ASTM D1310-14(2021)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D1310 − 14 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Test Method for
Flash Point and Fire Point of Liquids by Tag Open-Cup
Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1310; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing prod-
ucts into your state or country may be prohibited by law.
1.1 This test method covers the determination by Tag
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Open-CupApparatusoftheflashpointandfirepointofliquids
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
having flash points between −18 and 165°C (0 and 325°F) and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
fire points up to 325°F.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1.2 This test method, when applied to paints and resin
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
solutions that tend to skin over or that are very viscous, gives
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
less reproducible results than when applied to solvents.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
NOTE 1—In order to conserve time and sample, the fire point of a
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
material may be determined by the Tag Open-Cup Method by continuing
the heating of the specimen to its fire point. Fire points may also be mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
determined by Test Method D92, which should be used for fire points
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
beyond the scope of this test method.
2. Referenced Documents
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
2.1 ASTM Standards:
only.
D92Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland
Open Cup Tester
1.4 This standard should be used to measure and describe
D850Test Method for Distillation of Industrial Aromatic
thepropertiesofmaterials,products,orassembliesinresponse
Hydrocarbons and Related Materials
to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and
D1015Test Method for Freezing Points of High-Purity
should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or
Hydrocarbons (Withdrawn 2019)
fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire
D1016Test Method for Purity of Hydrocarbons from Freez-
conditions. However, results of this test may be used as
ing Points (Withdrawn 2019)
elements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account all
D1078Test Method for Distillation Range of Volatile Or-
of the factors pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a
ganic Liquids
particular end use.
D1364Test Method for Water in Volatile Solvents (Karl
1.5 Warning—Mercuryhasbeendesignatedbymanyregu-
Fischer Reagent Titration Method) (Withdrawn 2021)
latory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central
D2268Test Method for Analysis of High-Purity n-Heptane
nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its
and Isooctane by Capillary Gas Chromatography
vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials.
D2699Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-
Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury
Ignition Engine Fuel
containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data
D2700Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-
Sheet(SDS)fordetailsandEPA’swebsite,http://www.epa.gov/
Ignition Engine Fuel
mercury/faq.htm, for additional information. Users should be
E1Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Subcommittee D01.21 on Chemical Analysis of Paints and Paint Materials. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2021. Published February 2021. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1952. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D1310–14. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/D1310-14R21. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1310 − 14 (2021)
E1137SpecificationforIndustrialPlatinumResistanceTher- 7.5 p-Xylene, for determination of flash points from 16 to
mometers 93°C (60 to 200°F). See Annex A2 for specifications.
E2251Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom- 5
7.6 Isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol), for determination of
eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids
flash points from 16 to 93°C (60 to 200°F). See AnnexA2 for
E2877Guide for Digital Contact Thermometers
specifications.
3. Terminology
7.7 Diethylene Glycol, for determination of flash points
from 93 to 165°C (200 to 325°F). See Annex A2 for specifi-
3.1 Definitions:
cations.
3.1.1 flash point, n—the lowest temperature, corrected to a
pressure of 760 mm Hg (101.3 kPa, 1013 mbar), at which
8. Assembly and Preparation of Apparatus
application of an ignition source causes the vapor of the
8.1 Placethetesterinalevelpositiononasolidtablefreeof
specimen to ignite by the procedure described.
vibration, in a location free of perceptible draft, and in a dim
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
light. Maintain a room temperature of 24 6 3°C (75 6 5°F)
3.2.1 fire point, n—the lowest temperature at which a
throughout the test. Other room temperatures may be specified
specimen sustains burning for a minimum of5sbythe
on agreement between buyer and seller.
procedure described.
NOTE 2—For materials with vapors or products of pyrolysis that are
4. Summary of Method
objectionable,itispermissibletoplacetheapparatuswithshieldinafume
hoodwiththeventilationturnedoff.Theventilationcanthenbeturnedon
4.1 The specimen is placed in the cup of a Tag Open-Cup
at completion of the test, or when and if fumes become objectionable.
