ASTM A47/A47M-99(2014)

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Designation:A47/A47M −99 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Specification for
Ferritic Malleable Iron Castings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A47/A47M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2.2 Military Standard:
2 MIL-STD-129Marking for Shipment and Storage
1.1 This specification covers ferritic malleable castings for
2.3 Federal Standard:
general engineering usage at temperatures from normal ambi-
Fed. Std. No. 123Marking for Domestic Shipment (Civilian
ent to approximately 400°C (750°F).
Agencies)
1.2 No precise quantitative relationship can be stated be-
3. Terminology
tweenthepropertiesoftheironinvariouslocationsofthesame
casting and those of a test specimen cast from the same iron
3.1 Definitions—Definitions for many terms common to
(see Appendix X1).
iron are found in Terminology A644.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
4. Classification
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
4.1 Castings ordered and produced under this specification
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
are classified under the following grades based on tests on
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
separately cast test bars. Separately cast test bars shall be
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
poured from the same lot of iron as the castings they represent
with the standard.
andshallbeheattreatedwiththosecastingsexceptasprovided
in 7.2.3.
2. Referenced Documents
4.1.1 Grade 32510 [Grade 22010]:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1.1.1 The first three digits of the grade designation indi-
A153/A153MSpecification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on
cate the minimum yield strength (×100 psi [MPa]) and the last
Iron and Steel Hardware
two digits indicate the minimum elongation (% in 2 in. [50
A247Test Method for Evaluating the Microstructure of
mm]).
Graphite in Iron Castings
A644Terminology Relating to Iron Castings 5. Ordering Information
E8Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
5.1 The purchase order for castings ordered under this
E10Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
specification shall state the specification designation, the year
E18Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-
in which the specification was issued, and the grade of
terials
malleable iron to be supplied. Any option or special additions
E140Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship
to the basic requirements of this specification shall be clearly
Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell
and fully stipulated.
Hardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, Sclero-
6. Chemical Composition
scope Hardness, and Leeb Hardness
6.1 Thechemicalcompositionoftheironshallbesuchasto
produce the structural and mechanical properties required by
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on Iron
this specification.
Castings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.02 on Malleable and
Ductile Iron Castings.
7. Mechanical Properties
Current edition approved April 1, 2014. Published April 2014. Originally
7.1 Factors influencing the properties of castings and their
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as A47/A47M–99
(2009). DOI: 10.1520/A0047_A0047M-99R14.
relationship to those of test specimens and separate test
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specifi-
castings are discussed in Appendix X1.
cation SA-47 in Section II of that code.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http://
the ASTM website. dodssp.daps.dla.mil.
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A47/A47M−99 (2014)
7.2 Tension Test Specimens:
7.2.1 The tension test specimens shall be cast to the form
and dimensions shown in Fig. 1 or Fig. 2, in the same kind of
molding material used for the production castings. At least
three such specimens shall be cast from a representative ladle
of iron either from each batch-melted heat or, in continuous
melting, from each 4-h pour period during which the purchas-
er’s castings were poured, or as otherwise agreed upon
between manufacturer and purchaser.
7.2.2 All test specimens shall be suitably identified with the
designation of either the batch-melted heat or the pour period
NOTE1—Modificationsmaybemadeinthedimensionsindicatedabove
of a continuous heat.
for those details of the specimen outside of the gage length as required by
7.2.3 All test specimens shall be heat treated in the same
testing procedure and equipment.
productionfurnacesandinthesamecyclesasthecastingsthey
FIG. 2Alternative Unmachined Tension Test Specimen
represent. However, in those instances wherein the critical
sections of the production castings differ appreciably from that
of the central portion of the test specimens, the time cycle for
tempering the test specimens may be altered from that of the
production lot in order to obtain similar microstructures or
hardness,orboth,inbothspecimenandcastings.Insuchcases
the hardness of the specimens shall be tested and reported
along with the tensile test results.
7.2.4 The tension test is usually performed on unmachined
specimens. However, for referee work, the specimen may be
machined from the standard cast bar to the dimensions shown
in Fig. 3.
