ASTM A985-98a

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Designation: A 985 – 98a An American National Standard
Standard Specification for
Steel Investment Castings General Requirements, for
Pressure-Containing Parts
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 985; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This specification covers a group of common require-
2. Referenced Documents
ments, which are mandatory for steel castings produced by the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
investment casting process for pressure-containing parts under
A 216/A 216M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon,
each of the following ASTM Specifications:
Suitable for Fusion Welding for High-Temperature Ser-
Title of Specification ASTM Designation
vice
Steel Castings, Carbon, Suitable for Fusion Welding A 216/A 216M
A 217/A 217M Specification for Steel Castings, Martensi-
for High-Temperature Service
tic Stainless and Alloy, for Pressure-Containing Parts
Steel Castings, Martensitic Stainless and Alloy, for A 217/A 217M
Suitable for High-Temperature Service
Pressure-Containing Parts Suitable for High-
Temperature Service
A 351/A 351M Specification for Castings, Austenitic,
Castings, Austenitic, Austenitic-Ferritic (Duplex), A 351/A 351M
Austenitic-Ferritic (Duplex), for Pressure-Containing
for Pressure-Containing Parts
Parts
Steel Castings, Ferritic and Martensitic, for Pressure- A 352/A 352M
Containing Parts Suitable for Low-Temperature
A 352/A 352M Specification for Steel Castings, Ferritic
Service
and Martensitic, for Pressure-Containing Parts Suitable for
Steel Castings, Alloy, Specially Heat-Treated, for A 389/A 389M
Low-Temperature Service
Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for High-
Temperature Service
A 370 Test Methods for Definitions for Mechanical Testing
Steel Castings Suitable for Pressure Service A 487/A 487M
of Steel Products
1.2 This specification also covers a group of supplementary A 389/A 389M Specification for Steel Castings, Alloy,
requirements, which may be applied to the above specifications
Specially Heat-Treated, for Pressure-Containing Parts,
as indicated therein. These requirements are provided for use Suitable for High-Temperature Service
when additional testing or inspection is desired and apply only
A 487/A 487M Specification for Steel Castings Suitable
when specified individually by the purchaser in the order. for Pressure Service
1.3 When investment casting are ordered, the requirements
A 488/A 488M Practice for Steel Castings, Welding, Quali-
of this specification shall take precedence over the individual fication of Procedures and Personnel
material specification requirements.
A 609/A 609M Practice for Castings, Carbon, Low-Alloy,
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to
and Martensitic Stainless Steel, Ultrasonic Examination
be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the SI
Thereof
units are shown in parentheses. The values in each system are
A 751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for
not exact equivalent; therefore, each system must be used Chemical Analysis of Steel Products
independently of the other. Combining values from the two
A 800/A 800M Practice for Steel Castings, Austentic Alloy,
systems may result in nonconformance with this specification. Estimating Ferrite Content Thereof
Inch-pound units are applicable for material ordered to Speci-
A 903/A 903M Specification for Steel Castings, Surface
fication A 985 and SI units for material ordered to Specification Acceptance Standards, Magnetic Particle and Liquid Pen-
A 985M.
etrant Inspection
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the A 919 Terminology Relating to Heat Treatment of Metals
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E 29 Practice for Using Significant Figures in Test Data to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Determine Conformance with Specifications
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
E 94 Guide for Radiographic Testing
E 125 Reference Photographs for Magnetic Particle Indica-
tions on Ferrous Castings
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A-01 on Steel,
Stainless Steel, and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
A01.08 on Castings. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.01.
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 1998. Published January 1999. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
2 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.02. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
A 985
E 165 Test Method for Liquid Penetrant Examination 3.2.3 investment casting, n—a metal casting that is pro-
E 186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 4 ⁄2- duced in a mold obtained by investing (surrounding) an
in. (51 to 114-mm)) Steel Castings expendable pattern with a ceramic slurry which is allowed to
E 192 Reference Radiographs for Investments Steel Cast- solidify. The expendable pattern may consist of wax, plastic, or
ings of Aerospace Applications other material and is removed prior to filling the mold with
E 208 Test Method for Conducting Drop-Weight Test to liquid metal.
Determine Nil-Ductility Transition Temperature of Ferritic 3.2.4 subheat, n—a portion of master heat remelted with
Steels only minor additions for deoxidation for pouring into castings.
