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ASTM D1734-93(2003)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Making Cementitious Panels for Testing Coatings

Standard Practice for Making Cementitious Panels for Testing Coatings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Researchers in the field of coatings have recognized the need for a standardized substrate for evaluating coatings intended for use on cementitious surfaces. This practice describes the preparation of such panels.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for molding and curing cementitious panels for use in exposure testing of coatings designed for masonry or cementitious surfaces, although these may be suitable for other tests.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-May-2003
ICS
91.100.30 - Concrete and concrete products
Technical Committee
D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
Drafting Committee
D01.47 - Concrete, Stone and Masonry Treatments
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D1734-93(1998) - Standard Practice for Making Cementitious Panels for Testing Coatings
Effective Date
10-May-2003
Replaced By
ASTM D1734-93(2007) - Standard Practice for Making Cementitious Panels for Testing Coatings
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007
Referred By
ASTM C1315-19 - Standard Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Compounds Having Special Properties for Curing and Sealing Concrete
Effective Date
10-May-2003
Referred By
ASTM D6490-99(2022) - Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission of NonFilm Forming Treatments Used on Cementitious Panels
Effective Date
10-May-2003
Referred By
ASTM D6943-15(2019) - Standard Practice for Immersion Testing of Industrial Protective Coatings and Linings
Effective Date
10-May-2003
Referred By
ASTM D7072-04(2019) - Standard Practice for Evaluating Accelerated Efflorescence of Latex Coatings
Effective Date
10-May-2003

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ASTM D1734-93(2003) - Standard Practice for Making Cementitious Panels for Testing CoatingsASTM D1734-93(2003) - Standard Practice for Making Cementitious Panels for Testing Coatings
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ASTM D1734-93(2003) - Standard Practice for Making Cementitious Panels for Testing Coatings
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D1734–93(Reapproved2003)
Standard Practice for
Making Cementitious Panels for Testing Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1734; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope D 4260 Practice for Acid Etching Concrete
1.1 This practice covers procedures for molding and curing
3. Significance and Use
cementitious panels for use in exposure testing of coatings
3.1 Researchers in the field of coatings have recognized the
designed for masonry or cementitious surfaces, although these
need for a standardized substrate for evaluating coatings
may be suitable for other tests.
intended for use on cementitious surfaces. This practice de-
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
scribes the preparation of such panels.
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only.
4. Apparatus
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 Molds—High density polyethylene molds to make the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
panels as required.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.1.1 Outdoor Exposure Tests, for use on outdoor exposure
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
testing racks, the panels shall be 200 by 300 by 15 mm (8 by
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
12 by ⁄16 in.) in size.
2. Referenced Documents 4.1.2 Machine Exposure Tests, for machine exposure tests,
the typical panel is 75 by 150 by 15 mm (3 by 6 by ⁄16 in.) in
2.1 ASTM Standards:
size.
C 109/C 109M Test Method for Compressive Strength of
4.1.3 Other sizes to fit specific equipment may be used.
Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50 mm] Cube
4.2 Trowel, rectangular having a steel blade approximately
Specimens)
2 100 to 150 mm (4 to 6 in.) in length, with straight edges, and
C 150 Specification for Portland Cement
75 to 125 mm (3 to 5 in.) in width is generally recommended.
C 230/C 230M SpecificationforFlowTableforUseinTests
2 4.3 Weights and Weighing Devices, conforming to the re-
of Hydraulic Cement
quirements of Specification C 1005. The weighing device shall
C 305 PracticeforMechanicalMixingofHydraulicCement
2 be evaluated for precision and bias at a total load of 2000 g.
Pastes and Mortars of Plastic Consistency
4.4 Mechanical Mixer—An electrically driven mechanical
C511 Specification for Moist Cabinets, Moist Rooms, and
mixer of the type equipped with a paddle and mixing bowl, as
Water Storage Tanks Used in the Testing of Hydraulic
2 specified in Practice C 305.
Cements and Concretes
2 4.5 Flow Table, as described in Specification C 230/
C 778 Specification for Standard Sand
C 230M.
C 1005 Specification for Reference Masses and Devices for
Use in Physical Testing of Hydraulic Cements
5. Materials
D 4258 PracticeforSurfaceCleaningConcreteforCoating
3 5.1 WhitePortlandCement, conforming to the requirements
D 4259 Practice for Abrading Concrete
of Type I of Specification C 150.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and
Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.47 on Concrete, Stone and Masonry Treatments. The sole source of supply of molds known to the committee at this time is the
Current edition approved May 10, 2003. Published June 2003. Originally American Cube Mold, Macedonia, OH 44056. If you are aware of alternative
approved in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 1993 as D 1734 – 93 (1998). suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible
3 1
Annual Boo
...

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5.1 Siliceous alkaline substrates are subject to water damage that may result in deterioration. Water repellents can provide protection of siliceous alkaline substrates exposed to water. This test method is used to evaluate the efficacy of clear water repellents on alkaline substrates.
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1.1 This test method evaluates the effectiveness of clear water repellents on hydraulic cement mortar specimens based on water absorption after a water soak.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Researchers in the field of coatings have recognized the need for a standardized substrate for evaluating coatings intended for use on cementitious surfaces. This practice describes the preparation of such panels.