NOTE 1—The gage length and fillets shall be as shown, but the ends
maybeofanyshapetofittheholdersofthetestingmachineinsuchaway
7.3 Tension Test Method:
that the load shall be axial.The reduced section shall have a gradual taper
7.3.1 Thegagelengthofthestandardtensionspecimenshall
from the ends toward the center, with the ends 0.003 to 0.005 in. [0.08 to
be 2.00 6 0.01 in. [50.0 6 0.3 mm].
0.13 mm] larger in diameter than the center.
7.3.2 Thediameterusedtocomputethecross-sectionalarea
FIG. 3Machined Tension Test Specimen
shallbetheaveragebetweenthelargestandsmallestdiameters
in that section of the 2-in. [50-mm] gage length having the
smallestdiameterandshallbemeasuredtothenearest0.001in.
by the original cross-sectional area of the gage length found in
[0.2 mm]. No cast bar having a mean diameter less than 0.590
accordance with 7.3.2. It shall be reported to the nearest 100
in. [15.0 mm] shall be accepted for test.
psi [MPa]. In referee work, yield strength shall be determined
7.3.3 After reaching a stress equivalent to approximately
as the stress that produces an extension under load of 0.5% of
half of the anticipated yield stress, the speed of the moving
the gage length.
headofthetestingmachineshallnotexceed0.50in./min[12.5
7.3.5 The tensile strength shall be the maximum load
mm/min] through the breaking load.
carried by the specimen during the test divided by the original
7.3.4 While the values for yield point and yield strength are
cross-sectional area of the gage length, as found in accordance
notidentical,theyaresufficientlycloseformostapplicationsof
with 7.3.2. It shall be reported to the nearest 100 psi [MPa].
ferritic malleable irons to be used interchangeably. They may
7.3.6 The elongation is the increase in gage length after
be determined by any of the approved techniques described in
fracture of a tensile specimen, measured to the nearest 0.01 in.
the paragraphs on Determination of Yield Strength and Yield
[0.25 mm], expressed as a percentage of the original gage
Point of Test Methods E8. If determined as yield strength, that
length. It shall be reported to the nearest 0.5%.
stressproducinganextensionunderloadof0.01in.[0.25mm]
over the 2-in. [50-mm] gage length (for example, 0.5% 7.4 Retesting:
extension) or an offset of 0.2% shall be taken as the yield 7.4.1 If, after testing, a specimen shows evidence of a
stress, which shall be converted to yield strength by dividing defect, another tension test may be made on a companion
FIG. 1Tension Test Specimen
A47/A47M−99 (2014)
specimen. Also, a retest shall be permitted whenever fracture 7.5.2 For castings of such size or shape that do not permit
occurs outside the central 50% of the gage length. Brinell testing with the standard 3000-kgf load, the 500 kgf
7.4.2 If the results of a valid test fail to conform to the may be employed, the hardness number being reported as HB
requirements of this specification, two retests shall be made. If 10/500/15. In very unusual cases where it is impossible to use
either retest fails to meet the specification, the castings repre- theBrinellmethod,theRockwelltestmaybesubstituted,using
sented by these test specimens shall be rejected.Avalid test is Test Methods E18 with an appropriate Rockwell scale. Con-
one wherein the test specimen has been properly prepared and versions of hardness values from one method to another
appears to be sound and on which the approved test procedure according to Hardness Conversion Tables E140, which does
has been followed. not specifically cover cast irons, are approximate only and,
7.4.3 If sufficient companion test bars are unavailable, the therefore, are generally inadvisable.
manufacturer shall have the option of testing a specimen cut 7.5.3 Sufficient material shall be removed from the cast
from a representative casting. Therefore, as stated in X1.3, the surface to ensure that the measured surface is representative.
mechanical properties of such tension test specimen removed 7.5.4 Sampling procedures and the frequency of hardness
from a production casting will not necessarily correspond to testing shall be fully detailed on the purchase agreement.
those of a standard separately cast test specimen, the values in Otherwise, hardness tests shall be performed at the discretion
Table 1 do not apply. Instead, the mechanical properties of the of the producer.
test specimen from the casting must equal or exceed the 7.5.5 Castings failing to conform to the required hardness
averageofthosefromsimilartestspecimensremovedfromthe rangemaybereheattreatedandretested.Ifafterreheattreating
same location from two castings of the same design where they still fail the hardness requirements, they shall be rejected.
