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ASTM E162-98e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source

Standard Test Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source

SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response standard, to be used for research and development purposes, covers the measurement of surface flammability of materials. It is not intended for use as a basis of ratings for building code purposes.  
1.2 This standard should be used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire-hazard or fire-risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of the test may be used as elements of a fire- hazard assessment or a fire-risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard or fire risk of a particular end use.  
1.3  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jan-2002
ICS
13.220.50 - Fire-resistance of building materials and elements
Technical Committee
E05 - Fire Standards
Drafting Committee
E05.22 - Surface Burning
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E162-98 - Standard Test Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source
Effective Date
10-Jan-2002
Replaced By
ASTM E162-02 - Standard Test Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source
Effective Date
10-Jan-2002
Referred By
ASTM F3214-23 - Standard Practice for Characterization of Fire Properties of Seating, Upholstery, and Padding Materials for Vehicles Associated with Amusement Rides and Devices
Effective Date
10-Jan-2002
Referred By
ASTM F1870-22 - Standard Guide for Selection of Fire Test Methods for the Assessment of Upholstered Furnishings in Detention and Correctional Facilities
Effective Date
10-Jan-2002
Referred By
ASTM D3574-17 - Standard Test Methods for Flexible Cellular Materials—Slab, Bonded, and Molded Urethane Foams
Effective Date
10-Jan-2002
Referred By
ASTM E2280-21 - Standard Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of the Effect of Upholstered Seating Furniture Within Patient Rooms of Health Care Facilities
Effective Date
10-Jan-2002
Referred By
ASTM F1085-19 - Standard Specification for Mattress and Box Springs for Use in Berths in Marine Vessels
Effective Date
10-Jan-2002
Referred By
ASTM E1321-18 - Standard Test Method for Determining Material Ignition and Flame Spread Properties
Effective Date
10-Jan-2002
Referred By
ASTM E3020-22 - Standard Practice for Ignition Sources
Effective Date
10-Jan-2002
Referred By
ASTM C647-19 - Standard Guide to Properties and Tests of Mastics and Coating Finishes for Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
10-Jan-2002
Referred By
ASTM D3675-22 - Standard Test Method for Surface Flammability of Flexible Cellular Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source
Effective Date
10-Jan-2002
Referred By
ASTM D4727/D4727M-22 - Standard Specification for Corrugated and Solid Fiberboard Sheet Stock (Container Grade) and Cut Shapes
Effective Date
10-Jan-2002
Referred By
ASTM E2061-23 - Standard Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of Rail Transportation Vehicles
Effective Date
10-Jan-2002
Referred By
ASTM E84-23b - Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
Effective Date
10-Jan-2002
Referred By
ASTM D8318-20 - Standard Specification for Low-Density Poly (Vinylidene Fluoride) Based Material Intended for Use in Wire and Cable Jacketing
Effective Date
10-Jan-2002

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ASTM E162-98e1 - Standard Test Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceASTM E162-98e1 - Standard Test Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source
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ASTM E162-98e1 - Standard Test Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
e1
Designation: E 162 – 98 An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat
1
Energy Source
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 162; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1
e NOTE—An editorial change was made in 11.3 in June 2001.
1. Scope 18-in. (300 by 460-mm) panel in front of which an inclined 6
by 18-in. (150 by 460 mm) specimen of the material is placed.
1.1 This fire-test-response standard, to be used for research
The orientation of the specimen is such that ignition is forced
and development purposes, covers the measurement of surface
near its upper edge and the flame front progresses downward.
flammability of materials. It is not intended for use as a basis
4.2 A factor derived from the rate of progress of the flame
of ratings for building code purposes.
front and another relating to the rate of heat liberation by the
1.2 This standard should be used to measure and describe
material under test are combined to provide a flame spread
the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and
index.
flame under controlled conditions and should not be used to
describe or appraise the fire-hazard or fire-risk of materials,
5. Significance and Use
products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However,
5.1 This test method provides a laboratory test procedure for
results of the test may be used as elements of a firehazard
measuring and comparing the surface flammability of materials
assessment or a fire-risk assessment which takes into account
when exposed to a prescribed level of radiant heat energy. It is
all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the
intended for measurements on materials whose surfaces may
fire hazard or fire risk of a particular end use.
be exposed to fire. The test is made on specimens of small size
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
(6 by 18 in. (150 by 460 mm)) that are representative, to the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
extent possible, of the material or assembly being evaluated.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
The test is intended for research and development only.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5.2 The rate at which flames will travel along surfaces
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
depends upon the physical and thermal properties of the
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
material, its method of mounting and orientation, the type and
as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information
level of fire or heat exposure, the availability of air, and
only.
3
properties of the surrounding enclosure.
2. Referenced Documents
6. Apparatus
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2 6.1 The apparatus shall be essentially as shown in Figs. 1
E 176 Terminology Relating to Fire Standards
and 2 and shall include the following:
3. Terminology 6.1.1 Radiant Panel with Air and Gas Supply—The radiant
panel shall consist of a porous refractory material vertically
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
mounted in a cast iron frame, exposing a radiating surface of
method refer to the terminology contained in Terminology E
12 by 18 in. (300 by 460 mm) and shall be capable of operating
176.
4. Summary of Test Method
3
Robertson, A. F., “Surface Flammability Measurements by the Radiant Panel
4.1 This test method of measuring surface flammability of
Method,” Symposium on Fire Test Methods, ASTM STP 344, ASTM, 1962, pp.
materials employs a radiant heat source consisting of a 12 by
33–46.
Robertson, A. F., Gross, D., and Loftus, J., “A Method for Measuring Surface
Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Energy Source,” Proceedings, ASTM,
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-5 on Fire Vol 56, 1956, pp. 1437–1453.
Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.22 on Surface Gross, D. and Loftus, J. J., “Surface Flame Propagation on Cellulosic Materials
Burning. Exposed to Thermal Radiation,” Journal of Research, NBS, Vol 67C, 1963, pp.
Current edition approved March 10, 1998. Published May 1998. Originally 251–258.
published as E 162 – 60 T. Last previous edition E 162 – 94. Magee, R. S. and McAlevy III, R. F., “The Mechanism of Flame Spread,”
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.07. Journal of Fire and Flammability, Vol 2, 1971, pp. 271–297.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428
...