Apparatus and heated at a slow, but constant rate.Asmall test
8.2 Adjust the horizontal and vertical positions of the taper
flame is passed at a uniform rate across the cup at specified
so that the jet passes on the circumference of a circle having a
intervals until a flash occurs. To determine the fire point, the
radiusofatleast6in.(150mm).Thejetshouldpassacrossthe
test is continued until the application of the test flame causes
center of the cup at right angles to a diameter passing through
the specimen to ignite and burn for at least 5 s.
thethermometerandinaplane ⁄8in.(3.2mm)abovetheupper
5. Significance and Use
edge of the cup as measured from the center of the orifice.
5.1 Flash point and fire point of a liquid are physical
8.3 Using the leveling device as a gage, adjust the height of
properties that may be used to define their flammability
the taper so that the center of the orifice is exactly ⁄8 in. (3.2
hazards. The flash point may be used to classify materials in
mm) above the top edge of the glass cup when it is in place. It
government regulations.
is imperative that this adjustment be made as accurately as
possible. Raising or lowering the taper can be achieved by
6. Apparatus
bending it slightly or preferably by adding and removing thin
6.1 Flash Tester—Tag Open-Cup Apparatus (Fig. 1), as
metalshimsasrequiredfrombetweenthetaperandthevertical
described in detail in Annex A1.
supporting member of the swivel holder.
6.2 Shield, as described in detail in Annex A1.
8.4 With the glass cup in place in the bath, adjust the
thermometerholdersothatthethermometerissupportedfirmly
6.3 Thermometers,conformingtoSpecificationE1,aslisted
in a vertical position halfway between the center and edge of
in Table 1 Alternative temperature measuring devices are
the cup and on a line passing through the center of the cup and
permittedprovidingtheyhaveasimilarresponsetimeandmeet
thepivotofthetaper.Placethethermometersothatthebottom
therespectiveperformanceandimmersiondepthspecifications
ofthebulbis ⁄4in.(6.4mm)fromtheinnerbottomofthecup.
of thermometers listed in Specification E1. See Specifications
E1137andE2251,andGuideE2877whenselectingalternative
8.5 Set the draft shield around the tester so that the sides
temperature measuring devices.
form right angles with each other and the tester is well toward
the back of the shield.
6.4 Flasks, 500-mL, two, with rubber stoppers.
7. Materials 9. Procedure
7.1 Water-Glycol Solution (1+1), for flash points from −18
9.1 FlashPointsfrom−18to16°C(0to60°F)(Warning—
to 93°C (0 to 200°F). Meticulous attention to all details relating to the taper, size of
taper flame, rate of temperature increase, and rate of passing
7.2 Solid Carbon Dioxide-Acetone or other Coolant.
the taper over the sample is necessary for good results.)
7.3 Silicone Fluid, inert, high boiling, having a flash point
9.1.1 Equiptwo500-mLflaskswithrubberstoppersthrough
exceeding the test temperatures by at least 60°C (110°F) for
which are inserted ASTM 33C (33F) thermometers. Cool a
flash and fire points from 93 to 165°C (200 to 325°F).
quantity of 1+1 water-glycol solution in one stoppered
7.4 n-Heptane, for determination of flash points from − 18
to 16°C (0 to 60°F). See Annex A2 for specifications.
Satisfactory isopropanol may be obtained from Exxon Chemical, Americus P.
O. Box 3272, Houston, TX 77001, Shell Chemical Co., One Shell Plaza, Houston,
Satisfactory n-heptane and p-xylene can be obtained from Special Products TX 77002, or Union Carbide Co., P. O. Box 8361, South Charleston, WV 25303.
Division, Chemical Department, Phillips Petroleum Company, Drawer O, Borger, Satisfactory diethylene glycol may be obtained from Union Carbide Co., S.
TX 79607. Charleston, WV.
D1310 − 14 (2021)
Metric Equivalents
in. mm
2 ⁄16 71.4
3 ⁄16 81
6 ⁄8 174.5
FIG. 1 Tag Open-Cup Apparatus
D1310 − 14 (2021)
TABLE 1 Thermometers
carefully wipe the edge with absorbant tissue to remove frost
ASTM and liquid, just prior to passage of the taper over the cup.
