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ASTM D8144-18

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Separation and Determination of Aromatics, Nonaromatics, and FAME Fractions in Middle Distillates by Solid-Phase Extraction and Gas Chromatography

Standard Test Method for Separation and Determination of Aromatics, Nonaromatics, and FAME Fractions in Middle Distillates by Solid-Phase Extraction and Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 For the middle distillates whose boiling range is between 170 °C and 400 °C by such distillation methods like Test Method D2887, Procedure A can separate and determine the content of total aromatics and total nonaromatics by SPE and GC analysis of the resulting fractions. The determination of the total content of saturates and aromatics in petroleum middle distillates is useful to investigate the effects of petroleum processes on production of various finished fuels.  
5.2 The total aromatics content and polycyclic aromatics content are important to characterize the quality of diesel fuels. This test method is demonstrated to be time-saving and eco-friendly by reducing the amount of reagent consumption and avoiding the necessity of solvent evaporation step as required, for example, in such Test Method D2549.  
5.3 The determination of detailed hydrocarbon composition by mass spectrometry requires a preliminary separation of the sample into representative aromatics and nonaromatics, as in Test Method D2425, where Test Method D2549 is used to separate the distillate fuel. The SPE fractionation procedure described herein may provide a suitable fractionation alternative approach for these mass spectrometric types of methods.  
5.4 Biodiesel is a blendstock commodity primarily used as a value-added blending component with diesel fuel. Procedure B can provide a separation and determination technique to monitor the FAME content for FAME biodiesel blends.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the separation and determination of representative aromatics, nonaromatics, and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) fractions in middle distillates that boil between 170 °C and 400 °C, including biodiesel blends with up to 20 % by volume of FAME, by solid phase extraction and gas chromatography.  
1.2 This test method provides two procedures, A and B. Procedure A is applicable to the petroleum-based middle distillates fuel, and Procedure B is applicable to the biodiesel blends with up to 20 % by volume of FAME.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to middle distillates samples with aromatics content ranging from 5 % to 50 % by mass and biodiesel blends with FAME content in the range of 0.5 % to 20 % by volume. This test method may apply to concentrations outside these ranges, but the precision has not been determined.  
1.4 For Procedure B, biodiesels in the form of fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) can also fully elute into the FAME fraction, and they have the similar FID (flame ionization detector) relative response factors with that of FAME. The determined content of FAME fractions are the sum of concentrations of FAME and FAEE by this test method (see 3.1.5).  
1.5 From the investigation results obtained for FAME determination, the low concentrations of monoglycerides (usually less than 0.5 % by mass in biodiesel blends) are not detectable under the gas chromatographic (GC) condition of this test method and will not interfere with the determination of FAME by Procedure B. As a result, biodiesel blends, conforming to the requirements of Specification D7467, containing up to 20 % by volume of biodiesel blendstock meeting the requirements in Specification D6751, typically contain concentrations of monoglycerides of less than 0.1 % by mass. The diglycerides and triglycerides, if present, are not detected under the GC condition of this test method due to their higher boiling points.
Note 1: If a sample is suspected of containing an abnormal FAME biodiesel feedstock than specified in Specification D6751, for example, a sample contaminated with vegetable oil with a high level of total triglycerides, the content of mono-, di-, or tri-glycerides in the isolated FAME fraction may be determined using Test Method D6584. Samples containing biodiesels with a high amount of glycerides than specified in Specification D6751 may contaminate the GC column and not recommended for this test method.  
1.6 The values stated in a...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
28-Feb-2018
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.04.0L - Gas Chromatography Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Referred By
ASTM D8276-19 - Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Distillates, including Biodiesel Blends by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Effective Date
01-Mar-2018