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1.1 This test method covers a means to measure the response of materials, products or layered assemblies when exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating, with or without an external ignitor.  
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Standard Guide for Extension of Data from Penetration Firestop System Tests Conducted in Accordance with ASTM E814

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The methods and procedures set forth in this guide relate to the extension of the fire test results to firestop systems that have not been tested.  
4.2 Users of this guide must have knowledge and understanding of the provisions of Test Methods E119 and Test Method E814 including those pertaining to conditions of acceptance.  
4.3 In order to apply some of the principles described in this guide, reference to the original fire test report will be necessary.  
4.4 In Test Method E814, the specimens are subjected to specific laboratory fire test exposure conditions. Differences between the tested assembly and the as-built assembly impact the fire-test-response characteristics. Substitution of different test conditions also impacts the fire-test-response characteristics.  
4.5 The extension of data is valid only for the fire test exposure described in Test Method E814.  
4.6 This guide shall not be used to extrapolate the fire resistance rating to a higher value.  
4.7 Limitations:  
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4.7.2 Conclusions derived from using this guide are valid only if the identified change is the only change in the construction or properties of the components.  
4.7.3 Evaluation of changes to the fire-resistive assembly in which the firestop is installed is governed by the Extension of Data principles in Practice E2032.  
4.8 The statements in this guide are based on a single change to a system.
Note 2: It is possible that multiple changes have a different cumulative effect than that of individual changes evaluated separately. The principles contained herein may provide useful information for the application of sound engineering principles to evaluate the effect of multiple differences between tested and installed firestops.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the extension of results obtained from fire tests performed in accordance with Test Method E814 to applications that have not been tested. Test Method E814 evaluates the duration for which test specimens will contain a fire, retain their integrity, or both during a predetermined fire test exposure. Firestops are intended for use in fire-resistive walls and floors that are evaluated in conformance with Test Methods E119.
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1.2 This guide is based on principles involving the extension of test data using simple considerations. The acceptance of these principles and their application is based substantially on an analogous worst-case proposition.  
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ASTM E603-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Room Fire Experiments