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1.1 This practice covers procedures for molding and curing cementitious panels for use in exposure testing of coatings designed for masonry or cementitious surfaces, although these may be suitable for other tests.  
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ASTM D8271-21(Test Method)
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4.1 Proper bonding of coatings and linings to concrete surfaces requires proper cleaning and frequently requires the concrete to be roughened to increase the surface area. The roughness, also known as surface profile, can be imparted into concrete by abrasive blast cleaning, acid etching or various impact/scarifying power tools. The resulting surface profile depth can influence coating/lining adhesion and performance. Coating/lining manufacturers or facility owners, or both, frequently specify cleaning and roughening of the concrete surface prior to product installation. The procedure described herein enables the user to quantitatively determine the profile directly from the prepared concrete surface in multiple locations. The procedure is similar to that described in Method B of Test Methods D4417, which addresses measurement of surface profile on abrasive blast cleaned steel surfaces.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is suitable for both field and laboratory use to quantify the depth of surface profile of prepared concrete. It may also be used on unprepared concrete surfaces.  
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ASTM D4787-13(2018)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Continuity Verification of Liquid or Sheet Linings Applied to Concrete Substrates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The electrical conductivity of concrete is primarily influenced by the presence of moisture. Other factors, which affect the electrical continuity of concrete structures, include the following:  
5.1.1 Presence of metal rebars,  
5.1.2 Cement content and type,  
5.1.3 Aggregate types,  
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5.2 The electrical conductivity of concrete itself may be successfully used for high-voltage continuity testing of linings applied directly with no specific conductive underlayment installed. However, the voltage required to find a discontinuity may vary greatly from point to point on the structure. This variance may reduce the test reliability.  
5.3 Although the most common conductive underlayments are liquid primers applied by trowel, roller, or spray, and which contain carbon or graphite fillers, others may take the form of the following:  
5.3.1 Sheet-applied graphite veils,  
5.3.2 Conductive polymers,  
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5.3.4 Conductive metallic fibers, and  
5.3.5 Conductive metallic screening.  
5.4 Liquid-applied conductive underlayments may be desirable as they can serve to address imperfections in the concrete surface and provide a better base for which to apply the lining.  
5.5 This practice is intended for use only with new linings applied to concrete substrates. Inspecting a lining previously exposed to an immersion condition could result in damaging the lining or produce an erroneous detection of discontinuities due to permeation or moisture absorption of the lining. Deposits may also be present on the surface causing telegraphing. The use of a high voltage tester on a previously exposed lining is not recommended because of possible spark through which will damage an otherwise sound lining. A low voltage tester can be used but could ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures that may be used to allow the detection of discontinuities in nonconductive linings or other non-conductive coatings applied to concrete substrates.  
1.2 Discontinuities may include pinholes, internal voids, holidays, cracks, and conductive inclusions.  
1.3 This practice describes detection of discontinuities utilizing a high voltage spark tester using either pulsed or continuous dc voltage.  
Note 1: For further information on discontinuity testing refer to NACE Standard SP0188-2006 or Practice D5162.  
1.4 This practice describes procedures both with and without the use of a conductive underlayment.  
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ASTM C31/C31M-24a(Practice)
Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides standardized requirements for making, and curing test specimens in the field. This practice also provides requirements for transporting test specimens to the laboratory, and for curing test specimens in the laboratory. Depending on their purpose, test specimens are either standard-cured, or field-cured.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for making and curing cylinder and beam specimens from representative samples of fresh concrete for a construction project.  
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1.3 This practice is not applicable to lightweight insulating concrete or controlled low strength material (CLSM).
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1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers ready-mixed concrete manufactured and delivered to a purchaser in freshly mixed and unhardened state as hereinafter specified. Requirements for quality of concrete shall be either as hereinafter specified or as specified by the purchase. In any case where the requirements of the purchaser differ from these in this specification, the purchaser's specification shall govern. In the absence of designated applicable materials specifications, materials specifications specified shall be used for cementitious materials, hydraulic cement, supplementary cementitious materials, cementitious concrete mixtures, aggregates, air-entraining admixtures, and chemical admixtures. Except as otherwise specifically permitted, cement, aggregate, and admixtures shall be measured by mass. Mixers will be stationary mixers or truck mixers. Agitators will be truck mixers or truck agitators. Test methods for compression, air content, slump, temperature shall be performed. For s strength test, at least two standard test specimens shall be made.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers ready-mixed concrete as defined in 3.2.2 (Note 1). Requirements for quality of ready-mixed concrete shall be either as stated in this specification or as ordered by the purchaser. When the purchaser’s requirements, as stated in the order, differ from those in this specification, the purchaser’s requirements shall govern. This specification does not cover the placement, consolidation, curing, or protection of the concrete after delivery to the purchaser.
Note 1: Concrete produced by volumetric batching and continuous mixing is covered in Specification C685/C685M. Fiber-reinforced concrete is covered in Specification C1116/C1116M.  