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ASTM D8144-18 - Standard Test Method for Separation and Determination of Aromatics, Nonaromatics, and FAME Fractions in Middle Distillates by Solid-Phase Extraction and Gas ChromatographyASTM D8144-18 - Standard Test Method for Separation and Determination of Aromatics, Nonaromatics, and FAME Fractions in Middle Distillates by Solid-Phase Extraction and Gas Chromatography
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ASTM D8144-18 - Standard Test Method for Separation and Determination of Aromatics, Nonaromatics, and FAME Fractions in Middle Distillates by Solid-Phase Extraction and Gas Chromatography
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D8144 − 18
Standard Test Method for
Separation and Determination of Aromatics, Nonaromatics,
and FAME Fractions in Middle Distillates by Solid-Phase
1
Extraction and Gas Chromatography
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8144; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope diglyceridesandtriglycerides,ifpresent,arenotdetectedunder
the GC condition of this test method due to their higher boiling
1.1 This test method covers the separation and determina-
points.
tion of representative aromatics, nonaromatics, and fatty acid
NOTE 1—If a sample is suspected of containing an abnormal FAME
methyl ester (FAME) fractions in middle distillates that boil
biodiesel feedstock than specified in Specification D6751, for example, a
between170 °Cand400 °C,includingbiodieselblendswithup
sample contaminated with vegetable oil with a high level of total
to20 %byvolumeofFAME,bysolidphaseextractionandgas triglycerides, the content of mono-, di-, or tri-glycerides in the isolated
FAME fraction may be determined using Test Method D6584. Samples
chromatography.
containing biodiesels with a high amount of glycerides than specified in
1.2 This test method provides two procedures, A and B.
Specification D6751 may contaminate the GC column and not recom-
mended for this test method.
Procedure A is applicable to the petroleum-based middle
distillates fuel, and Procedure B is applicable to the biodiesel
1.6 The values stated in acceptable SI units are to be
blends with up to 20 % by volume of FAME.
regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are
included in this standard
1.3 This test method is applicable to middle distillates
samples with aromatics content ranging from 5 % to 50 % by 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
mass and biodiesel blends with FAME content in the range of safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
0.5 % to 20 % by volume. This test method may apply to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
concentrations outside these ranges, but the precision has not priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
been determined.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
1.4 For Procedure B, biodiesels in the form of fatty acid
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ethyl ester (FAEE) can also fully elute into the FAME fraction,
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
and they have the similar FID (flame ionization detector)
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
relative response factors with that of FAME. The determined
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
content of FAME fractions are the sum of concentrations of
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
FAME and FAEE by this test method (see 3.1.5).
1.5 From the investigation results obtained for FAME 2. Referenced Documents
determination, the low concentrations of monoglycerides (usu- 2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ally less than 0.5 % by mass in biodiesel blends) are not
D2425 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Dis-
detectable under the gas chromatographic (GC) condition of
tillates by Mass Spectrometry
thistestmethodandwillnotinterferewiththedeterminationof
D2549 Test Method for Separation of Representative Aro-
FAME by Procedure B.As a result, biodiesel blends, conform-
matics and Nonaromatics Fractions of High-Boiling Oils
ing to the requirements of Specification D7467, containing up
by Elution Chromatography
to 20 % by volume of biodiesel blendstock meeting the
D2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Pe-
requirementsinSpecificationD6751,typicallycontainconcen-
troleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography
trations of monoglycerides of less than 0.1 % by mass. The
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
2
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Subcommittee D02.04.0L on Gas Chromatography Methods. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved March 1, 2018. Published April 2018. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D8144-18. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 194
...

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5.1 Some acids can be present in aviation turbine fuels due either to the acid treatment during the refining process or to naturally occurring organic acids. Significant acid contamination is not likely to be present because of the many check tests made during the various stages of refining. However, trace amounts of acid can be present and are undesirable because of the consequent tendencies of the fuel to corrode metals that it contacts or to impair the water separation characteristics of the aviation turbine fuel.  
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5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
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5.3 The wear scar generated in the ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator (BOCLE) test is sensitive to contamination of the fluids and test materials, the presence of oxygen and water in the atmosphere, and the temperature of the test. Lubricity measurements are also sensitive to trace materials acquired during sampling and storage. Containers specified in Practice D4306 shall be used.  
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1.1 This test method covers assessment of the wear aspects of the boundary lubrication properties of aviation turbine fuels on rubbing steel surfaces.  
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1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D7398-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas Chromatography

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5.1 The boiling range distribution of FAMES provides an insight into the composition of product related to the transesterification process. This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Biodiesel (FAMES) exhibits a boiling point rather than a distillation curve. The fatty acid chains in the raw oils and fats from which biodiesel is produced are mainly comprised of straight chain hydrocarbons with 16 to 18 carbons that have similar boiling temperatures. The atmospheric boiling point of biodiesel generally ranges from 330 °C to 357 °C. The Specification D6751 value of 360 °C max at 90 % off by Test Method D1160 was incorporated as a precaution to ensure the fuel has not been adulterated with high boiling contaminants.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). This test method is applicable to FAMES (biodiesel, B100) having an initial boiling point greater than 100 °C and a final boiling point less than 615 °C at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method.  
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1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
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ASTM
ASTM D7484-23a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Valve-Train Wear Performance in Cummins ISB Medium-Duty Diesel Engine

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was developed to assess the performance of a heavy-duty engine oil in controlling engine wear under operating conditions selected to accelerate soot production and valve-train wear in a turbocharged and aftercooled four-cycle diesel engine with sliding tappet followers equipped with exhaust gas recirculation hardware.  
5.2 The design of the engine used in this test method is representative of many, but not all, modern diesel engines. This factor, along with the accelerated operating conditions, shall be considered when extrapolating test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the Cummins ISB Test, covers the utilization of a modern, 5.9 L, diesel engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and is used to evaluate oil performance with regard to valve-train wear.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—SI units are provided for all parameters except where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source of supply equipment specification.  
1.2.2 See also A7.1 for clarification; it does not supersede 1.2 and 1.2.1.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.  
1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
    29 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off