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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5.2 The relationship between laboratory fire test methods and actual room fires can be investigated by the use of full-scale and reduced-scale experiments. This guide is aimed at establishing a basis for conducting full-scale experiments for the study of room fire growth.  
5.3 Room fire tests can be placed into four main categories: reconstruction, simulation, research and standardization.  
5.3.1 Reconstruction room fire tests are full scale replicates of a fire scene with the geometry, materials, contents, and ignition source intended to duplicate a particular scenario. The usual purpose of such a test is to evaluate what happened or what might happen in such a scenario.  
5.3.2 Simulation room fire tests are comparable to reconstruction fire tests, except that not all of the parameters are duplicated. A simulated fire test is one in which one or more components of a fire scenario are altered, usually in order to facilitate conducting the test. The compartment design must carefully address geometry and materials of construction to ensure that they do not significantly alter the fire response. Reconstruction and simulation fire tests often have a distinctive objective, such as time to flashover, that is related to the nature of the original fire scene.  
5.3.3 Research room fire tests are conducted in order to elucidate the effects of one or more of the following: geometry, materials, placement of items, ventilation, or other parameters. The measured effects (such as room temperature, heat flux, heat release rate, time to flashover, post flashover conditions) are chosen to provide the most useful information.  
5.3.4 Standardization room fire tests include scenarios that have been adopted by a standardization body. In this case, the compartment, ignition...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide addresses means of conducting full-scale fire experiments that evaluate the fire-test-response characteristics of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.2 It is intended as a guide for the design of the experiment and for the use and interpretation of its results. The guide is also useful for establishing laboratory conditions that simulate a given set of fire conditions to the greatest extent possible.  
1.3 This guide allows users to obtain fire-test-response characteristics of materials, products, or assemblies, which are useful data for describing or appraising their fire performance under actual fire conditions.  
1.3.1 The results of experiments conducted in accordance with this guide are also useful elements for making regulatory decisions regarding fire safety requirements. The use for regulatory purposes of data obtained from experiments conducted using this guide requires that certain conditions and criteria be specified by the regulating authority.  
1.4 The rationale for conducting room fire experiments in accordance with this guide is shown in 1.5 – 1.8.  
1.5 Room fire experiments are a means of generating input data for computer fire models and for providing output data with which to compare modeling results.  
1.6 One of the major reasons for conducting room fire experiments is as an experimental means of assessing the potential fire hazard associated with the use of a material or product in a particular application. This should be borne in mind when designing nonstandard experiments.  
1.7 A rationale for conducting room fire experiments is the case when smaller-scale fire tests inadequately represent end-use applications.  
1.8 A further rationale for conducting room fire experiments is to verify the results obtained with smaller scale tests, to understand the scaling parameters for such tests.  
1.9 Room fire tests can be placed into four main cate...

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ASTM
ASTM E2690-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Caulks and Sealants to Assess Surface Burning Characteristics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Building products made with caulks and sealants are often used for applications for which Test Method E84 is used for compliance with building code, life safety code or mechanical code requirements. This practice describes, in detail, specimen mounting procedures for those caulks and sealants which are not able to be supported by their own structural characteristics during the test.  
5.2 Codes are often silent with regard to testing caulks and sealants for the assessment of flame spread index and smoke developed index as surface burning characteristics. This practice describes specimen preparation and mounting procedures for such materials and products.  
5.3 The material shall be representative of the materials used in actual field installations.  
5.4 The limitations for this procedure are those associated with Test Method E84.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for specimen preparation and mounting when testing caulks and sealants to assess flame spread and smoke development as surface burning characteristics using Test Method E84.  
1.1.1 Caulks and sealants up to 8 in. (203.2 mm) in width shall follow the requirements of 7.1.  
1.1.2 Caulks and sealants in excess of 8 in. (203.2 mm) in width shall follow the requirements of 7.2.
1.1.2.1 Caulks and sealants in excess of 8 in. (203.2 mm) in width can be considered coatings.  
1.2 This practice applies to caulks and sealants intended for various uses within buildings. The caulks and sealants addressed in this practice are not able to be supported by their own structural characteristics during the test.  
1.2.1 This practice does not apply to adhesives that are used to adhere or bind together surfaces. Annex A12 of Test Method E84 provides a procedure for testing adhesives.  
1.3 Testing is conducted in accordance with Test Method E84.  
1.4 This practice does not provide pass/fail criteria that can be used as a regulatory tool.  
1.5 This practice does not apply to materials for which the test specimen does not remain in place before and during the test until maximum flame propagation has occurred.  
1.6 This practice is not for system evaluation. It is for the comparison of the materials only.  
1.7 The results obtained by using this mounting procedure are confined to the materials themselves as tested and are not comparable to those obtained with materials that are tested in a full tunnel width application.  
1.8 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.10 This standard gives instructions on specimen preparation and mounting, but the fire-test-response method is given in Test Method E84. See also Section 9.  
1.11 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes shall not be considered requirements of the standard.  
1.12 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.13 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.14 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1623-22a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Fire and Thermal Parameters of Materials, Products, and Systems Using an Intermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the heat release rate of materials, products, and assemblies. Other parameters are the effective heat of combustion, mass loss rate, the time to ignition, smoke and gas production, emissivity, and surface temperature. Examples of test specimens are assemblies of materials or products that are tested in their end-use thickness. Therefore, the test method is suitable for assessing the heat release rate of a wall assembly.  
5.2 Representative joints and other characteristics of an assembly shall be included in a specimen when these details are part of normal design.  
5.3 This test method is applicable to end-use products not having an ideally planar external surface. The heat flux shall be adjusted to be that which is desired at the average distance of the surface from the radiant panel.  
5.4 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure.  
5.5 Test Limitations:  
5.5.1 The test results have limited validity if: (a) the specimen melts sufficiently to overflow the drip tray, or (b) explosive spalling occurs.  
5.5.2 Exercise caution in interpreting results of specimens that sag, deform, or delaminate during a test. Report observations of such behavior.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response standard assesses the response of materials, products, and assemblies to controlled levels of radiant heat exposure with or without an external ignitor.  
1.2 The fire-test-response characteristics determined by this test method include the ignitability, heat release rates, mass loss rates, visible smoke development, and gas release of materials, products, and assemblies under well ventilated conditions.  
1.3 This test method is also suitable for determining many of the parameters or values needed as input for computer fire models. Examples of these values include effective heat of combustion, surface temperature, ignition temperature, and emissivity.  
1.4 This test method is also intended to provide information about other fire parameters such as thermal conductivity, specific heat, radiative and convective heat transfer coefficients, flame radiation factor, air entrainment rates, flame temperatures, minimum surface temperatures for upward and downward flame spread, heat of gasification, nondimensional heat of gasification (1)2 and the Φ flame spread parameter (see Test Method E1321). While some studies have indicated that this test method is suitable for determining these fire parameters, insufficient testing and research have been done to justify inclusion of the corresponding testing and calculating procedures.  
1.5 The heat release rate is determined by the principle of oxygen consumption calorimetry, via measurement of the oxygen consumption as determined by the oxygen concentration and flow rate in the exhaust product stream (exhaust duct). The procedure is specified in 11.1. Smoke development is quantified by measuring the obscuration of light by the combustion product stream (exhaust duct).  
1.6 Specimens are exposed to a constant heat flux in the range of 0 to 50 kW/m2  in a vertical orientation. Hot wires are used to ignite the combustible vapors from the specimen during the ignition and heat release tests. The assessment of the parameters associated with flame spread requires the use of line burners instead of hot wire ignitors.  
1.6.1 Heat release measurements at low heat flux levels (2) require special considerations as described in Section A1.1.6.  
1.7 This test method has been developed for evaluations, design, or research and development of materials, products, or...