E 280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (4 ⁄2 to Syn. melt, production heat.
12-in. (114 to 305-mm)) Steel Castings
4. Materials and Manufacture
E 340 Test Method for Macroetching Metals and Alloys
E 353 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Stainless, 4.1 Melting Process— Master heats shall be made by the
Heat-Resisting, Maraging, and Other Similar Chromium- electric furnace process with or without separate refining such
Nickel-Iron Alloys as argon-oxygen-decarburization (AOD), vacuum-oxygen-
E 354 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High- degassing (VOD), vacuum-induction-melting (VIM), etc., un-
Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron, less otherwise specified in the individual specification or
Nickel, and Cobalt Alloys agreed upon between the customer and producer. Master heats
E 446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to
21 in. (51 mm) in Thickness
TABLE 1 Product Analysis Tolerances for Carbon and Low-Alloy
E 709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Examination
Steels
2.2 ANSI Standard: A BC
Element Range Tolerances over max
B16.5 Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings or under min, Limit, %
2.3 ASME Standard:
Carbon (C) up to 0.65 % 0.03 3 %C + 0.02
L
above 0.65 % 0.04 %
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III,
Manganese (Mn) up to 1 % 0.08 3 %Mn + 0.01
L
NB-2546
above 1 % 0.09
2.4 Standards of the Manufacturer’s Standardization Soci-
Silicon (Si) up to 0.60 % 0.22 3 %Si - 0.01
L
above 0.60 % 0.15 %
ety of the Valve and Fitting Industry:
Phosphorus (P) all 0.13 3 %P + 0.005
L
MSS SP 53 Quality Standard for Steel Castings for Valves,
Sulfur (S) all 0.36 3 %S + 0.001
L
Flanges and Fittings, and Other Piping Components (Dry
Nickel (Ni) up to 2 % 0.10 3 %Ni + 0.003
L
above 2 % 0.25 %
Magnetic Particle Inspection Method)
Chromium (Cr) up to 2 % 0.07 3 %Cr + 0.04
L
MSS SP 54 Quality Standard for Steel Castings for Valves,
above 2 % 0.18 %
Flanges and Fittings, and Other Piping Components (Ra-
Molybdenum (Mo) up to 0.6 % 0.04 3 %Mo + 0.03
L
above 0.6 % 0.06 %
diographic Inspection Method)
Vanadium (V) up to 0.25 % 0.23 3 %V + 0.004
L
2.5 SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice:
above 0.25 % 0.06 %
ARP 1341 Determining Decarburization and Carburization Tungsten (W) up to 0.10 % 0.08 3 %W + 0.02
L
above 0.10 % 0.02 %
in Finished Parts of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel
Copper (Cu) up to 0.15 % 0.18 3 %Cu + 0.02
L
above 0.15 % 0.05 %
3. Terminology
Aluminum (Al) up to 0.10 % 0.08 3 %Al + 0.02
L
above 0.10 % 0.03 %
3.1 Definitions— The definitions in Test Methods and Defi-
A
The range denotes the composition limits up to which the tolerances are
nitions A 370 and Terminology A 919 are applicable to this
computed by the equation, and above which the tolerances are given by a
specification and those listed in 1.1.
constant.
B
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
The subscript for the elements in each equation indicates that the limits of the
L
element specified by the applicable specification are to be inserted into the
3.2.1 heat, n—all the molten metal poured from a single
equation to calculate the tolerance for the upper limit and the lower limit, if
furnace or all of the molten metal from two or more furnaces
applicable, respectively. Examples of computing tolerances are presented in the
poured into a single ladle or casting prior to the replenishing of
footnote C.
C
To compute the tolerances, consider the manganese limits 0.50 - 80 % of
the furnace(s).
Grade WC4 of Specification A 217/A 217M. According to Table 1, the maximum
3.2.2 master heat, n—a single furnace charge of alloy that
permissible deviation of a product analysis below the lower limit 0.50 is 0.05 % 5
may be either poured directly into castings or into remelt alloy (0.08 3 0.50 + 0.01). The lowest acceptable product analysis of Grade WC4,
therefore, is 0.45 %. Similarly, the maximum permissible deviation above the upper
for individual melts.
limit of 0.80 % is 0.074 % 5 (0.08 3 0.08 + 0.01). The highest acceptable product
analysis of Grade WC4, therefore is 0.874. For Grade WCC of Specification A
216/A 216M, the maximum manganese content is 1.20 % if the carbon content is
0.20 %. In this case, the highest acceptable product analysis is 1.29 5 (1.20 +
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.05.
