ASTM D5459-95(2020)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5459 − 95 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Test Method for
Machine Direction Elastic Recovery and Permanent
Deformation and Stress Retention of Stretch Wrap Film
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5459; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of recovery
Lot or Process
from extension, permanent deformation, and stress retention of
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
stretch wrap film.
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1.2 Several levels of extension are included to ascertain the
effect of both small and large extensions.
3. Terminology
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded 3.1 Definitions—General definitions for packaging and dis-
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
tribution environments are found in Terminology D996.
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
and are not considered standard.
3.2.1 elastic recovery—the percentage of a given deforma-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
tion that behaves elastically, after 180 s when subjected to the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
extensions prescribed in this test method.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.2 permanent deformation—the increase in length, ex-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
pressed as a percentage of the original length, by which an
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
elastic material fails to return to original length after subjected
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
to the extensions prescribed in the test procedure in this
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
method.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.2.3 stress retention—the percentage of stress retained 60 s
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
or 24 h, or both, after application.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Elastic properties of the films are determined by sub-
2. Referenced Documents
jecting specimens to known extensions and by measuring the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
quantity of recovery and the permanent change with respect to
D882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic
the original dimensions.
Sheeting
D1898 Practice for Sampling of Plastics (Withdrawn 1998)
5. Significance and Use
D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
5.1 Elastic recovery is related to the ability of a package to
ments
resume its original shape after being distended during its use
D2103 Specification for Polyethylene Film and Sheeting
cycle.
5.2 Elastic recovery also relates to the tightness or snugness
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on
of a package.
Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.25 on Palletizing
and Unitizing of Loads. 5.3 Stress retention is related to the tightness or snugness of
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2020. Published November 2020. Originally
a package.
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D5459 – 95 (2012).
DOI: 10.1520/D5459-95R20.
6. Apparatus
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
6.1 Tensile Testing Machine, with a reversible chart, com-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
plying with the requirements listed for Method A of Test
the ASTM website.
Method D882 with grips satisfactory for the purpose. Refer to
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. section on grips in Test Method D882.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5459 − 95 (2020)
6.2 Specimen Cutter, capable of producing nick-free 1 6
0.001 in. (25.4 6 0.03 mm) testing strips, with a precision of
1 6 0.001 in. (25.4 6 0.03 mm).
6.3 Micrometer, capable of measuring the thickness of
specimens to 0.001 in. (0.03 mm) as described in 8.9.1.1 of
Specification D2103.
7. Sampling
7.1 Acceptance Sampling—Sampling shall be in accordance
with Practice D1898.
7.2 Sampling for Other Purposes—The sampling and the
number of test specimens depend on the purposes of the
testing. Practice E122 is recommended. Test specimens are
taken from several rolls of film, and when possible, from
several production runs of a product. Strong conclusions about
a specific property of a film cannot be based on a single roll of
product.
8. Specimen Preparation
FIG. 1 Determination of the Elastic Properties of Films
8.1 Cut five strips parallel to the machine direction that are
1.0 in. (25.4 mm) wide and long enough to provide for an
11.3.1 When testing materials of unknown response, inves-
initial grip separation of 5 in. (127 mm).
tigate a series of times for recovery.
8.2 Measure the thickness of each specimen at five equally
11.4 Return the crosshead to the original grip separation,
spaced points in the area that will be between the grips to the
simultaneously reversing the chart. (In Fig. 1, curve GCA is
nearest 0.001 in. (0.003 mm) and record the values.
generated.)
11.5 Wait 180 s.
9. Preparation of Apparatus
11.6 Re-elongate the specimen to the same extension as
9.1 Select a load range so that the scans cover approxi-
used originally in 11.2. (In Fig. 1, curve ADX is generated.)
mately two-thirds of the chart width.
11.7 Repeat the procedure described in 11.1 – 11.6 on the
9.2 Calibrate the strain gage as directed by the manufacturer
other four specimens.
of the machine. Set the rate of grip separation at 5 in./min (127
mm/min) and the initial grip separation at 5 in. (127 mm).
12. Calculation (See Fig. 1)
10. Conditioning
12.1 Determine the length of AD and AE in chart units.
Calculate the permanent deformation in percent using Eq 1:
10.1 Sample Conditioning—Condition the test specimens at
the standard atmospheric condition for not less than 24 h prior
permanent deformation,% 5 AD/AE 3100 (1)
~ !
to testing, as described in Practice E691.
12.2 Determine the lengths of DE and AE in chart units.
10.2 Test Conditions—Testing shall b
...