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ASTM
ASTM E2652-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Assessing Combustibility of Materials Using a Tube Furnace with a Cone-shaped Airflow Stabilizer, at 750 °C

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 While actual building fire exposure conditions are not duplicated, this test method will assist in indicating those materials which do not act to aid combustion or add appreciable heat to an ambient fire.  
5.2 This test method does not apply to laminated or coated materials.  
5.3 This test method is technically equivalent to ISO 1182.  
5.4 When appropriate pass/fail criteria are applied, materials that are reported as passing this test by complying with those criteria (such as the ones in Appendix X2) are typically classified as noncombustible materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response test method covers the determination under specified laboratory conditions of the combustibility of building materials. Under certain conditions, with the appropriate pass/fail criteria, the results from this test are used to classify materials as noncombustible materials.  
1.2 Limitations of this fire-test response test method are shown below.  
1.2.1 This test method does not apply to laminated or coated materials.  
1.2.2 This test method is not suitable or satisfactory for materials that soften, flow, melt, intumesce or otherwise separate from the measuring thermocouple.  
1.2.3 This test method does not provide a measure of an intrinsic property.  
1.2.4 This test method does not provide a quantitative measure of heat generation or combustibility; it simply serves as a test method with selected (end point) measures of combustibility.  
1.2.5 This test method does not measure the self-heating tendencies of materials.  
1.2.6 In this test method materials are not being tested in the nature and form used in building aplications. The test specimen consists of a small, specified volume that is either (1) cut from a thick sheet; (2) assembled from multiple thicknesses of thin sheets; or (3) placed in a container if composed of grarnular powder or loose fiber materials.  
1.2.7 Results from this test method apply to the specific test apparatus and test conditions and are likely to vary when changes are made to one or more of the following: (1) the size, shape, and arrangement of the specimen; (2)  the distribution of organice content; (3) the exposure temperature; (4) the air supply; (5) the location of thermocouples.  
1.3 This test method references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, shall not be considered as requirements of this test method.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This test method is technically equivalent to ISO 1182:2010 (see also Annex A2 and 6.4.5).
Note 1: While developed as technically equivalent to ISO 1182:2010, a change implemented in ISO 1182:2020 added a second furnace thermocouple to that standard, while this test method continues to use one furnace thermocouple.  
1.6 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.7 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Orga...

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