boiling point of biodiesel generally ranges from 330 °C to 357 °C. The Specification D6751 value of 360 °C max at 90 % off by Test Method D1160 was incorporated as a precaution to ensure the fuel has not been adulterated with high boiling contaminants.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). This test method is applicable to FAMES (biodiesel, B100) having an initial boiling point greater than 100 °C and a final boiling point less than 615 °C at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method.  
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1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7484-23a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Valve-Train Wear Performance in Cummins ISB Medium-Duty Diesel Engine

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was developed to assess the performance of a heavy-duty engine oil in controlling engine wear under operating conditions selected to accelerate soot production and valve-train wear in a turbocharged and aftercooled four-cycle diesel engine with sliding tappet followers equipped with exhaust gas recirculation hardware.  
5.2 The design of the engine used in this test method is representative of many, but not all, modern diesel engines. This factor, along with the accelerated operating conditions, shall be considered when extrapolating test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the Cummins ISB Test, covers the utilization of a modern, 5.9 L, diesel engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and is used to evaluate oil performance with regard to valve-train wear.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—SI units are provided for all parameters except where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source of supply equipment specification.  
1.2.2 See also A7.1 for clarification; it does not supersede 1.2 and 1.2.1.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.  
1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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