ASTM E105-21

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E105 − 21 An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
1
Probability Sampling of Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E105; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope positional, or other cues that are believed to be related to the
variable of interest, so that the selected items appear to match
1.1 This guide is primarily a statement of principles for the
the population.
guidance of ASTM technical committees and others in the
3.1.2 probability sampling plan, n—a procedure which pro-
preparation of a sampling plan for a specific material.
vides a result from a randomly selected set of sampling units
1.2 A system of units is not specified in this standard.
that will agree, within calculable limits of variation, with the
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
population value.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Probabilitysamplingplansmakeuseof
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
the theory of probability to combine a suitable procedure for
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
selecting sample items with an appropriate procedure for
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
summarizing the test results so that inferences may be drawn
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
and risks calculated from the test results by the theory of
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
probability. For any given set of conditions, there will usually
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
be several possible plans, all valid, but differing in speed,
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
simplicity, and cost.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.1.2.2 Discussion—FurtherdiscussionisprovidedinGuide
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
E1402 and Practice E141.
2. Referenced Documents
4. Significance and Use
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1 The purpose of the sample may be to estimate properties
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With
of a larger population, such as a lot, pile or shipment, the
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
percentage of some constituent, the fraction of the items that
Lot or Process
fail to meet (or meet) a specified requirement, the average
E300 Practice for Sampling Industrial Chemicals
characteristic or quality of an item, the total weight of the
E141 Practice for Acceptance of Evidence Based on the
shipment, or the probable maximum or minimum content of,
Results of Probability Sampling
say, some chemical.
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
4.2 The purpose may be the rational disposition of a lot or
E1402 Guide for Sampling Design
shipment without the intermediate step of the formation of an
3. Terminology
estimate.
3.1 Definitions—Unless otherwise noted in this standard, all 4.3 The purpose may be to provide aid toward rational
terms relating to quality and statistics are defined in Terminol- actionconcerningtheproductionprocessthatgeneratedthelot,
ogy E456. pile or shipment.
3.1.1 judgment sampling, n—a procedure whereby enu-
4.4 Whatever the purpose of the sample, adhering to the
merators select a few items of the population, based on visual,
principles of probability sampling will allow the uncertainties,
such as bias and variance of estimates or the risks of the
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E11 on Quality and
rational disposition or action, to be calculated objectively and
Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.10 on Sampling /
validly from the theory of combinatorial probabilities. This
Statistics.
assumes, of course, that the sampling operations themselves
Current edition approved June 1, 2021. Published June 2021. Originally
were carried out properly, as well. Proper sampling requires
approved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as E105 – 16. DOI:
10.1520/E0105-21.
that any random numbers were generated properly, the units to
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
be sampled from were correctly identified, located, and drawn,
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
and the measurements were made with measurement error at a
Standards volume information, refer to the stand
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