0.09).
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42 nd St., 13th
Floor, New York, NY 10036.
may be used directly for producing castings or converted into
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 E. 47th St.,
New York, NY 10017.
ingot, bar, shot, or other suitable form, not including gates and
Available from the Manufacturer’s Standardization Society of the Valve and
risers from casting production, for later remelting as a subheat.
Fitting Industry, 127 Park St. NE, Vienna, VA 22180.
4.2 Re-melting Process—Subheats shall be produced from
Available from the Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., 400 Common-
wealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001. master heat metal in suitable batch sizes by electric induction
A 985
furnace, with or without atmosphere protection, such as poured. When drillings are used, they shall be taken not less
vacuum or inert gas unless otherwise agreed upon between the than ⁄16 in. (1.6 mm) beneath the surface. The chemical
customer and producer. Revert (gates, sprues, risers, and composition thus determined shall be reported to the purchaser,
rejected) castings shall not be remelted except in master heats. or his representative; and shall conform to the requirements in
4.3 Heat Treatment— Ferritic and martensitic steel shall be the individual specification for the grade being poured.
cooled after pouring to provide substantially complete trans- 5.3 Product Analysis— A product analysis may be made by
formation of austenite prior to heat treatment to enhance the purchaser from material representing each master heat,
mechanical properties. subheat, lot, or casting. The analysis shall be made on
4.4 Sampling representative material. Samples for carbon analysis shall be
4.4.1 If castings are poured directly from one or more taken no closer than ⁄16 in. (1.6 mm) to a cast surface except
master heats, then the samples for chemical and other required that castings too thin for this shall be analyzed on representa-
testing also shall be poured directly from each of the master tive material. The chemical composition thus determined shall
heats. meet the requirements specified in the applicable specification
4.4.2 If castings are poured from a subheat, then the samples for the grade involved, or shall be subject to rejection by the
for chemical and other required testing also shall be poured purchaser, except that the chemical composition determined for
from a subheat of that same master heat, but not necessarily carbon and low-alloy steel castings may vary from the speci-
from the same sub-heat as the castings. The subheat used for fied limits by the amounts shown in Table 1. The product
the test samples shall be produced using the same practices and analysis tolerances of Table 1 are not applicable as acceptance
additions as used for the castings. criteria for heat analysis by the casting manufacturer. When
4.4.3 Test specimens may be taken from castings or from comparing product and heat analysis for other than carbon and
coupons cast either integrally with the castings, in the same low alloy steels, the reproducibility data R2, in Test Methods
molds as the castings, or in separate molds. E 353 or E 354, as applicable, shall be taken into consideration.
4.4.4 Separately cast specimens for tension testing shall be 5.4 Unspecified Elements—When chemical analysis for el-
cast in molds of the same type and material as those used for ements not specified for the grade ordered is desired, Supple-
the castings, as shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 2 and Table 2, Fig. 3, and mentary Requirement S1 may be specified.
Fig. 4 except when Supplementary Requirement S26 is speci-
NOTE 1—All commercial metals contain small amounts of various
fied. The test coupon in Fig. 4 shall be employed only for
elements in addition to those which are specified. It is neither practical nor
austenitic alloy castings with cross sections less than 2- ⁄2in.
necessary to specify limits for every unspecified element that might be
present, despite the fact that the presence of many of these elements often
5. Chemical Composition
is determined routinely by the producer.
5.1 Chemical Analysis—Chemical analysis of materials
5.5 The substitution of a grade or composition different
covered by this specification shall be in accordance with Test
from that specified by the purchaser is prohibited.
Methods, Practices, and Terminology A 751.
6. Mechanical Test Methods
5.2 Heat Analysis— An analysis of samples obtained ac-
6.1 All mechanical tests shall be conducted in accordance
cording to 4.4 or Supplementary Requirement S27 as appro-
with Test Methods and Definitions A 370.
priate, shall be made by the manufacturer
...