separately cast test bars meet the requirements of Table 1. 7.5.6 Typical hardness maximums for this grade of mal-
7.4.4 If the first test results indicate that a reheat treatment leable iron are listed in Table 2.
is needed to meet the test requirements, the entire lot of
8. Microstructure Requirements
castings and the representative test specimens shall be reheat
treated together. Testing shall then be repeated in accordance
8.1 Themicrostructureofthemalleableironshallconsistof
with 7.4.1 – 7.4.3.
tempercarbonnodulesdistributedthroughaferriticmatrixand
7.4.5 The results of all tests, including retests, shall be
shall be free of excessive pearlite, massive carbides, and
posted in permanent record, which shall state any abnormali-
primary graphite.
ties observed during the test and in the fractured ends. Such
8.2 When agreed upon by the purchaser and producer, the
records shall be kept for at least 1 year after shipment of the
maximum decarburization at any as-cast surface after heat
production castings and shall be available for examination by
treatment may be stipulated in writing, as measured by visual
the purchaser or by his authorized representative.
depletion of combined carbon after polishing, etching in nital,
7.4.6 If not covered in the purchase agreement, the fre-
and viewing at 100×.
quencyoftensiontestingshallbeinaccordancewith7.2.1and
sufficiently often to ensure uniformity of product and compli- 8.3 In reference work, the metallographic practice recom-
ance with minimum test requirements. mended in Test Method A247 shall be followed.
7.4.7 Tension test results, obtained in accordance with the
above subsections, must conform to the values of Table 1 for 9. Soundness Requirements
acceptanceunderthisspecificationexceptasprovidedin7.4.3.
9.1 All castings, on visual examination, shall be sound and
7.4.8 When agreed upon between manufacturer and
free of obvious shrinkage and porosity.
purchaser, tested specimens or unbroken test bars shall be
9.2 If the purchaser requires soundness tests to be
preserved by the manufacturer for a period of three months
performed, it shall be so stated in the purchase agreement, and
after the date of the test report.
the method and soundness requirements shall be detailed.
7.5 Hardness Test—If the purchase agreement requires
hardness testing, the acceptable hardness range shall be stated
10. Dimensional Requirements
and a test location clearly shown on the covering drawing(s).
10.1 The castings shall conform to the dimensions given on
7.5.1 Hardness Test Method—The Brinell method of hard-
drawings furnished by the purchaser, or to the dimensions
ness testing in accordance with Test Method E10 shall be
establishedbythepatternequipmentsuppliedbythepurchaser,
employed whenever possible.
or as agreed upon in specific cases to gages supplied by the
purchaser.Variationsinanysoliddimensionswillbepermitted,
as shown in Table 3, unless otherwise agreed upon by the
TABLE 1 Tension Test Requirements
foundry and purchaser.
Inch-Pound Grades
English Tensile Strength, Yield Strength, Elongation in
Grade min, psi min, psi 2 in, min, %
32510 50 000 32 500 10
TABLE 2 Typical Hardness
Metric Grades
Metric Tensile Strength, Yield Strength Elongation in Inch-Pound Grade Hardness, maximum Indentation Value
Grade min, MPa min, MPa 50 mm, min, % [Metric Grade] HB Diameters, mm
22010 340 220 10 325 10 [22010] 156 4.8
A47/A47M−99 (2014)
TABLE 3 Permissible Variation in Any Solid Dimension
specification, the castings shall be acceptable; if they do not,
Size, in. [mm] Tolerance, ± in. [mm] they shall be rejected.
Up to 1 [up to 25] 0.03 [0.8]
13.2 If the purchaser should find that a casting or lot of
1 to 6 [25 to 150] 0.06 [1.6]
castings fails to comply with this specification subsequent to
6 to 12 [151 to 300] 0.12 [3.2]
12 to 18 [301 to 460] 0.15 [3.8]
receipt at his facility, he shall so notify the manufacturer
18 to 24 [461 to 600] 0.19 [4.8]
promptlyandinnocaselaterthansixweeksafterreceiptofth
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