1.2 As used throughout this specification the producer manufactures ready-mixed concrete and the purchaser buys ready-mixed concrete.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units, shown in brackets, or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 The text of this specification references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the specification.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers joints for precast concrete pipe and box, and other sections using preformed flexible joint sealants for use in storm sewers and culverts which are not intended to operate under internal pressure, or are not subject to infiltration or exfiltration limits. Joint material used in horizontal applications is intended to prevent the flow of solids through the joint.  
1.2 For precast concrete manhole sections and other vertical structures, which are subject to internal or external pressure, infiltration or exfiltration limits are not prohibited from being specified. Joints in vertical structures covered by this specification are intended mainly to prevent the flow of solids or fluids through the joint.  
1.3 This specification is to be used with pipe and structures conforming in all respects to Specifications C14, C14M, C76, C76M, C478/C478M, C506, C506M, C507, C507M, C655, C655M, C985, C985M, C1433, C1433M, C1504, C1504M, and C1577, provided that if there is a conflict in permissible variations in dimensions, the requirements of this specification shall govern.  
1.4 The values stated in either inch pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The SI units are shown in brackets. The value stated in each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
Note 1: This specification covers the material and performance of the joint and sealant only. Infiltration and exfiltration quantities for installed sections are dependent on factors other than the joints which must be covered by other specifications and suitable testing of the installed pipeline.  
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers three strength grades of finely ground granulated blast-furnace slag (Grades 80, 100, and 120) for use as a cementitious material in concrete and mortars. The slag shall contain no additions and shall conform to the sulfide sulfur and sulfate chemical composition requirement. Physical properties of the slag shall be in accordance with the requirements for fineness as determined by air permeability and air content, slag activity index, and compressive strength.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers slag cement for use as a cementitious material in concrete and mortar.  
Note 1: The material described in this specification may be used to produce a blended cement meeting the requirements of Specification C595/C595M or as a separate ingredient in concrete or mortar mixtures. The material may also be useful in a variety of special grouts and mortars, and when used with an appropriate activator, as the principal cementitious material in some applications.
Note 2: Information on technical aspects of the use of the material described in this specification is contained in Appendix X1, Appendix X2, and Appendix X3. More detailed information on that subject is contained in ACI 233R.2  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods described in this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM C88/C88M-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a procedure for making a preliminary estimate of the soundness of aggregates for use in concrete and other purposes. The values obtained may be compared with specifications, for example Specification C33/C33M, that are designed to indicate the suitability of aggregate proposed for use. Since the precision of this test method is poor (Section 13), it may not be suitable for outright rejection of aggregates without confirmation from other tests more closely related to the specific service intended.  
4.2 Values for the permitted-loss percentage by this test method are usually different for fine and coarse aggregates, and attention is called to the fact that test results by use of the two salts differ considerably and care must be exercised in fixing proper limits in any specifications that include requirements for these tests. The test is usually more severe when magnesium sulfate is used; accordingly, limits for percent loss allowed when magnesium sulfate is used are normally higher than limits when sodium sulfate is used.
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the testing of aggregates to estimate their soundness when subjected to weathering action in concrete or other applications. This is accomplished by repeated immersion in saturated solutions of sodium or magnesium sulfate followed by oven drying to partially or completely dehydrate the salt precipitated in permeable pore spaces. The internal expansive force, derived from the rehydration of the salt upon re-immersion, simulates the expansion of water on freezing. This test method furnishes information helpful in judging the soundness of aggregates when adequate information is not available from service records of the material exposed to actual weathering conditions.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 Some values have only SI units because the inch-pound equivalents are not used in practice.  
1.4 If the results obtained from another standard are not reported in the same system of units as used by this test method, it is permitted to convert those results using the conversion factors found in the SI Quick Reference Guide.2
Note 1: Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification E11. The alternate designation given in parentheses is for information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM C173/C173M-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Volumetric Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method covers the determination of the air content of freshly mixed concrete. It measures the air contained in the mortar fraction of the concrete, but is not affected by air that may be present inside porous aggregate particles.  
4.1.1 Therefore, this is the appropriate test to determine the air content of concretes containing lightweight aggregates, air-cooled slag, and highly porous or vesicular natural aggregates.  
4.2 This test method requires the addition of sufficient isopropyl alcohol, when the meter is initially being filled with water, so that after the first or subsequent rollings little or no foam collects in the neck of the top section of the meter. If more foam is present than that equivalent to 2 % air above the water level, the test is declared invalid and must be repeated using a larger quantity of alcohol. Addition of alcohol to dispel foam any time after the initial filling of the meter to the zero mark is not permitted.  
4.3 The air content of hardened concrete may be either higher or lower than that determined by this test method. This depends upon the methods and amounts of consolidation effort applied to the concrete from which the hardened concrete specimen is taken; uniformity and stability of the air bubbles in the fresh and hardened concrete; accuracy of the microscopic examination, if used; time of comparison; environmental exposure; stage in the delivery, placement and consolidation processes at which the air content of the unhardened concrete is determined, that is, before or after the concrete goes through a pump; and other factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the air content of freshly mixed concrete containing any type of aggregate, whether it be dense, cellular, or lightweight.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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