Thermometer
Thermometer Thermometer Range
Subdivisions
Number NOTE 5—When determining the flash point or fire point, or both, of
viscous liquids and those liquids that tend to form a surface film, the
Flash Point/
following procedure is suggested: About 15 s before the taper is passed
Fire Point:
0 to 60°F 33F-75 −36.5 to + 107.5°F 0.5°F over the surface, insert the end of a stirring rod to a depth of about ⁄2 in.
−18 to 15°C 33C-75 −38 to + 42°C 0.2°C
(15 mm) in approximately a vertical position. Move the rod from
60 to 200°F 9F-75 20 to 230°F 1°F
side-to-side of the cup for three or four complete passes following
15 to 93°C 9C-75 −5 to 110°C 0.5°C
approximately the path of the taper, remove, and make the test.
200 to 325°F 35F-79 194 to 338°F 0.5°F
NOTE 6—Discontinue heating and checking flash point if the specimen
93 to 165°C 35C-79 90 to 170°C 0.2°C
boils before flashing. Record that the material has no flash point prior to
boiling.
9.1.8 Continue with procedure in 9.4.
9.2 FlashPointsfrom60to200°F(16to93°C)(See9.1and
500-mL flask to approximately −30°C (−20°F) by immersing
Notes 3-5):
the flask in a solid carbon dioxide-acetone bath or other
9.2.1 Fill the bath with cold water or water-glycol solution
coolant. Use extreme care not to contaminate the water-glycol
to a predetermined level ⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) below the top when
solution with either acetone or carbon dioxide.
the cup is in place. The bath liquid should be at least 30°F
9.1.2 Pour the cooled water-glycol solution into the tester
(17°C) below the anticipated flash point.
bath to a predetermined level 3.2 mm ( ⁄8 in.) below the top
9.2.2 If necessary, cool a portion of the sample to at least
when the cup is in place. An overflow is desirable for
20°F (10°C) below the anticipated flash point. Exercise ad-
controlling the liquid level in the bath.
equate care to avoid contamination of the sample with coolant
9.1.3 At the same time the water-glycol coolant is being
liquid or vapors. Fill the glass cup with the cooled sample to a
chilled, cool a portion of the sample to approximately −25°C
depth approximately ⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) below the edge as
(−10°F) in the second stoppered 500-mL flask. If solid carbon
determined by the leveling device, with the proper thermom-
dioxide and acetone or other volatile solvents are used as a
eter (see Table 1) positioned as described in 8.4.
coolant, extreme care must be exercised to avoid contamina-
9.2.3 For final adjustment of the specimen level, see 9.1.5.
tion of the sample. Cool the glass cup and place it in the bath.
9.2.4 Light the ignition flame and adjust it as described in
Position the appropriate thermometer (Table 1) as described in
8.4 and fill the cup with cooled sample to a depth approxi- 9.1.4.
mately 3.2 mm ( ⁄8 in.) below the edge as determined by the 9.2.5 Apply heat to the liquid bath and adjust so that the
leveling device. temperatureofthespecimenincreasesatarateof2 60.5°F(1
6 0.25°C)/min.
NOTE 3—Remove all bubbles from the surface of the liquid before
9.2.6 Determine the approximate flash point by passing the
starting a determination.
taper flame across the specimen at intervals of 2°F (1°C) as
9.1.4 Light the ignition flame and adjust it to form a flame
described in 9.1.7.
ofsphericalshapematchinginsizethe ⁄32-in.(4.0-mm)sphere
9.2.7 Continue with procedure in 9.4.
on the apparatus or the ⁄32-in. hole in the leveling device.
9.3 Procedure for Flash Points from 200 to 325°F (93 to
9.1.5 Makethefinaladjustmentofthespecimenlevelinthe
165°C) (See 9.1 and Notes 3-5):
cupwhenthetemperatureis20°F(10°C)belowtheanticipated
flashpoint.Twotrialdeterminationsmaybenecessarytoselect 9.3.1 Fill the bath with a high-boiling inert silicone fluid to
a predetermined level ⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) below the top when the
the proper temperature at which to adjust the liquid level. A
cup is in place.
hypodermicsyringeormedicinedropperprovidesaconvenient
means of adding or removing sample from the cup. 9.3.2 With the appropriate thermometer (see Table 1) prop-
9.1.6
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